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BMW 328

2009-06-01T06:04:39Z

165.69.2.1: /* External Links */

BMW 507

2009-06-01T06:04:08Z

165.69.2.1: /* External Links */

Scuderia Ferrari

2009-05-05T01:25:58Z

165.69.2.1: /* External links */

{{cleanup}}

{{F1 team |
Constructor_name = {{flagicon|Italy}} Ferrari |
Long_name = Scuderia [[Ferrari]] Marlboro |
Logo =
Base = {{flagicon|Italy}} Maranello, Italy |
Principal = [[Jean Todt]] |
Director = [[Aldo Costa]] |
Drivers = 1. {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Felipe Massa]] <br /> 2. {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kimi Raikkonen]] |
Test_drivers = 1. {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Luca Badoer]] <br /> 2. {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Marc Gené]] <br /> 3. {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Michael Schumacher]] <br /> |
Chassis = [[Ferrari F2008]]|
Engine = [[Ferrari]] 056 |
Tyres = [[Bridgestone]] |
Debut = [[1950 Monaco Grand Prix]] |
Final = [[2008 Chinese Grand Prix]] |
Races = 772 |
Wins = 209<ref>Includes [[Giancarlo Baghetti]]'s win in the [[1961 French Grand Prix]] in a privately-entered Ferrari.</ref> |
Poles = 201 |
Fastest_laps = 215<ref>This is the number of different World Championship races in which a Ferrari car has set the fastest lap time. In both the [[1954 British Grand Prix]] and [[1970 Austrian Grand Prix]], two drivers each set equal fastest lap time in Ferraris. This number includes [[Giancarlo Baghetti]]'s fastest lap in the [[1961 Italian Grand Prix]] in a privately-entered Ferrari.</ref>|
Last_season = 2007 |
Cons_champ = 15 (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007) |
Drivers_champ = 15 (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007) |
Last_position = 1st (204 points)
}}
{{portalpar|Formula One}}
'''Scuderia Ferrari''' is the name for the Gestione Sportiva, the division of the [[Ferrari]] automobile company concerned with racing. Though the Scuderia and Ferrari Corse Clienti continue to manage the racing activities of numerous Ferrari customers and private teams, Ferrari's racing division has completely devoted its attention and funding to its [[Formula One]] team, '''Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro'''. Scuderia is Italian for "stable", and Ferrari refers to [[Enzo Ferrari]], the founder of the company. The prancing horse was the symbol on Italian World War I ace Francesco Baracca's fighter plane, and became the logo of Ferrari after the fallen ace's parents, good friends with Enzo Ferrari, asked him so, to continue his tradition of sportsmanship, gallantry and boldness.

Scuderia Ferrari was founded in 1929, and raced for [[Alfa Romeo in motorsport|Alfa Romeo]] until 1939. Ferrari first competed in F1 in 1948 (the team's first F1 car was the Tipo 125 F1), making it the oldest team left in the championship and statistically the most successful one (with a record of 15 [[List of Formula One World Drivers' champions|drivers' championships]] and 15 [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|constructors' championships]] won). The team's numerous and ardent Italian fans are known as ''[[tifosi]]'', though the team also has a vibrant international following.

The team's current drivers are [[Felipe Massa]] and [[Kimi Räikkönen]], who has signed on to Ferrari for a three-year contract after the retirement of [[Michael Schumacher]] following the 2006 season, and its test drivers are [[Luca Badoer]] and [[Marc Gené]]. Ferrari and Räikkönen are the reigning [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors']] and [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers']] title holders respectively, after the conclusion of the [[2007 Formula One season|2007 season]].

On the 12th November 2007 Ferrari President [[Luca Cordero di Montezemolo]] announced team's new structure, with [[Jean Todt]] moving up to his senior role as CEO of the company, [[Stefano Domenicali]] will be taking over as team principal as [[Ross Brawn]] declined a return following his sabbatical, who subsequently on the same day was announced as the new Team Principal of [[Honda F1]], [[Aldo Costa]] as technical director and [[Mario Almondo]] as Operations Director.<ref>[http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/63901 Autosport Article]: Ferrari Announce Change in tech structure</ref>

== History ==
=== 1929-1950 ===
Scuderia Ferrari was founded by [[Enzo Ferrari]] in 1929 to enter amateur drivers in various races, though Ferrari himself had raced in [[CMN]] and [[Alfa Romeo]] cars before that date. The idea came about on the night of November 16 at a dinner in Bologna, where Ferrari solicited financial help from textile heirs [[Augusto Caniato|Augusto]] and [[Alfredo Caniato]] and wealthy amateur racer [[Mario Tadini]]. He then gathered a team which at its peak included over forty drivers, most of whom raced in various [[Alfa Romeo 8C]] cars; Ferrari himself continued racing, with moderate success, until the birth of his first son [[Dino Ferrari|Dino]] in 1932. The well-known prancing horse blazon first appeared at the 1932 [[Spa 24 Hours]] in Belgium on a two-car team of [[Alfa Romeo 8C]] 2300 Spiders, which finished first and second.

In 1933 Alfa Romeo experienced economic difficulties, and withdrew its in-house team from racing. From then, the Scuderia Ferrari became the acting racing team of Alfa Romeo, when the factory released to the Scuderia the up-to-date Monoposto Tipo B racers. In 1935 Enzo Ferrari and Luigi Bazzi built the Alfa Romeo Bimotore, the first car to wear a Ferrari badge on the radiator cowl. Ferrari managed numerous established drivers (notably [[Tazio Nuvolari]], [[Giuseppe Campari]], [[Achille Varzi]] and [[Louis Chiron]]) and several talented rookies (such as [[Tadini]], [[Guy Moll]], [[Carlo Maria Pintacuda]], and [[Antonio Brivio]]) from his headquarters in [[Viale Trento e Trieste]], Modena, Italy, until 1938, at which point Alfa Romeo made him the manager of the factory racing division, [[Alfa Corse]]. Alfa Romeo had bought the shares of the Scuderia Ferrari in 1937 and transferred, from January 1 1938, the official racing activity to [[Alfa Corse]] whose new buildings were being erected next to the Alfa factory at Portello (Milan). The Viale Trento e Trieste, Modena facilities then remained active for assistance to the racing customers. In October 1939 Enzo Ferrari left Alfa when the racing activity stopped; his company became [[Auto Avio Costruzioni Ferrari]], which manufactured machine tools. The deal with Alfa included the condition that he not use the Ferrari name on cars for four years.

Despite his agreement with Alfa, Ferrari immediately began work a racecar of his own, the [[Ferrari Tipo 815|Tipo 815]] (eight cylinders, 1.5 L displacement). The 815s, designed by [[Alberto Massimino]], were thus the first true Ferrari cars, but after [[Alberto Ascari]] and the [[Marchese Lotario Rangoni Machiavelli di Modena]] drove them in the 1940 [[Mille Miglia]], [[World War II]] put a temporary end to racing and the 815s saw no more competition. Ferrari continued to manufacture machine tools (specifically [[oleodynamic grinding machines]]); in 1943 he moved his headquarters to Maranello, where in 1944 it was promptly bombed.

Rules for a Grand Prix World Championship had been laid out before the war but it took several years afterward for the series to get going; meanwhile Ferrari rebuilt his works in Maranello and constructed the 12-cylinder, 1.5 L [[Ferrari Tipo 125|Tipo 125]], which competed at several non-championship Grands Prix. The car made its debut in the [[1948 Italian Grand Prix]] with [[Raymond Sommer]], and achieved its first win at the minor [[Circuito di Garda]] with [[Giuseppe Farina]].

=== 1950s ===

Ferrari debuted in the [[Formula One World Championship]] in the [[1950 Monaco Grand Prix]] with the [[Ferrari 125 F1|125 F1]], sporting a supercharged version of the 125 V12, and two experienced and successful drivers, [[Alberto Ascari]] and [[Gigi Villoresi]]. The company later switched to the large-displacement naturally-aspirated formula for the [[Ferrari 375 F1|275, 340, and 375 F1]] cars. The Alfa Romeo team dominated the [[1950 Formula One season]], winning all eleven events, but Ferrari broke their streak in 1951 when rotund driver [[José Froilán González]] took first place at the [[1951 British Grand Prix]]. Ferrari also won the 1950 and 1951 [[Mille Miglia]] sports car races, but was drawn into a lengthy litigation when Ascari crashed through a barrier and killed a local doctor.

After the [[1951 Formula One season]] the Alfa team withdrew from F1, causing the authorities to adopt the [[Formula Two]] regulations due to the lack of suitable F1 cars. Ferrari entered the 2.0 L 4-cyl [[Ferrari Tipo 500]], which went on to win almost every race in which it competed in the [[1952 Formula One season]] with drivers Ascari, [[Giuseppe Farina]], and [[Piero Taruffi]]; Ascari took the World Championship after winning six consecutive races. In the [[1953 Formula One season]], Ascari won only five races but another world title; at the end of that season, [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] beat the Ferraris in a [[Maserati]] for the first time.

The 1953 launch of the [[World Sportscar Championship]] also appealed to Enzo Ferrari, and the company launched a dizzying array of sports racers over the next three years. This included the traditional compact V12-powered [[Ferrari 166 S|166 MM]] and [[Ferrari 250#250 MM|250 MM]], the larger V12 [[Ferrari MM|290, 340, and 375 MM and 315, 335, and 410 S]], the four-cylinder [[Ferrari Monza|500, 625, 750, and 860 Monzas]], and the six-cylinder [[Ferrari 118 LM|118 and 121 LM]]. With this potent lineup, Ferrari was able to claim six of the first seven WSC titles: 1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, and 1958.

The [[1954 Formula One season]] brought new rules for 2.5 L engines; Ferrari's new car, designated the [[Ferrari Tipo 625]], could barely compete against Fangio with the Maserati and then the [[Mercedes-Benz W196]] which appeared in July. Ferrari had only two wins, González at the [[1954 British Grand Prix]] and [[Mike Hawthorn]] at the [[1954 Spanish Grand Prix]]. In [[1955 Formula One season]] Ferrari did no better, winning only the [[1955 Monaco Grand Prix]] with driver [[Maurice Trintignant]]. Late in the tragic 1955 season the Ferrari team purchased the [[Lancia in Formula One|Lancia]] team's D50 chassis after they had retired following Ascari's Death; Fangio, [[Peter Collins (racing driver)|Peter Collins]], and [[Eugenio Castellotti]] raced the D50s successfully in the [[1956 Formula One season]]: Collins two races, Fangio won three races and the championship.

In the [[1957 Formula One season]] Fangio returned to Maserati. Ferrari, still using its aging Lancias, failed to win a race. Drivers [[Luigi Musso]] and the Marquis [[Alfonso de Portago]] joined Castellotti; Castellotti died while testing and Portago crashed into a crowd at the Mille Miglia, killing twelve and causing Ferrari to be charged with manslaughter.

In the [[1958 Formula One season]], a [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|constructor championship]] was introduced, and won by [[Vanwall]]. [[Carlo Chiti]] designed an entirely new car for Ferrari: the [[Ferrari 246 Dino]], named for Enzo Ferrari's recently deceased son. The team retained drivers Collins, Hawthorn, and Musso, but Musso died at the [[1958 French Grand Prix]] and Collins died at the [[1958 German Grand Prix]]; Hawthorn won the World Championship and announced his retirement, and died months later in a road accident.

Ferrari hired five new drivers, [[Tony Brooks]], [[Jean Behra]], [[Phil Hill]], [[Dan Gurney]], and occasionally [[Cliff Allison]], for the [[1959 Formula One season]]. The team did not get along well; Behra was fired after punching team manager [[Romolo Tavoni]]. Brooks was competitive until the end of the season, but in the end he narrowly lost the championship to [[Jack Brabham]] with the rear-engined [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]].

=== 1960s ===

[[1960 Formula One season]] proved little better than 1959. Ferrari kept drivers Hill, Allison and [[Wolfgang von Trips]] and added [[Willy Mairesse]] to drive the dated front-engined 246s and [[Richie Ginther]], who drove Ferrari's first rear-engined car. Allison was severely injured in testing and the team won no race. A Ferrari did win [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], however, with [[Paul Frere]] and [[Olivier Gendebien]] driving.

In the [[1961 Formula One season]], with new rules for 1500 cm³, the team kept Hill, von Trips and Ginther, and débuted another Chiti designed car, the [[Ferrari 156]] based on the Formula 2 car of 1960, which was dominant throughout the season. Ferrari drivers Hill and Von Trips competed for the championship. [[Giancarlo Baghetti]] joined in midseason and became the first driver to win on his debut race (the [[1961 French Grand Prix]]). However, at the end of the season, von Trips crashed at the [[1961 Italian Grand Prix]] and was killed, together with over a dozen spectators. Hill won the championship. Ferrari also won Le Mans again, with Olivier Gendebien and Phil Hill driving.

At the end of the 1961 season, in what is called "the walk-out", car designer Carlo Chiti and team manager Romolo Tavoni left to set up their own team, [[Automobili Turismo e Sport|ATS]]. Ferrari promoted [[Mauro Forghieri]] to racing director and [[Eugenio Dragoni]] to team manager.

For the [[1962 Formula One season]], Hill and Baghetti stayed on with rookies [[Ricardo Rodríguez (Formula One)|Ricardo Rodriguez]] and [[Lorenzo Bandini]]. The team used the 1961 cars for a second year while Forghieri worked on a new design; the team won no race. It did, however, continue to dominate at Le Mans, winning with the same team of Hill and Gendebien.

Ferrari ran smaller lighter 156 cars for the [[1963 Formula One season]], this time with drivers Bandini, [[John Surtees]], Willy Mairesse and [[Ludovico Scarfiotti]]. Surtees won the [[1963 German Grand Prix]], at which Mairesse crashed heavily, rendering him unable to drive again. Despite the team's lack of success in Formula One, it kept up its winning streak at Le Mans with Bandini and Scarfiotti at the wheel.

The new 158 model was at last finished in late 1963 and developed into raceworthiness for the [[1964 Formula One season]], featuring an eight-cylinder engine designed by [[Angelo Bellei]]. Surtees and Bandini were joined by young Mexican [[Pedro Rodríguez (racing driver)|Pedro Rodríguez]], brother of Ricardo (who had been killed at the end of 1962), to drive the new cars. Surtees won two races and Bandini one; the Ferrari was slower than [[Jim Clark]]'s [[Team Lotus|Lotus]] but its vastly superior reliability gave Surtees the championship and Bandini fourth place. In the last two races in North America, the Ferrari were entered by private team [[North American Racing Team|NART]] and painted in the US-color scheme of blue and white, as Enzo protest against the Italian sporting authority. Ferrari's sports car department won Le Mans for the fifth time in a row, this time with drivers [[Jean Guichet]] and [[Nino Vaccarella]].

The [[1965 Formula One season]] was the last year of the 1.5 L formula, so Ferrari opted to use the same V8 engine another year together with a new flat-12 which had debuted at the end of 1964; they won no races as Clark dominated in his now more reliable Lotus. Surtees and Bandini stayed on as drivers, with odd races for Rodriguez, Vaccarella and [[Bob Bondurant]]. Entered by private Ferrari team NART, [[Jochen Rindt]] and [[Masten Gregory]] won the 1965 Le Mans 24 Hours, Ferrari's seventh in a row, though it would prove to be its last victory at that race.

For the [[1966 Formula One season]] with new rules, the [[Ferrari 312]] of Surtees consisted of a 3.0 L version of the 3.3 L V12 which they had previously used in [[Ferrari P]] sports car racers, mounted in the back of a rather heavy F1 chassis. Bandini drove a [[Tasman Series]] 2.4 L V6 car early in the season. Surtees won one race, the [[1966 Belgian Grand Prix]], but departed after a row with manager Eugenio Dragoni; he was replaced by [[Mike Parkes]]. Scarfiotti also won a race, the [[1966 Italian Grand Prix]] at [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|Monza]], with an improved 36-valve engine.

In the [[1967 Formula One season]], the team fired Dragoni and replaced him with [[Franco Lini]]; [[Chris Amon]] partnered Bandini to drive a somewhat improved version of the 1966 car. At the [[1967 Monaco Grand Prix]] Bandini crashed and suffered heavy injuries when he was trapped under his burning car; several days later he succumbed to his injuries. Ferrari kept Mike Parkes and Scarfiotti, but Parkes suffered career-ending injuries weeks later at the [[1967 Belgian Grand Prix]] and Scarfiotti temporarily retired from racing after witnessing his crash.

The [[1968 Formula One season]] was better; [[Jacky Ickx]] drove with one win in France and several good positions, which gave him a chance at the World Championship until a practise crash in Canada, and Amon led several races but won none. At the end of the season, manager Franco Lini quit and Ickx went to the [[Brabham]] team. During the summer of 1968, Ferrari worked out a deal to sell his road car business to [[Fiat]] for $11 million; the transaction took place in early 1969, leaving 50% of the business still under the control of Ferrari himself.

During [[1969 Formula One season]] Enzo Ferrari set about wisely spending his newfound wealth to revive his struggling team; though Ferrari did compete in Formula One in 1969, it was something of a throwaway season while the team was restructured. Amon continued to drive an older model and [[Pedro Rodríguez (racing driver)|Pedro Rodríguez]] replaced Ickx; at the end of the year Amon left the team.

=== 1970s ===

In 1970 Jacky Ickx rejoined the team and won the [[Austrian Grand Prix|Austrian]], the [[Canadian Grand Prix|Canadian]] and the [[Mexican Grand Prix]] to become second in the driver championship.

The 1970s were the last decade Ferrari entered as a works effort in [[sports car racing]]. After an uninspired performance in the 1973 F1 World Championship, Enzo Ferrari stopped all development of sports cars in prototype and GT racing at the end of the year, although, Enzo planned to pull out of F1, that year which was the year of the last "official" [[Targa Florio]] [[road race]] Enzo regarded as more important to him.

After three poor years, Ferrari signed [[Niki Lauda]] in 1974, and made the momentous decision to pull out of sportscar racing to concentrate upon F1. However, poor reliability with the 312B3 kept them from taking victory that year.

The new [[Ferrari 312T]], developed fully with Niki Lauda, introduced in 1975 brought Ferrari back to winning ways. Niki taking the drivers' crown and Ferrari the constructors'.

In 1976 Lauda crashed at the [[1976 German Grand Prix|German Grand Prix]]. [[Carlos Reutemann]] was hired as a replacement, so with [[Clay Regazzoni]] driving the other car, Ferrari had to run three cars in the [[1976 Italian Grand Prix]] when Lauda returned unexpectedly soon (only 6 weeks after his accident). Lauda scored points, but retired from the last race in Japan in heavy rain, thus allowing [[James Hunt]] to take the title by just a single point.

In 1977 Lauda, having come back from his near fatal crash the previous year, took the title again for Ferrari (and the team won the costrucutors' championship), overcoming his more fancied, and favoured, team mate. His relations with the team, especially the team manager [[Mauro Forghieri]] continued to deteriorate, and he decided finally to leave for [[Brabham]].

In [[1978 Formula One season|1978]], Ferrari raced with [[Carlos Reutemann]] and [[Gilles Villeneuve]], and while they managed to produce a solid car it, like everyone that year, was outclassed by the [[ground effect]] [[Lotus 79]].

[[Jody Scheckter]] replacing the Lotus bound Argentinian in 1979, took the title, supported by Gilles Villeneuve (who dutifully followed the South African home at Monza, having been ordered to do so), won the last World Drivers' Championship in a Ferrari until [[Michael Schumacher]] many years later. The car was a compromise [[ground effect]] design due to the configuration of the Ferrari wide angle V12, which was overtaken in due course by the extremely successful [[Williams FW07]], but not before racking up the necessary points to take both title that year.

=== 1980s ===

After finally having a competitive car and two fast drivers that competed against each other, team leader and favorite driver of [[Enzo Ferrari]], [[Gilles Villeneuve]] died in a crash during qualifying at the [[1982 Belgian Grand Prix]], while [[Didier Pironi]] suffered career-ending injuries before the [[1982 German Grand Prix]]. Ferrari first called up [[Patrick Tambay]], in place of the late Villeneuve, and later [[Mario Andretti]] in an effort to protect Pironi's lead in the championship, but to no avail. In that same year the Formula One works moved partially out of the original Maranello factory into its own autonomous facility, still in Maranello but directly next to the [[Fiorano Circuit|Fiorano test circuit]].

Four wins by [[René Arnoux]] and Patrick Tambay won the team another constructors' title in 1983, but neither driver being consistent enough to challenge for the drivers' title. Patrick Tambay took an especially emotional victory at San Marino in front of the Tifosi.

[[Michele Alboreto]] was hired for 1984 following his impressive victory the previous year driving a Cosworth powered Tyrrell.

In 1985 Michele Alboreto ran [[Alain Prost]] very close for the championship.

On August 14, 1988, [[Enzo Ferrari]] died at the age of 90. Fiat's share of the company was raised to 90% with Enzo's only remaining son, [[Piero Ferrari]], inheriting the remaining share from his father. A week after Enzo's death, [[Gerhard Berger]] and [[Michele Alboreto]] completed a historic 1-2 at the [[1988 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]], the only time a team other than [[McLaren]] won a Grand Prix in the [[1988 Formula One season|1988 season]]. Berger dedicated the win in memory of the late Enzo Ferrari.

1989 saw the end of turbo-charging in Formula 1. The formula was from this date for 3.5litre normally aspirated engines of no greater than 12 cylinders, which was a direct consequence of lobbying by Ferrari for the previous few years - they went so far as to construct an Indycar, the [[Ferrari 637]], as a threat to the organizers that if they did not get what they wanted, namely banning turbos, they would take their toys to a different arena. Due to the expected extreme high revs, and consequent narrow power band, expected of the new motors technical director [[John Barnard]] insisted upon the development of a revolutionary new gear-shifting arrangement - the paddle operated semi-automatic gearbox. In pre season testing it proved extremely troublesome, with newly arrived driver [[Nigel Mansell]] being unable to compete more than a handful of laps, but nonetheless they managed a debut win at the opening round in [[1989 Brazilian Grand Prix|Brazil]]. Horrendous unreliability lead to Berger being unable to score a point until a run of podiums at Monza, Estoril and Jerez including a win at Estoril. Mansell scored a memorable win at Budapest where he overtook world champion [[Ayrton Senna]] for the win after qualifying far down the field in fourteenth. He then dedicated the race to the memory of Enzo Ferrari as the win came a year after his death.

=== 1990s ===

The 1990s started in a promising way. [[Alain Prost]] replaced [[Gerhard Berger]] at Ferrari to partner Mansell for the [[1990 Formula One season|season]]. As reigning world champion, Prost took over as the team's lead driver and was said to have played on Mansell's inferiority complex. Mansell recalls one incident where at the [[1990 British Grand Prix]], the car he drove didn't handle the same as in the previous race where had taken pole position, and later found out from team mechanics that Prost saw Mansell as having a superior car and had them swapped without Mansell knowing.<ref>Mansell, Nigel ''My Autobiography'' page 222 Collins Willow ISBN 0-00-218497-4</ref> Prost won 5 races and pushed [[Ayrton Senna]] to the controversial final race, where a collision forced him to settle for second. A disgruntled Mansell left the team at the end of the season.

Mansell's replacement was Frenchman [[Jean Alesi]], who had been impressive during the previous two years at [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]. However, Ferrari had entered a downturn in 1991, partially as their famous V12 engine was no longer competitive against the smaller, lighter and more fuel efficient V10s of their competitors. Prost won no races, only getting onto the podium five times. He afterwards publicly criticized the team, described his car as harder to drive than "a truck"),<ref>{{cite book | title = Formula Ferrari | first = Umberto | last = Zapelloni | isbn = 0-340-83471-4 | publisher = [[Hodder & Stoughton]] | origmonth = April | origyear = 2004 | pages = p. 17}}</ref> and was fired prior to the end of the season, right before the [[1991 Australian Grand Prix|Australian Grand Prix]].<ref>Murray Walker & Simon Taylor, ''Murray Walker's Formula One Heroes'' p. 115, lines 6–9. Virgin Books, ISBN 1-85227-918-4</ref> Prost was replaced by Italian [[Gianni Morbidelli]]. The team won no races in 1991-1993.

Popular driver [[Gerhard Berger]] returned to Ferrari in 1993 to help it out of the doldrums. That year, Berger was instrumental in hiring [[Jean Todt]] as team principal, laying the foundations for the team's future successes. With the [[Ferrari 412T]], [[Gerhard Berger]] and [[Jean Alesi]] proved the car's competitiveness throughout the two seasons, with a brace of podium places and four pole positions. Bad luck limited the number of wins to one each for both Berger (1994 German Grand Prix) and Alesi (1995 Canadian Grand Prix), particularly Alesi who was in a position to win at Monza and the Nürburgring in 1995, but the car was a solid and competitive proposition.

In 1996, Ferrari made a landmark decision in its history by hiring two-time defending world champion Michael Schumacher for an astronomical salary of around $30 million a year. Schumacher also brought with him the nucleus of his hugely successful [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]] team, mainly in the form of Ross Brawn (technical director) and [[Rory Byrne]] (chief designer). Teaming up with Jean Todt (team principal), they set about rebuilding the Scuderia. After Berger and Alesi, who were sent to Benetton in exchange, the traditional V12 had to go also, in favour of a more modern V10 engine, as the rules reduced the capacity from 3500cc to 3000 anyway. At the same time, [[Eddie Irvine]] from [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]] was hired.

While these huge changes did result in a very unreliable car, Schumacher did manage to score 3 wins in the 1996 season, all of which were memorable. In torrential conditions at [[1996 Spanish Grand Prix|Spain]], after almost stalling and dropping to ninth, Schumacher went on to win the race by a comfortable margin to Jean Alesi. Following this, Ferrari had 2 incredibly embarrassing retirements at France and Canada, both before the races had even started. However, at [[1996 Belgian Grand Prix|Spa-Francorchamps]] Schumacher used right timed pit-stops to fend off the Williams of Jacques Villeneuve. Following that, at Monza, Schumacher scored a momentous win in front of the tifosi. As reliability greatly improved the Ferrari became the second strongest looking package in the hands of Schumacher ending with a strong fight with the Williams of champion [[Damon Hill]] for the win at Suzuka.

For 1997, the increased reliability of the previous year's development, the F310B, lead to some very strong performances when faster cars, notably the McLaren Mercedes of [[David Coulthard]] and [[Mika Häkkinen]], retired. Schumacher took memorable wet weather wins at Monaco and Belgium, combined with outstanding drives at France and Japan, to force the slightly superior [[Williams F1|Williams]] [[Renault F1|Renault]] of [[Jacques Villeneuve]] to a last round title fight. However, Schumacher was disqualified from the 1997 standings for swerving into the car of Villeneuve who had just made a lunge down the inside of the Dry Sac corner of the [[Circuito Permanente de Jerez|Jerez]] circuit.

Following the dramatic 1997 season, Ferrari came out with an all new car to fit the new regulations for [[1998 Formula One season|1998]]. Although it was a competitive package, the McLaren-Mercedes [[McLaren MP4/13|MP4/13]] was most often stronger. Schumacher won six races that season including three in a row at Canada, France and Great Britain. The Hungarian Grand Prix was won after a tactical master-stroke by Brawn decided to make the car run a 3-stop strategy as opposed to McLaren's 2. Schumacher then went on to lead Irvine home to Ferrari's first 1-2 at Monza since the memorable 1988 race after Enzo Ferrari's death. Schumacher lost the title to McLaren's Mika Häkkinen at Suzuka after he stalled on the front row then suffered a mid-race puncture. Irvine was fourth in the championship with Ferrari second in the constructors title.

Irvine had been forced to play second fiddle to Schumacher, losing out on points and positions in order to place Schumacher higher in the Drivers' Championship, in the rare occasions when he was in front, notably Suzuka 1997 which lead critics to remark "So Irvine can drive!". The leg injury of Michael Schumacher in 1999 reversed the roles however. It appeared to be the year Ferrari would regain the championship with Ferrari winning 3 of the first 4 races of the season. While Ferrari did win the constructor crown that year, a crash at the [[Silverstone Circuit]] in the [[British Grand Prix]] resulted in Schumacher breaking a leg and missing 7 races of the season, and being replaced by [[Mika Salo]]. The new championship challenger was Eddie Irvine, who once again took the Ferrari challenge to the final round in Japan before missing out to Häkkinen who also scored more points in the races where Schumacher had taken part.

=== 2000s ===

From 2000 to 2004 Michael Schumacher dominated formula 1 like no other driver in the history of the sports.
In 2000 Schumacher had a close battle with rival Mika Häkkinen of McLaren but won the championship in the [[Ferrari F1-2000]], winning 9 races out of 17 that year. He was Ferrari's first driver champion in 21 years, since [[Jody Scheckter]] in 1979. Teammate [[Rubens Barrichello]] finished 4th in the championship, taking his maiden win at the [[German Grand Prix]] at the [[Hockenheimring]] after Schumacher was taken out in the first corner and Barrichello qualified 18th.

In 2001 Schumacher won the World Championship with 4 races to go, having claimed 9 victories. Teammate Barrichello finished 3rd in the championship. This was the first year in which the notorious A1-Ring incident occurred, where Barrichello was told to let Schumacher through for 2nd place by team boss Todt, to the consternation of the FIA, fans and media.

In 2002, Schumacher and Ferrari dominated F1, the Ferrari duo winning 15 out of 17 races (Schumacher 11, Barrichello 4). However, their run was tainted by a second A1-Ring incident. In a replay of 2001, Barrichello was asked to give way to Schumacher, except this time for the win. An embarrassed Schumacher then pushed Barrichello to the top step of the podium, and was subsequently fined $1 million by the FIA for interfering with podium procedures. This debacle eventually led to the banning of team orders. Schumacher matched Juan Manuel Fangio's record of 5 world championships, set back in the 1950s.

In 2003, Ferrari's domination of F1 was brought to a halt at the first race, the [[2003 Australian Grand Prix|Australian Grand Prix]], where for the first time in 3 years, there was no Ferrari driver on the podium. Rivals McLaren had an early lead in the championship, but Ferrari closed the gap by the [[2003 Canadian Grand Prix|Canadian Grand Prix]]. However, their other rivals Williams won the next 2 races and the driver championship went down to the wire at the last race, the [[2003 Japanese Grand Prix|Japanese Grand Prix]], between Kimi Räikkönen (McLaren) and Michael Schumacher; Schumacher eventually won the championship by 2 points, surpassing Fangio's record. In 2003, F1 magazine reported that Ferrari's budget was $443,800,000.<ref>{{cite news| first = Josh| last = Katinger| title = The Price of Formula 1| url = http://www.fastmachines.com/archives/f1/001603.php| date = 2004-02-28| accessdate = 2007-04-09}}</ref>

2004 saw a return of Ferrari's dominance. Ferrari teammates Schumacher and Barrichello finished first and second respectively in the [[list of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|driver championship]], and Ferrari easily wrapped up the constructors championship. Schumacher won 13 of the 18 races, and 12 of the first 13 of the season -- both F1 records. Barrichello won two of the other races.

==== 2005 Season ====
:''See also [[2005 Formula One season]]''

2005 saw a change of fortune for the previously dominant Ferrari. The team's practice of starting a new season with a modified version of the previous year's car (F2004M) pending full development of their new car (F2005) was one of the main causes for a poor start to the season. While this worked well in previous years, it seems Ferrari underestimated both the full effect of the new 2005 regulations and the pace of development of other teams (particularly McLaren and Renault who started the year with brand new cars). Alarmed by poor performances in [[Australian Grand Prix|Australia]] and [[Malaysian Grand Prix|Malaysia]] the new F2005 was rushed into service in [[Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain]] (the introduction was previously scheduled to be race 5 in Barcelona). This move saw Schumacher retire for the first time due to mechanical failure since [[2001 German Grand Prix|Hockenheim 2001]] ending a run of 59 Grands Prix without technical failure.

Another factor was the poor relative performance of the team's [[Bridgestone]] tyres, which failed to give performance for single lap qualifying and were not as durable as their [[Michelin]] rivals during races. However, the tyres provided for [[2005 San Marino Grand Prix|San Marino Grand Prix]] were more competitive, and the Bridgestone tyres supplied for the [[2005 United States Grand Prix|United States Grand Prix]] allowed the three Bridgestone teams to race, while the seven Michelin teams were forced to retire due to Michelin's advice that the tyres would not last the race distance.

Near the end of the 2005 season, Rubens Barrichello announced that he was leaving the team at the end of the year and joining the [[Honda F1]] team. Barrichello's departure was partly due to his dissatisfaction with his continued "Number 2" status at Ferrari. At the 2005 Monte Carlo Grand Prix Schumacher forced his way past Barrichello (on a track where overtaking is highly difficult and dangerous) near the end of the race. This only netted the German one extra point during a season where Ferrari were uncompetitive. Ferrari named former Sauber-Petronas driver [[Felipe Massa]] as Barrichello's replacement for the following season.

==== 2006 Season ====
:''See also [[2006 Formula One season]]''
With the 'one set of tyres per race' rule no longer in use, Ferrari, after a poor 2005 and a troubled start to 2006, were again close contenders for both Drivers' and Constructors' titles by the latter part of the 2006 season. Unlike some recent seasons, they started 2006 with their new car, the [[248 F1]].

At the [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain Grand Prix]] Schumacher finished second. At the [[2006 Malaysian Grand Prix|Malaysian Grand Prix]] problems with the engine's piston rings meant that both drivers had to change their engines, Massa needing two changes (a ten-position penalty at the start of the race is enforced for an engine change prior to a legal engine change). In Australia both drivers crashed out of the race. At the [[2006 San Marino Grand Prix|San Marino]] Schumacher took pole position in qualifying and won the race. At the [[2006 European Grand Prix|European race]], Schumacher won again. At the [[2006 Spanish Grand Prix|Spanish Grand Prix]] [[Fernando Alonso]] won, with Schumacher finishing second.

At [[2006 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]] Schumacher's qualifying times were deleted for stopping his car during the qualifying session. Schumacher started from the back of the grid but finished fifth. At both [[2006 British Grand Prix|Silverstone]] and [[2006 Canadian Grand Prix|Canada]] Schumacher finished second. At the [[2006 United States Grand Prix|United States Grand Prix]] the Ferrari's of Schumacher and Massa were dominant all weekend, finishing the race first and second. At the [[French Grand Prix]] Schumacher was first, followed by Alonso and Massa.

At the Hockenheimring in Germany Räikkönen took pole position, however in the race both Ferraris overtook Räikkönen at the first round of pit stops and Schumacher went on to win. At the Hungarian GP Massa qualified 2nd and Schumacher 11th due to a 2 second penalty from Saturday practice. At the start of the wet race the Ferraris initially struggled. Later in the race Schumacher continued to drive on intermediate tyres while other drivers on dry tyres like [[Pedro de la Rosa]] and [[Nick Heidfeld]] passed him easily. When Heidfeld passed Schumacher he collided with the BMW Sauber of Robert Kubica, and retired in 9th, promoting Massa to 8th. The subsequent disqualification of Kubica gave Massa 7th and Schumacher 8th.

At Turkey, Massa achieved his first ever pole and victory. What looked like a Ferrari 1-2 was disrupted by a caution which came out after Vitantonio Liuzzi's spin at Turn 1. Ferrari chose to stack Schumacher in the pits behind Massa. Renault were able to pit Alonso and he rejoined in second place. The three finished in this order.

At Monza, Schumacher scored a win at Ferrari's home Grand Prix, while Massa's fourth-place was spoiled when he ran over debris left behind by the failure of Alonso's Renault V8, puncturing a tyre and forcing him to pit, which left him in ninth place at the finish. Despite Massa not being able to score any points, the combination of Schumacher's win, Alonso's DNF, and a mediocre fourth-place finish for [[Giancarlo Fisichella]] allowed Ferrari to pull ahead of Renault in the [[World Constructors Championship]] for the first time in the 2006 season. Following the race at Monza Ferrari announced Schumacher's retirement effective at the end of the 2006 season and that Räikkönen, whom they had signed months before, would replace him in 2007.

At the Chinese Grand Prix Ferrari and the other [[Bridgestone]]-running teams again suffered in wet conditions. However, Schumacher managed to qualify ahead of Michelin drivers and seven places ahead of the next Bridgestone car. Despite taking pole position and setting the fastest lap, a poor tyre choice by Renault and a pit stop error allowed Schumacher to beat Alonso, his main rival for the Championship. At the Japanese Grand Prix, Ferrari again showed superiority in the qualifying stages, lapping up to 1.4s faster than the nearest competitors. Massa qualified 1st and Schumacher 2nd. However, in the race Alonso capitalised on Massa's early puncture and took 2nd place. On lap 34 Schumacher suffered his first in-race engine failure since 2000, forcing him to retire. Alonso won the race and opened a 10-point lead in the driver's championship with only one race to go. Massa finished 2nd.

At the Brazilian Grand Prix Massa claimed pole position. Schumacher suffered a fuel pressure problem in the last qualifying session which left him unable to put in even a single lap in this session. Schumacher ended up 10th on the grid and the championship leader Alonso at a comfortable 4th. The race itself was a dramatic one, with Schumacher making up 4 places in the first few laps, and then a safety car period followed. Once the race restarted Schumacher suffered a puncture while trying to over take the Renault of Fisichella. This puncture virtually ended Schumacher's bid for the race lead and any hope of winning the 2006 Drivers' title. The final result saw the first victory for a Brazilian driver in home soil since Ayrton Senna in 1993, with Massa 1st, Alonso 2nd, clinching the Drivers' title, followed by Honda's Jenson Button, who finished 3rd after putting in an impressive performance from 14th on the grid. Schumacher, after a stunning drive from the back of the grid (following his puncture), ended up 4th and set a lap record in his final lap of his career, but with Fisichella finishing 6th Ferrari lost the Constructors' title too.

==== 2007 Season ====
:''See also [[2007 Formula One season]]''

The 2007 car was secretively unveiled on January 14, 2007. [[Kimi Räikkönen]] won the inaugural race of the 2007 season at [[2007 Australian Grand Prix|Albert Park]], becoming the first Ferrari driver to win on his début since [[Nigel Mansell]]. Ferrari attracted some criticism for running a moveable floor system in Melbourne, later confirmed to be illegal by the FIA after a rule clarification, though no punishment was applied.<ref>[http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/4/5861.html The Official Formula 1 Website]</ref><ref>[http://www.formula1.com/news/interviews/2007/10/7014.html The Official Formula 1 Website]</ref><ref>[http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/8/6569.html The Official Formula 1 Website]</ref> After a disappointing [[2007 Malaysian Grand Prix|Malaysian Grand Prix]], the team recovered to finish first and third in [[2007 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain]], with Massa taking his first victory of the season.

[[Luca Colajanni]], the Ferrari PR manager, claimed the team's wind tunnel was badly damaged in a testing accident, leaving the team unable to introduce new aerodynamic refinements to its cars until the wind tunnel was rebuilt, which took several weeks. With the tunnel rebuilt and a new aerodynamic package (notably adjustments to the front wing) the cars was seemingly on par with the [[McLaren]]s. On 8 July, Kimi Räikkönen dominated the [[2007 British Grand Prix|British Grand Prix]] at [[Silverstone]] with Massa coming 5th after stalling at the start of the race, consequently having to start in 22nd place.

At the [[2007 European Grand Prix|European Grand Prix]] Räikkönen claimed pole position with Massa third. Early rain in the race caused the teams to change to intermediate tyres. Massa emerged in 1st, Alonso 2nd and Räikkönen third. On lap 34, Räikkönen retired with hydraulic problems. In the last few laps Massa was overtaken by Alonso and finished the race second, and 11 points adrift in the driver's championship to leader Lewis Hamilton.

At the controversial [[2007 Hungarian Grand Prix|Hungarian Grand Prix]] McLaren was stripped of its 15 constructors' championship points. The Ferrari team forgot to fuel the car of Felipe Massa who was forced to start the race 14th, at a track where overtaking is very difficult. Räikkönen finished the race 2nd with Felipe Massa 13th. At the Turkish Grand Prix Massa took pole with Räikkonen third. Räikkonen passed Lewis Hamilton into the first corner. Massa and Räikkonen pulled away from the field and the two battled it out for the win. Massa prevailed, staying ahead of Räikkonen at both pitstops and winning.

The next race was Ferrari's home race in Italy, but the McLarens took a 1-2 in qualifying with Massa third and Räikkonen fifth, after a crash in practice. Räikkönen got ahead of Nick Heidfeld at the start, moving up into 4th. Massa was third until he retired with hydraulic failure. Räikkonen was sent on a one-stop strategy and so when the McLarens stopped for a second time, Räikkonen was second between Fernando Alonso and Hamilton. However, Hamilton passed Räikkonen after a few laps, and Räikkonen had to settle for third.

At the [[2007 Turkish Grand Prix|Turkish Grand Prix]] the qualifying went well, Ferrari taking their first 1-2 of the season, Räikkonen on pole with Massa second. Räikkonen maintained the lead during the pitsops and won, with Massa second. The 1-2 gave Ferrari the constructors championship as a result of McLaren's disqualification.

At the [[2007 Japanese Grand Prix|Japanese Grand Prix]] the McLarens took 1-2 in qualifying with Räikkonen third ahead of Massa. The start was under the safety car in treacherous conditions, and both drivers, unlike the rest of the field, were on intermediate tyres. Massa spun on these tyres and Nick Heidfeld went ahead of him. Massa then passed Heidfeld under the safety car to keep his place. Ultimately both drivers pitted under the safety car for wets, and were 21st and 22nd at the back, with the McLaren's 1st and 2nd. Finally the race started in a standing start, and Massa collided with Alexander Wurz while trying to pass him, taking Wurz out while Massa had to rejoin after a spin and was 10 seconds away from the field. Massa was then given a drive-through penalty for passing Heidfeld under the safety car. After that, the Ferraris charged up the order, as they were also refueled during the stops for wets and did not have to stop when the others did. Räikkonen did stop for fuel again at the right time, as Alonso brought out the safety car after crashing into a wall. This left Massa (who did not pit) in fifth and Räikkonen in seventh. This became third and fifth when Mark Webber and Sebastien Vettel collided behind the safety car, putting both out. Räikkonen then passed David Coulthard to take fourth. Massa was forced to pit for a splash and dash, dropping down to seventh. Räikkonen challenged Heikki Kovalainen for second but could not make it and was third. Massa took sixth by passing Robert Kubica on the last lap.

Going into the [[2007 Chinese Grand Prix|Chinese Grand Prix]], Massa was already out of the title race, but Räikkonen still stayed in it, 5 points behind Alonso and 17 points behind Hamilton with 2 races to go. Hamilton took pole while Räikkonen was second and Massa was third. The race was in damp conditions but nothing changed at the start. During the first round of stops, Hamilton and Massa used the same wet tyres but Räikkonen and Alonso changed into a new set. Räikkonen then passed Hamilton while Alonso passed Massa at the same time, as Hamilton and Massa were felling the effects of grained tyres. Massa pitted early, but Hamilton stayed out late in the hope that it would rain. It did not, and Hamilton got beached in the pit lane gravel trap while trying to enter the pits. Räikkonen won ahead of Alonso and Massa to keep his championship hopes alive.

The last race of the season, the [[2007 Brazilian Grand Prix|Brazilian Grand Prix]], was in Massa's hometown in [[Brazil]]. Räikkönen was 7 points behind Hamilton and 3 points behind Alonso going into the race. In qualifying, Massa took pole with Hamilton second, Räikkönen third and Alonso fourth. At the start, Räikkönen took second while Hamilton dropped back to eighth after going into the gravel. He was up to seventh but then dropped to the back of the field in 18th after a gearbox glitch cost him around 20 seconds. The battle for the win was between Massa and Räikkönen with Alonso third. Massa kept the lead during the first round of stops but Räikkönen was able to get ahead of him in the second round. Behind, Hamilton had already charged his way up to seventh but was lapped. Räikkönen won the race and the championship, 10 points compared to Alonso's 6 and Hamilton's 2 in the race enabling him to get a point ahead of both with Massa finishing second to make it the team's fourth 1-2 finish.

===== Espionage allegations =====
:''See also [[2007 Formula One espionage controversy]]''
On 3 July [[Nigel Stepney]] was dismissed by Scuderia Ferrari.<ref>{{cite news| title =Stepney dismissed by Ferrari| publisher =autosport.com| url =http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/60448| date =2007-07-03| accessdate =2007-07-03}}</ref> Later the same day Ferrari announced it was taking legal action against Stepney and a McLaren engineer named by Autosport.com as [[Mike Coughlan]];<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Noble|coauthors=Goren, Biranit |title=McLaren suspect is Mike Coughlan |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/60466 |work=www.autosport.com |publisher=Haymarket |date=2007-07-03 |accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref> A Ferrari press release stated: <br><br>
:''"Ferrari announces it has recently presented a case against Nigel Stepney and an engineer from the Vodafone McLaren-Mercedes team with the Modena Tribunal, concerning the theft of technical information. Furthermore, legal action has been instigated in England and a search warrant has been issued concerning the engineer. This produced a positive outcome."''<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Noble|coauthors=Goren, Biranit |title=Ferrari confirm action against McLaren man|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/60465 |work=www.autosport.com |publisher=Haymarket |date=2007-07-03 |accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref><br><br>

On his return from holiday in the Philippines on July 5, Stepney was interrogated by the Italian police as part of the industrial espionage case.<ref>{{cite news| title =Stepney 'Astonished' During Formula One Three-Hour Espionage Interrogation| publisher =paddocktalk.com| url =http://www.paddocktalk.com/news/html/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=59940| date =2007-07-06| accessdate =2007-07-06}}</ref> On 6 July [[Honda F1]] released a statement confirming that Stepney and Coughlan approached the team regarding "job opportunities" in June 2007.<ref name="hondastepney">{{cite news |title=Honda was approached by spy suspects |url=http://www.itv-f1.com/News_Article.aspx?PO_ID=39942 |work=www.itv-f1.com |publisher=ITV Network |date=2007-07-06 |accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> Since the revelation of Coughlan's involvement in the affair McLaren provided a full set of drawings and development documents (estimated to be around 800 pages) to the FIA, detailing all updates made to the team's chassis since the incident occurred at the end of April.<ref name="hondastepney"/>

McLaren was eventually excluded from the 2007 Conctructors' Championship, in breach of Article 151(c) of the [[International Sporting Code]], all but guaranteeing Ferrari the title.<ref>{{cite news| title =McLaren hit with constuctors' ban| publisher =news.bbc.co.uk| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6991147.stm| date =2007-09-13| accessdate =2007-09-13}}</ref> Ferrari won their 15th Constructors Title in [[2007 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgium]] the following weekend.

At the end of the season Ferrari would have finished 1 point ahead of McLaren and hence won the constructors' title on merit. This takes into consideration that McLaren was docked the 15 constructors' points they would have earned at [[2007 Hungarian Grand Prix|Hungary]], as a penalty for a qualifying pit incident; prior to that McLaren had a 27 point lead over Ferrari.

==== 2008 Season ====

:''See also [[2008 Formula One season]]''

On 12 November 2007, the Ferrari team announced that Jean Todt would be departing the team principal role, instead taking up a senior executive role. He was replaced by [[Stefano Domenicali]]. It had been reported that this completed a shift in Ferrari personnel where the older foreign leadership was replaced with a new one comprised mostly of Italians.<ref>{{cite news| title =Todt replaced as Ferrari boss| publisher =news.bbc.co.uk| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7090726.stm| date =2007-11-12| accessdate =2007-11-12}}</ref>

On 6th January, Scuderia Ferrari launched the [[Ferrari F2008]].

On the 2008 Season's first race the [[2008 Australian Grand Prix|Australian Grand Prix]] Kimi Räikkönen suffered a fuel pressure problem which forced him to stop on the entrance of pit lane preventing engineers from repairing the car. He started in 16th place on the grid. Massa qualified in 4th place. During the twenty-fifth lap, Felipe Massa collided with [[Red Bull Racing]]'s [[David Coulthard]], putting the Scotsman out of the race and forcing Massa to pit. He retired several laps later with engine failure. Räikkönen also suffered the same fate retiring on the 54th lap. He finished 9th overall after completing 90% of the race and recived 1 point. It was Ferrari's worst performance in a season-opening race since they drew a blank in the [[1992 South African Grand Prix]].

At the [[2008 Malaysian Grand Prix|Malaysian Grand Prix]], [[Kimi Räikkönen]] won the team's first race of the season. In qualifying, Massa had taken pole-position, with Räikkönen placed second. Massa took an early lead but was overtaken by his teammate at the first round of pit stops. It looked to be an easy 1-2 but Massa spun off into a gravel trap midway through the race and retired, with Räikkönen going on to win. Ferrari went to [[2008 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain]] confident, as they had tested there during the winter. Massa was quick in Q1 and Q2 but was pipped to pole by BMW's [[Robert Kubica]], with Räikkönen 4th. The Brazilian took the lead at the start, with his team-mate following on to make a 1-2.

Round 4 saw the [[2008 Spanish Grand Prix|Spainish Grand Prix]], where qualifying was dominated by Ferrari and McLaren. When it came to the race, the Ferraris shot out in front, with the lead switching between the two drivers several times, though it finished with Raikkonen leading Massa to the finish. In the qualifying for the [[2008 Turkish Grand Prix|Turkish Grand Prix]], Massa beat Hamilton to the pole position and on the sunday Massa got away from the line well, holding his lead down to turn 1 with Hamilton and Räikkönen pushing from behind. Massa managed to hold onto his lead throughout the race, taking the win in Turkey for the third year in a row, with Hamilton leading Räikkönen home. Out of a possible 30 points in 3 races Massa had scored 28.

[[2008 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]] saw a race, in the early laps, between Hamilton and Massa, until Hamilton clipped a wall on the exit of the chicane, allowing Massa to secure his lead. Due to pit stop strategy for Hamilton, combined with a slow third pit stop for Massa, resulted in Massa dropping to third on the podium. When the Formula One calendar took them to North America at the [[2008 Canadian Grand Prix|Canadian Grand Prix]], the Ferraris had a poor qualifying show followed by a taudry race for Räikkönen when he was shunted from behind by Hamilton, who was in turn shunted by Rosberh, while waiting for the light at the end of the pit lane. Massa appeared to lack pace during the race though proceeded up the pack as other cars retired.

At the [[2008 French Grand Prix|French Grand Prix]] Ferrari got a 1-2 in qualifying, and it stayed that way during the race until Kimi Räikkönen's exhaust broke, causing Massa to take the lead, and for him to hold up drivers he'd lapped. He eventually finished second.

The [[2008 British Grand Prix|British Grand Prix]] was took place in the wet, with Massa qualifying 10th and Raikkonen 3rd. Massa spun 5 times during the race and Räikkönen 3. Räikkönen finished 4th and Massa 13th. After this Massa, Raikkonem, and Lewis Hamilton were tied on 48 points.

At [[2008 German Grand Prix|Hockenheim]], Räikkönen qualified 4th and Massa 2nd. Lewis Hamilton took a big lead in the first stint from Felipe Massa, but had the gap reduced in the first safety car period. Massa and Räikkönen pitted in when the safety car was out, but Hamilton pitted afterwards and lost his lead. Nelson Piquet, Jr. had jumped from 17th to 2nd and was in front of Massa. Hamilton chased both down and won the race with Massa 3rd and Räikkönen 5th. On the weekend of the Hungarian Grand Prix, Massa qualified 3rd and Raikkonen 6th. Massa took the lead at the first corner and stayed roughly 5 seconds ahead of Hamilton for most of the race. 3 laps before the end of the race Massa retired with engine failure from first place. [[Heikki Kovalainen]] won the race and Räikkönen finished 3rd.

Over the [[2008 European Grand Prix|Valencia]] weekend, Massa got pole position with Räikkönen 4th. Massa took the lead at the start and held it for the entire race, but Räikkönen dropped to 5th at the start. At his second pit stop Räikkönen left the pit box with the fuel hose still attached and injured a mechanic, he then retired 2 laps later with engine failure. At Massa's second pit stop, he was released alongside the Force India of Adrian Sutil and had to back off and let him pass. After the race Massa was fined 10,000 euros for unsafe release.

At the inaugral [[2008 Singapore Grand Prix|Singapore Grand Prix]], Massa qualified on pole with Raikkonen 3rd on the start grid. Massa led until the first pitstop proved a disaster when he drove off with the fueling rig still attached. The rigging snapped knocking a pit mechanic to the ground. While the pit crew struggled to maintain their Italian dignity, they casually strolled to the end of the pit lane to remove the attached rigging, causing Massa to lose precious time. Video replay revealed the Ferrari mechanic operating the automatic pit light signal system suffering from a case of trigger-happiness maximus.

Räikkönen eventually crashed out 4 laps before the end of the grand prix with Massa finishing second-to-last. <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7640668.stm BBC Sport's report of the Singapore Grand Prix] Retrieved 9 October 2008</ref>

At the [[2008 Japanese Grand Prix|Japanese Grand Prix]] Raikkonen finished 3rd, while Massa finished 7th. More importantly, Lewis Hamilton finished out of the points in 12th, meaning that Massa caught up more points on Hamilton in the World Championship.

=====2008 Pit system=====
For 2008 Ferrari brought in a "[[traffic light]]" system to signal to their drivers when to leave the pits after a pit-stop. This system was introduced and only used by Ferrari; all other teams continued with the older "lollipop" system. The traffic light system has red, orange and green lights and is programmed to automatically go green when the fuel hose is taken out of the car.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7656931.stm |title=Ferrari revert to old pit system |date=2008-10-07 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> The lights could also be operated manually by pressing a button. At the [[2008 Singapore Grand Prix]] the system had to be operated manually due to the large number of cars entering the pit lane after an on-track incident. During Felipe Massa's stop the mechanic controlling the system pressed the button too early, causing Massa to drive away with the fuel pipe still attached. After this incident Ferrari reverted to the old lollipop system for the remaining three races of the season.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7656931.stm |title=Ferrari revert to old pit system |date=2008-10-07 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> Ferrari team principal [[Stefano Domenicali]] commented that "We need to stay calm so we've decided to go back to the old system."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7656931.stm |title=Ferrari revert to old pit system |date=2008-10-07 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref>

== Sponsorship ==

Marlboro has sponsored Ferrari since 1984 and has been title sponsor since 1997 (prior to which it was the title sponsor of McLaren).
In September 2005 Ferrari announced they had signed an extension of their sponsorship arrangement with Marlboro (Philip Morris) until 2011. This comes at a time when tobacco sponsorship has become illegal in the European Union and other major teams have withdrawn from relationships with tobacco companies, for example McLaren ended their eight year relationship with West. In reporting the deal, ''[[F1 Racing]]'' magazine judged it to be a "black day" for the sport, putting non-tobacco funded teams at a disadvantage and discouraging other brands from entering a sport still associated with tobacco. The magazine estimates that in the period between 2005 and 2011 Ferrari will receive $1 billion from the agreement. Depending on the venue of races (and the particular national laws) the Marlboro branding will be largely subliminal in most countries.

The Taiwanese computer company Acer is one of their sponsors (until 2008). As part of the deal, Acer had sold Ferrari-badged laptops.

In December 2005 Vodafone announced that it was withdrawing its sponsorship of Ferrari in favour of title sponsorship of McLaren beginning in 2007. ''The Times'' said Ferrari were "stunned" by the decision.<ref>{{cite news| first = Kevin| last = Eason| coauthors = O’Connor, Ashling| title = Ferrari left stunned by Vodafone defection| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/formula_1/article764633.ece| work = The Times| publisher = Times Newspapers|page=77 | date = 2005-12-15| accessdate = 2007-04-09}}</ref> Vodafone's position on the car is assumed by Telecom Italia's broadband Alice brand.

Other companies sponsoring Scuderia Ferrari include: [[Fiat]] (car group), Shell - Royal Dutch/Shell Group, Alice, [[Bridgestone]], AMD, Martini, Acer, and several others among which Mubadala Development Company (an investment company owned by the Emirate of Abu Dhabi) also owner of 5% of Ferrari's stakes as of the 2007 season;Etihad Airways (until 2011). On the other hand, semiconductor chipmaker AMD has reportedly decided to drop the sponsorship of the team and is just waiting for its contract to expire after its former Vice President and Sales Executive (who was an avid fan of motorsports) had left the company.<ref>{{cite news| title = AMD Drops Ferrari F1 sponsorship| url = http://www.fudzilla.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7271&Itemid=35}}</ref>

Apart from sponsors, Ferrari have the following companies as official suppliers: [[Magneti Marelli]], [[Mahle (pistons)|Mahle]], [[IIR]], [[SKF]], [[Europcar]], [[Iveco]], [[NGK]], [[Infineon]], [[HN Meccanica]], Puma, [[Sanbitter]], [[Tata]], [[Brembo]], [[BBS Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG|BBS]], [[Selex]], [[Sabelt]], [[TRW Automotive Holdings|TRW Automotive]], Microsoft (note: the sponsors/suppliers information is accurate for the 2007 season).

== Records ==
The Ferrari team has achieved unparalleled success in [[Formula One]]. Ferrari cars and Ferrari drivers have also won the [[Mille Miglia]] 8 times, the [[Targa Florio]] 7 times, and the [[24 hours of Le Mans]] 9 times. In F1, the Italian team has the unique distinction of owning nearly all significant records (as of the [[2008 German Grand Prix]]), including:
*Most constructor championships: 15
*Most driver championships: 15
*Most wins (all-time): 208
*Most wins (season): 15 (tied with [[McLaren]])
*Most podiums (all-time): 617
*Most podiums (season): 29
*Most [[pole position]]s (all-time): 201
*Most points (all-time): 4,887.27
*Most points (season): 262
*Most fastest laps (all-time): 215
*Highest winning percentage: ~26% ''(for teams with at least 10 wins)''
*Most F1 fatalities: 7 (4 race, 1 qualifying, 2 testing)

In 2004, Ferrari also surpassed [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] as the most successful F1 engine manufacturer, with 182 wins (to Ford's 176 wins). Due to the availability of the [[Cosworth]] V8 to private teams, a total of 6,639 Ford-powered cars were entered between 1967 and 2004, compared to 1,979 starts for Ferrari and Petronas-badged engines during the same period.

== Formula One results ==

:''See Also [[Ferrari Grand Prix results]]''

== External links ==
{{commons|Scuderia Ferrari}}
*[http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp The official Ferrari website]
* [http://www.thescuderia.net TheScuderia.net] - The original and biggest Ferrari F1 community.
* [http://www.f1network.net/main/s85.htm Ferrari 1] - The most popular online Ferrari Formula 1 enthusiasts community
* [http://www.theprancinghorse.co.uk The Prancing Horse] - A Ferrari news and fan resource website
* [http://www.f1rejects.com/centrale/ferrari/index.html F1 Rejects article on Ferrari history from 1979 to 2000]
* [http://carsguide.news.com.au/site/blogs-and-stuff/story/can_f_1_survive_without_ferrari/ Carsguide - Ferrari Article] - A Gallery of Ferrari F1

'''''News and References'''''

* [http://www.autoblog.com/2008/10/22/ferrari-kicks-off-young-driver-development-program/ Ferrari kicks off young driver development program]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2008/10/28/ferrari-may-leave-f1-if-standard-engine-approved/ Ferrari may leave F1 if standard engine approved]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2008/11/29/rossi-in-rosso-motogp-star-drives-ferrari-f2008-at-mugello/ Rossi in Rosso: MotoGP star drives Ferrari F2008 at Mugello]

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Formula One Constructors' Champion]] |before=[[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]]|after=[[British Racing Motors|BRM]]|years={{f1|1961}}}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Formula One Constructors' Champion]] |before=[[Team Lotus|Lotus]]|after=[[Team Lotus|Lotus]]|years={{f1|1964}}}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Formula One Constructors' Champion]] |before=[[Team McLaren|McLaren]]|after=[[Team Lotus|Lotus]]|years={{f1|1975}}-{{f1|1976}}-{{f1|1977}}}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Formula One Constructors' Champion]] |before=[[Team Lotus|Lotus]]|after=[[WilliamsF1|Williams]]|years={{f1|1979}}}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Formula One Constructors' Champion]] |before=[[WilliamsF1|Williams]]|after=[[Team McLaren|McLaren]]|years={{f1|1982}}-{{f1|1983}}}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Formula One Constructors' Champion]] |before=[[Team McLaren|McLaren]]|after=[[Renault F1|Renault]]|years={{f1|1999}}-{{f1|2000}}-{{f1|2001}}-{{f1|2002}}-{{f1|2003}}-{{f1|2004}}}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Formula One Constructors' Champion]] |before=[[Renault F1|Renault]]|after=incumbent|years={{f1|2007}}}}
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{{Ferrari}}

{{Formula One teams}}

{{Scuderia Ferrari}}

{{Formula One constructors}}

{{Formula One World Constructors' Champions}}

[[Category:Ferrari]]
[[Category:Formula One constructors]]
[[Category:Formula One entrants]]
[[Category:Formula One engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Official motorsport and performance division of automakers]]
[[Category:World Sportscar Championship entrants]]
[[Category:24 Hours of Le Mans entrants]]
[[Category:Italian auto racing teams]]
[[Category:Italian racecar constructors]]

Land Rover LR3

2009-04-08T07:02:07Z

165.69.2.1: /* External Links */

[[image:2006_LR3_front.jpg|thumb|400px|right|2006 '''[[Land Rover]] LR3''']]

The '''Discovery''' (now known in North America as the '''LR3''') is a comfortable [[Four Wheel Drive|4x4]] vehicle ([[SUV]] in American-English) from the [[Land Rover]] marque. There have been three generations of the vehicle, which is somewhat less expensive than the company's top [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]] model. The Discovery was introduced in the late 1980s and is the most popular model of Land Rover. It is not as utilitarian as the [[Land Rover Defender|Defender]], but it is very competent off road.

See Wikicars' comprehensive '''[[Land Rover LR3 Review]]'''.

===Recent Changes===
* For 2009, the LR3 (Discovery 3) receives a very subtle facelift. They include fully body colored front bumpers, revised rear bumper and wheel arches (now body colored on top level trims), body colored tailgate lift handle, revised "tungsten" colored side vent, "tungsten" door handles on top level trims, and clear-lens side repeaters on all variants. The range will also be sporting three new metallic paint schemes: Santorini Black, Galway Green and Bournville as well as "Almond" trim color for the interior. Also on offer is the inclusion of a new set of 19-inch 7-spoke alloy wheels. Pricing starts at £29,950 and UK customers will be able to get theirs as early as August 2008. [http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2008/04/2009-land-rover-discovery-3-subtle.html]

<gallery>
Image:LR 3 1.jpg
Image:LR 3 2.jpg
Image:LR 3 3.jpg
Image:LR 3 4.jpg
Image:LR 3 5.jpg
Image:LR 3 6.jpg
</gallery>

* As the LR3 only debuted in 2005, there are no cosmetic changes for 2006. The biggest update, however, is the addition of a [[V6]] version, making the LR3 lineup more versatile and relatively more affordable.

===Styles and Major Options===
The LR3 comes in two trims: the SE and the HSE. In addition, it is also now available in two engines, a 4.0L 216[[hp]] [[V6]] as well as a 4.4L 300[[hp]] [[V8]], but the SE is the only trim that offers both a [[V6]] and [[V8]] version. The HSE is only available with the [[V8]]. All models are equipped with full-time [[all wheel drive]] and a 6-speed [[automatic transmission]]. Some of the standout features that set them apart include:

'''[[V6]] SE'''
*18" silver alloy wheels
*6-way power adjustable front seats
*Leatherette seating
*Dual zone front automatic air conditioning
*6-speaker AM/FM/CD audio system
*Cruise Control
*Trip computer
*Power windows, locks, mirrors
[[image:2006_LR3_sunset.jpg|right|350px]]

'''[[V8]] SE'''

Adds to or replaces [[V6]] SE features with:
*Leather seating, shift knob, and steering wheel
*Express open sunroof
*9-speaker harmon/kardon AM/FM/MP3/in-dash 6CD changer audio system

'''[[V8]] HSE'''

Adds to or replace [[V8]] SE features with:
*19" silver alloy wheels
*7 passenger capacity (50-50 split 3rd row)
*8-way power driver seat with memory
*Separate rear air conditioning controls
*14-speaker harman/kardon AM/FM/MP3/in-dash 6CD changer audio system
*Homelink Wireless Control System
*Compass, systems monitor, trip computer
*Front/rear park distance control
*Navigation system

===Pricing===
Today's actual prices for the [[Land Rover]] LR3 can be found at [http://www.carsdirect.com/landrover/lr3/prices CarsDirect].

<table border=1 tablecolor=#000000 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#cccccc>
<td colspan=3>
'''LR3 Trims'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
SE [[V6]]
</td>
<td>
SE [[V8]]
</td>
<td>
HSE [[V8]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=3>
''MSRP''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$38,285
</td>
<td>
$44,985
</td>
<td>
$52,985
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=3>
''Invoice''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$34,839
</td>
<td>
$40,936
</td>
<td>
$48,216
</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Gas Mileage===
As seen on the [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm FuelEconomy.gov] website, the City/Highway MPG averages are as follows:

<table border=1 tablecolor=#000000 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#cccccc>
<td colspan=2>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
4.0L [[V6]]
</td>
<td>
4.4L [[V8]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#cccccc>
'''MPG'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
14/19
</td>
<td>
14/18
</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Reliability===

===Safety===
The [http://www.safercar.gov NHTSA] does not have any safety test information on the LR3, but according to [http://www.autos.com/autos/rankings_safety?cat=suvs&segment=luxury_suvs&rank=safety&year=2006 Autos.com,] the LR3 was tied for 4th with several other models in the Luxury SUV category for safety.

===Photos===
<gallery>
image:2006_LR3_sunsetright.jpg
image:2006_LR3_dashinterior.jpg
image:2006_LR3_frontinterior.jpg
image:2006_LR3_secondrowinterior.jpg
image:landroverLR3.jpg
Image:Lrdpursuit 450.jpg
</gallery>

===Colors===
Colors will vary by trim, but a complete list is viewable at [http://www.carsdirect.com/land_rover/lr3/colors CarsDirect.com.] Some of the available options include:

'''Exterior'''
*Alveston Red
*Bonatti Gray
*Buckingham Blue
*Java Black
*Tonga Green
*Zambezi Silver

'''Interior'''
*Alpaca
*Black

===Main Competitors===
*[[Acura MDX]]
*[[Cadillac SRX]]
*[[Lexus RX]]
*[[Infiniti FX]]
*[[Volvo XC90]]
*[[BMW X5]]
*[[Hummer H1]]

==Hybrid Models==
There are no [[hybrid]] models of the LR3 currently in production.

==Unique Attributes==

==Resale Values==

==Criticisms==

===Current generation (2005-Present)===
====Series III====
[[Image:800px-2005_Land_Rover_Discovery.jpg|right|thumb|300px|2005 '''Discovery Series III''']]

On 2 April 2004, owners [[Ford|Ford Motor Company]] introduced a new '''Discovery 3''' (or '''LR3''' in the US) for the 2005 model year.

The Series II Discovery was long over-due for replacement. Although still a capable and popular vehicle, its chassis, coil-spring suspension and beam-axle layout had changed very little since the launch of the original Discovery in 1989. In turn, that vehicle used essentially the same underpinnings as the original [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]], launched in 1970. The Discovery II was beginning to lose sales to more sophisticated 'working' [[Four Wheel Drive|4x4]] vehicles from Japan (such as the [[Toyota Land Cruiser]] and [[Mitsubishi Shogun]]) and 'sports' 4x4s from Europe (such as the [[BMW X5]] and [[Mercedes-Benz ML-Class]]). A replacement vehicle had been planned for many years, but the project had been delayed many times due to the break up of the Rover Group in 2000 and the need to replace the [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]] in 2001.

The Discovery 3 ('''LR3''' in North America) was an entirely new design, sharing not a single component with the outgoing model. Its styling is still traditional [[Land Rover]], with function dictating the look, rather than fashion, and with lots of horizontal and vertical lines. It retains the key features of the Discovery, such as the stepped roofline and steeply-raked windscreen.

Construction-wise, [[Land Rover]] developed an all-new method which they called 'Integrated Body Frame'. The previous Discovery models had used a traditional, strong ladder-frame chassis. Whilst tough in off-road use, these are heavy and detract from the on-road handling of the vehicle. Monocoque vehicles are more rigid, giving improved high-speed handling, but can be damaged by the stresses involved in heavy off-road use. In the IBF the body, engine bay and passenger compartment is built as a monocoque, which is mated to a basic ladder-chassis holding the gearbox and suspension. It claimed to combine the virtues of both systems, but does make the Discovery 3 uncommonly heavy for its size stunting on-road performance and off-road agility.

Another big change was the fitting of fully [[independent suspension]]. Like the Series III [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]], this was an [[air suspension]] system, which allowed the ride-height of the vehicle to be altered by simply pumping up or deflating the [[Airbag|air bags]]. The vehicle can be raised to provide ground clearance when off-road, but lowered at high speeds to improve handling. FIS has been seen as inferior to the older beam-axle when off-road due to its tendency to make the vehicle ground out. [[Land Rover]] developed 'cross-linked' [[air suspension]] to solve this problem- when needed, the suspension mimics the action of a beam axle (as one wheel drops, the other rises). In the UK and European markets, a coil-spring independent suspension system was offered on the base model. This model was unique in the range by having only 5 seats and only being available with the 2.7-litre diesel engine. This model lacked the Terrain Response system (see below).

All this was designed to make the new vehicle suitable for a changing [[Four Wheel Drive|4x4]] market. Ultimate off-road ability was becoming less important compared to refined on-road manners. [[Land Rover]] was determined that the Discovery 3 would retain the brand's reputation as a top-performing off-road vehicle, whilst also being a good road car. Whilst the Discovery 3 was not as good in the handling stakes as some of the competition, it was much improved over the previous models and its off-road credentials remained intact.

The engines used in the Discovery 3 were all taken from [[Land Rover]]'s sister company, [[Jaguar]]. A 2.7-litre, 195-[[HP|horsepower]] (145 kW) [[V6|V6]] [[diesel engine]] (the TdV6) was intended to be the biggest seller in Europe. For the US-market and as the high-performance option elsewhere, a 4.4 litre petrol [[V8]] of 280-[[HP|horsepower]] (209 kW) was chosen. A 4.0-litre [[V6|V6]] petrol engine taken from the Ford stable was available in the USA and Australia. Before launch, there were rumours that [[Land Rover]] may introduce the diesel unit to the American market, but the use of high-sulphur diesel fuel, for which the TdV6 is not designed in that market made this fitment unlikely.

The gearboxes on the Discovery 3 were also all-new. For the diesel engine, a 6-speed manual gearbox was standard. As an option, and as standard on the [[V8]] engine, a 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic transmission]] was available. Both came with a 2-speed transfer box and permanent [[Four wheel drive|4-wheel-drive]]. A computer controlled progressively locking central differential ensured traction was retained in tough conditions. A similar differential was available on the rear axle to aid traction.

The Discovery 3 was fitted with [[Land Rover]]'s full armoury of electronic [[Traction Control|traction control]] systems. Hill Descent Control (HDC) prevented vehicle 'runaways' when descending steep gradients and 4-wheel Electronic Traction Control (4ETC) prevented wheel spin in low-traction conditions. An on-road system, [[Electronic Stability Control|Dynamic Stability Control]] (DSC) prevented skidding when steering and braking at speed.

Arguably the biggest feature of the new vehicle was the innovative 'Terrain Response' system (this system won a US Scientist award in 2005). Previously, off-road driving had been a skill that many drivers found daunting. A wide-ranging knowledge of the vehicle was needed to be able to select the correct gear, transfer ratio, various differential systems and master various techniques required for tackling steep hills, deep water and other tough terrain. Terrain Response attempted to take away as many of the difficulties as possible. The driver selected a terrain type on a dial in the cab of the vehicle (the options are 'Sand', 'Ice/Grass/Snow', 'Mud/Ruts' and 'Rock Crawl'.) The on-board computer systems then select the correct gearbox settings, adjust the suspension height, adjust the differential lock settings and even alter the throttle response of the engine suitable for the terrain. For example, in 'Rock Crawl', the suspension is raised to its maximum height, the differentials are locked, Low Ratio is engaged and the throttle response is altered to provide low-speed control. The driver retained some manual control over the off-road systems, being able to select the Transfer Box ratio and the suspension height manually, although use of the Terrain Response system is needed to allow full use of the vehicles capabilities.

As well as new mechanical and electronic systems, the Discovery 3 introduced much more advanced and modern design to the interior and exterior of the vehicle. The original 1989 Discovery's looks had been determined by limited funds and the consequent use of first-generation Range Rover components. These continued to influence the Series II. The Discovery 3 was able to have a fresh, minimalist style. The interior was much improved, with a highly flexible 7-seat layout. Unlike the older models, adults could comfortably use all 7 seats. Passengers in the rearmost row now entered through the rear side doors, instead of the tailgate as in previous versions. The driver benefited from a modern satellite on- and off-road [[Navigation System|GPS]]. When in off-road modes, the screen showed a schematic of the vehicle, displaying the amount of suspension movement, angle the front wheels were steering, the status of the locking differentials and icons showing which mode the Terrain Response was in, and what gear was selected on [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] versions.

The vehicle was very well received by the press on its launch, with the Terrain Response system, vastly improved on-road dynamics and clever interior design being selected for wide praise. The new look was disliked by some (descriptions such as 'van-like' were used), and the large, blank rear panel, now devoid of the spare wheel, was a controversial point. Others pointed out that the diesel engine still lagged behind the competition in power (especially given the weight of the vehicle), but overall the vehicle scored highly. A high-point in the new Discovery's launch season came when Jeremy Clarkson of the BBC's Top Gear motoring show drove one to the top of a Scottish mountain, where no vehicle had previously reached.

The first all-new model placement since the [[Land Rover Freelander|Freelander]], the [[Land Rover Range Rover Sport|Range Rover Sport]] is based on the Discovery 3 platform, rather than on the larger [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]].

==Past Generations==
===Second Generation (1998-2004)===
'''Series II'''
[[Image:2000_Land_Rover_Discovery.jpg|left|thumb|300px|2000 '''Discovery Series II''']]

The '''Series II''' Discovery debuted in 1998. The interior and exterior was re-worked to be less utilitarian, but it was still very similar to the Series I. However, every body panel was new (and incompatible) except the rear door outer skin. The rear body was extended to improve load space but at the expense of added rear overhang, which adveresely impacted off-road ability. However overall off-road ability remains impressive and in practical terms, choice of tyres is far more relevant. Changes to the diesel engined models saw the 2495cc Td5 (in-line direct-injected 5 cylinder) engine introduced, in line with the updated Defender models. This electronically managed engine was smoother, producing more useable torque at lower revs than its 300 Tdi predecessor. ACE (Active Cornering Enhancement, an electronically controlled hydraulic anti-roll bar system) was fitted to some versions, which reduced cornering roll to insignificant proportions. Self-levelling air springs were fitted to some models and European type-approval for 7-seat vehicles was only given for air-sprung cars.

The locking centre differential was still fitted, although the linkage to operate it was not attached, as Land Rover believed that the [[traction control]] and newly-developed Hill Descent Control would render it redundant. In 2002, US models saw the mechanism itself finally removed. At this time the mechanism was removed on European 02 Model Year vehicles and remained fully deleted until the face-lifted model was introduced later in that year. Customer demand saw the mechanism and controls fully reinstated as a cost option only (standard on top of range HSE/ES vehicles) on UK/Irish models. The "face-lift" models are easily identified by new "pocketed" headlamps which matched the Range Rover and face-lifted Freelander models. As with earlier models, however, this can be deceptive since kits are available to modify 1998-2002 vehicles with the newer lights.

A small number of Discovery II Commercial models were produced by Land Rover Special Vehicles, this time based on the five-door bodyshell but with the windows rendered opaque to give van-like appearance and security. Normal vehicles were exported to Republic of Ireland, where the rear side windows were smashed and rear seats were destroyed in the presence of a Revenue official, to offer a model that avoided the usurous Vehicle Registration Tax (saving approx.40%).

===First Generation/Origins (1989–1997)===
'''Series I'''
The '''[[Land Rover]] Discovery''' was introduced into the United Kingdom in 1989. The company code-named the vehicle "Project Jay", and came close to calling it the "Prarie Rover" until the decision was made to improve the overall branding strategy, eventually leading to the [[Land Rover]] name becoming detached from any specific model (at the launch of the "Defender" name.) The new model was based on the chassis and drivetrain of the more upmarket [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]], but with a lower price aimed at a larger market segment and intended to compete with Japanese offerings.

The Discovery was initially available in a three door version, partly to avoid eating into the market of the more expensive Range Rover. The five door became available the following year. Both were fitted with five seats, and an option was made available to have two further seats fitted in the "boot" area at the back of the car. A two-seater, three-door Discovery Commercial version, lacking rear windows, was later offered by [[Land Rover]] Special Vehicles. Pre-1994, the Discovery was available with either the 2.5L 200 [[Turbo Engine|Turbo]] Direct Injection (Tdi) engine or the 3.5L [[Rover V8 engine|Rover V8]]. Early V8s used a twin SU carburettor system, moving over to Lucas fuel injection in 1990. In the UK, [[V8]] models are comparatively rare, the majority of Discovery owners preferring the more economical diesel engines. Consequently, resale prices of [[V8]]-engined vehicles are lower than the more popular diesel counterparts. In the North American market, the situation was reversed and the vast majority of vehicles sold were fitted with the [[V8]]. A two litre petrol engine from the Rover stable was briefly available in a model known as the 2.0 Mpi. This was intended to attract fleet managers, since UK (and Italian)Tax laws benefitted vehicles under two litres. A combination of changes in taxation and the engine being woefully underpowered for such a heavy vehicle led to the demise of this engine, despite the kudos of being the engine fitted to several Discoveries supplied to the British Royal family.
[[Image:800px-Land_Rover_Discovery_SI_maroon_side.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Pre-1995 '''Discovery Series I''']]
In 1994, many changes were made to the Discovery I: the 200TDi and 3.5L [[V8]] engines were replaced with the 2.5L 300TDi and 3.9L Rover [[V8]] engines, the 300TDi introducing a Bosch electronic emmisions control for certain models and markets. At around this time a stronger R380 gearbox was fitted to all manual models. The newer models featured larger headlamps and a second set of rear lights in the bumper. A notorious annoyance with the new rear lights was that the wiring was changed several times to meet real or expected European safety legislation. Some vehicles are left with a frustrating arrangement where the vulnerable bumper contains the only working direction-indicator lights; other examples have these lights duplicated in the traditional rear pillar location.

The designers of the original model had been forced to economise and use the "parts-bin" of the then parent-company, Rover. The 200 series used the windscreen from the [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]], door handles from the Morris Marina and tail lights from the Austin Maestro van. The favour was returned when the facelifted Discovery dashboard was also fitted as part of the final facelift to the first-generation [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]], though with minor differences reflecting the vehicle's higher status, such as an analogue rather than digital clock.

1994 also marked the first year that the Discovery was sold in the United States. Airbags were incorporated into the design of the 1994 model to meet the requirements of US motor vehicle regulations, though they were not fitted as standard in all markets. All models sold in the US utilised the 3.9L [[V8]] engine.

As with all Land Rover vehicles designed since the Series models which had switchable [Two wheel drive|2]] and [[four wheel drive|4 wheel drive]], the transmission is a permanent [[Four wheel drive|four wheel drive]] system, with a locking centre differential at the [[transfer case|transfer box]]. In common with much of the rest of the [[Land Rover]] range, the handbrake acts on the transmission at the back of the transfer box.

In Japan, a badge-engineered version of the Series I was offered, called the '''[[Honda]] Crossroad'''.

==Worldwide==
In Australia, the vehicle managed to be awarded '[[Four Wheel Drive|4WD]] of the Year' by virtually all of the [[Four Wheel Drive|4WD]] press, impressing the often conservative journalists of the 'hard-core' magazines when it effortlessly ambled where the traditionally highly-rated [[Toyota Land Cruiser]] and [[Nissan Patrol]] had to scramble. It was widely hailed as the first time that electonics actually out-performed trusted mechanical systems, although most sounded a note of caution about long-term reliability and serviceability. Despite these reviews, and a price tag very similar to the [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]], it did not set the market alight.

==Design quirks and oddities==
Amongst the off-road driving and Land Rover enthusiast community, the all-new Discovery has gradually gained acceptance. Given the improved road-going qualities of the vehicle, many were worried that the vehicle's off-road abilities would be comprimised, and others expressed doubts about relying on electronic systems in extreme conditions. However, by 2006, 2 years after the vehicle's launch, the vehicle's abilities and reliability have been proved both by the press and private owners. Land Rover and many aftermarket companies have developed off-road equipment such as winch, bull-bars, under-body protection kits, snorkels and roof-racks for the new Discovery, to optimise its off-road use.

In 2006 [[Land Rover]] will use the Discovery 3 in its G4 Challenge, alongside the [[Land Rover Range Rover Sport|Range Rover Sport]]. The vehicles used are all in standard mechanical form, and are fitted with equipment from the standard [[Land Rover]] brochures.

==Awards==
* The LR3 was nominated for the ''North American Truck of the Year'' award
* It won '''Motor Trend''' magazine's ''Sport/Utility of the Year'' for 2005.
* It won RACV's ''Australia's Best All-Terrain 4WD'' for 2006.

==See also==

{{Land Rover}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.landrover.com/us/en/Vehicles/LR3/Overview.htm Official US Land Rover LR3 Homepage]
*[http://www.landrover.co.uk/gb/en/Vehicles/Discovery/Discovery_overview.htm Official UK Land Rover LR3 Homepage]
*[http://www.discoveryownersclub.com The Discovery Owners Club]
*[http://www.disco2.com disco2.com - worldwide DSII website for owners and enthusiasts]
*[http://www.disco3.co.uk DISCO3.CO.UK - Worldwide Discovery 3 and LR3 web site for owners and enthusiasts]
*[http://www.tdv6.co.uk TDV6.co.uk - Website and forum dedicated to the TdV6 engine as seen in the Range Rover Sport and Discovery 3]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/topgear BBC Topgear website, including streaming video of the infamous Discovery test]
*[http://www.haveyoursay.com, The Truth about the Discovery 3]
*[http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/11/land-rover-means-business-launching-commercial-version-of-lr3/ Land Rover means business: launching commercial version of LR3]
*[http://www.lro.com Land Rover Monthly magazine]
*[http://www.landyzone.co.uk Land Rover Owners club]
*[http://carsguide.news.com.au/site/news-and-reviews/story/2010_land_roverrange_rover/ Carsguide Land Rover Range Rover Articles and Gallery] 2010 Land Rover, Range Rover

This page uses content from Wikipedia; see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Discovery Land Rover Discovery], which includes these [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Rover_Discovery&action=history contributors].

[[Category:Current Models]]
[[Category:Land Rover vehicles|Discovery]]
[[Category:SUVs]]
[[Category:All wheel drive vehicles]]

Mazda MX-5 Miata

2009-03-30T00:34:57Z

165.69.2.1: /* External links */

[[Image:0009mazdamx5small.jpg|right|thumb|450px|'''The 2009 [[Mazda]] MX-5 Miata''']]
The '''Mazda MX-5''' is a popular [[sports car]] built by [[Mazda]] in Hiroshima, Japan. It is known as the '''MX-5 Miata''' (or popularly just '''Miata''') in North America, where it was one of the few Mazdas to be given a name. It is known just as the '''MX-5''' in Oceania and Europe and the '''Eunos Roadster''' or simply '''Roadster''' in Japan. It was initially unveiled at the Chicago Auto Show on 10 February, 1989. The Miata is the world's best-selling sports car, with 720,407 cars produced and sold between February 1989 and March 31 2005. Beginning with the third-generation 2006 model, Mazda consolidated worldwide marketing using the MX-5 name, though enthusiasts in the U.S.A. steadfastly refer to it as a Miata, a name that means "reward" in Old High German.
See Wikicars' comprehensive '''[[Mazda MX-5 Review]]'''.

===Recent Changes===
*For 2009, the MX-5 Miata receives its first mid-cycle facelift.[http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2008/09/2009-mazda-miata-mx-5-officially.html]

<gallery>
Image:Mazda-MX-5-Miata-Facelift-1.jpg
Image:01 09mazdamx5.jpg
Image:0009mazdamx5.jpg
</gallery>

*The biggest change to come about for 2007 is the addition of an MX-5 model built with a power retractable hardtop. Other features remain the same as the 2006 models.

*On May 29, 2007, Mazda released a special edition of the vehicle called the '''MX-5 Icon''', in celebration of the '''Mazda Wankel Rotary Engine's 40th Anniversary''' on May 30.

<gallery>
Image:52992 a maz.jpg
</gallery>

===Styles and Major Options===
The 2007 MX-5 comes available in 4 trims: the SV, Sport, Touring, and Grand Touring. In addition, all trims with the exception of the SV are available in both softtop and hardtop versions. All come equipped with the same standard 2.0L 166[[hp]] [[I-4]] engine and rear wheel drive, and while the SV and Sport trims have 5-speed [[manual transmission]]s, the Touring and Grand Touring feature a 6-speed [[manual transmission]]. Other standout features are as follows:

'''SV'''
*16" silver alloy wheels
*4-way front bucket seats
*Cloth seating and vinyl door trim
*Manual convertible roof
*4-speaker AM/FM/CD audio system
*Power windows and mirrors

'''Sport'''
*Available power convertible hardtop roof
*Leather/metal-look steering wheel material
[[image:2007_MX-5_blueright.jpg|right|350px|thumb]]
'''Touring'''
*17" silver alloy wheels
*Leather shift knob, leather/metal-look steering wheel
*Available power convertible hardtop roof
*6-speaker AM/FM/CD audio system with steering wheel controls
*Power windows, locks, and mirrors

'''Grand Touring'''
*Leather seating and leatherette door trim
*7-speaker Bose AM/FM/CD audio system with amp and steering wheel controls

===Pricing===
Today's actual prices for the [[Mazda]] MX-5 can be found at [http://www.carsdirect.com/mazda/mx-5/prices CarsDirect].

<table border=1 tablecolor=#000000 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#cccccc>
<td colspan=7>
'''MX-5 Trims'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
SV
</td>
<td>
Sport
</td>
<td>
Touring
</td>
<td>
Sport
<br>
<i>hardtop</i>
</td>
<td>
Grand Touring
</td>
<td>
Touring
<br>
<i>hardtop</i>
</td>
<td>
Grand Touring
<br>
<i>hardtop</i>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=7>
''MSRP''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$20,435
</td>
<td>
$21,435
</td>
<td>
$23,240
</td>
<td>
$24,350
</td>
<td>
$24,500
</td>
<td>
$25,100
</td>
<td>
$26,360
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=7>
''Invoice''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$18,883
</td>
<td>
$19,804
</td>
<td>
$21,468
</td>
<td>
$22,490
</td>
<td>
$22,629
</td>
<td>
$23,181
</td>
<td>
$24,342
</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Gas Mileage===
As seen on the [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm FuelEconomy.gov] website, the City/Highway MPG averages are as follows:

<table border=1 tablecolor=#000000 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#cccccc>
<td colspan=3>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
2.0L [[I-4]]
<br>
5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
</td>
<td>
2.0L [[I-4]]
<br>
6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
</td>
<td>
2.0L [[I-4]]
<br>
6-speed [[automatic transmission|auto]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=3 bgcolor=#cccccc>
'''MPG'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
25/30
</td>
<td>
24/30
</td>
<td>
22/30
</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Reliability===
Although the latest generation of the MX-5 Miata is still too young to provide accurate long-term reliability information, Consumer Reports states that "first-year reliability has been average."

===Safety===
Although the [http://www.safercar.gov NHTSA] has yet to post safety information on the MX-5, [http://www.autos.com/autos/rankings_safety?cat=passenger_cars&segment=sporty_cars&rank=safety&year=2006 Autos.com] reports that the MX-5 places 5th in safety for its Sporty Car category. Some of the standard safety equipment found on the MX-5 includes:
*Front and rear anti-roll bars
*4-wheel [[anti-lock brakes]]
*Driver/passenger front-impact [[airbag]]s
*Driver/passenger side-impact [[airbag]]s
*Occupancy sensors
*Side impact bars
*Ignition disable

===Photos===
<gallery>
Image:0009mazdamx5.jpg
Image:91MazdaMiataGreen.jpg
Image:800px-Miata_passenger_side_angle_shot_in_park.jpg
Image:800px-2006_Mazda_MX-5.jpg
image:2007_MX-5_blueleftsofttop.jpg
image:2007_MX-5_dashboard.jpg
image:2007_MX-5_engine.jpg
image:2007_MX-5_frontinterior.jpg
</gallery>

===Colors===
Colors will vary according to trim, and a complete list is viewable at [http://www.carsdirect.com/mazda/mx5_miata/colors CarsDirect.com.] Some of the available choices are:
'''Exterior'''
*Brilliant Black
*Copper Red Mica
*Highland Green
*Stormy Blue Mica
*Sunlight Silver Metallic
*True Red

'''Interior'''
*Black
*Tan

===Main Competitors===
*[[Pontiac Solstice]]
*[[Saturn Sky]]
*[[Mini Cooper]]
*[[Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder]]

==Hybrid Models==
There are currently no [[hybrid]] models of the MX-5 in production.

==Unique Attributes==

==Resale Values==
According to [http://www.kbb.com Kelley Blue Book,] "as for the MX-5's long-term value, Kelley Blue Book expects the MX-5 to retain strong residual and resale values in the first three years, but then drop to average in years four and five."

==Criticisms (pre-2006) ==
*"Practicality doesn't apply here." - New Car Test Drive
*"Its tonneau cover is a bit fiddly to install, and at best, rudimentary." - Road & Track
*"If you're long of leg or over six feet in height, the MX-5 can still present you with a cramped driving position. The MX-5 has a small trunk and does not offer much in the way of interior storage space. If this is going to be your only mode of transport, you're not going to win many friends when it's your turn to drive the co-workers to lunch." - Kelley Blue Book
*"Ineffective windblocker" - Edmunds.com

==Current Generation: (NC: 2006–Present)==
[[image:2007_MX-5_frontdriving.jpg|right|350px|thumb]]
Production of the next-generation Mazda MX-5 ('''NC''') began in May 2005 and went on sale in August, for the 2006 model year. It uses Mazda's 16-valve, 2.0 L ''MZR'' I4 engine, producing 170 [[HP|hp]] (128 kW) and 140 ft·lbf (190 N·m). Despite the engine upgrade, impressive engineering allows the car to maintain a perfect 50-50 weight distribution. 5-speed and 6-speed manual transmissions are offered as well as a 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] transmission with steering wheel mounted paddle shifters.

Despite speculation, the 3rd generation shares no structural components with the [[Mazda RX-8|RX-8]]. The chassis was developed specifically for the new MX-5. Suspension has been changed from a 4-wheel double-wishbone setup to a front wishbone rear multilink setup and technologies like [[traction control]] and [[stability control]] have been added to increase drivability.

The styling harkens back to the original design while adopting a clean, more muscular profile reminiscent of the [[Audi TT]]. Some design elements have been adopted to reinforce the family relationship with the RX-8. Unlike the NA to NB update, which was mostly a nose/tail/interior change, there are substantial differences in every body panel, so current accessories will not work with the new design.

A ''Car and Driver'' test revealed a 0-60 mph (97 km/h) time of 6.5 seconds for the NC.

The 2006 special edition "3rd Generation Limited" featured added chrome accents and special wheels. 3500 were built worldwide (300 in the UK, 750 in the USA).

===MX-5 Hardtop===
Mazda launched a coupé convertible version of the MX-5 with a three-piece folding metal hardtop in late 2006. Mazda will use the British International Motor Show for its global reveal of the new Mazda MX-5 coupe.

The Miata has a traditional front-engine, [[Rear wheel drive|rear-wheel-drive]] layout and 4-wheel independent [[double wishbone suspension]]. It comes with a 1.6 L, 1.8 L or 2.0 L longitudinally mounted engine coupled to a [[manual transmission]]. An [[automatic transmission]] is available as an option, though rarely selected by buyers.

The body is a conventional, but very light, unibody shell. Miatas also incorporate a unique trusswork called the Powerplant Frame (PPF) which connects the engine to the differential, minimizing flex and creating a tight, responsive feel. Many Miatas feature [[limited slip differential]]s and [[Antilock Braking System (ABS)|antilock brakes]]. [[Traction control]] is an option available on the third generation MX-5.

With a 50:50 front/rear weight balance (when measured with an average weight driver and a 2/3 full gas tank), the car has very neutral handling, which makes it easy to drive for the beginner, and fun for the advanced driver. Inducing oversteer is easy and very controllable. The Miata is popular in amateur and stock racing events, particularly the Sports Car Club of America's Solo2 autocross and Spec Miata race series.

==Previous Generations==
===Second generation (NB: 1999–2005)===
In 1998, Mazda released the updated model year 1999 MX-5 Miata. This model is known as the '''NB''' (referring to the model number printed on the VIN plate) or Mark 2. With its introduction, the earlier MX-5 Miata became known as the '''NA''' or Mark 1. The NB features a more powerful engine and more modern styling cues borrowed from the aggressive [[Mazda RX-7|RX-7]]. A 6-speed manual transmission became available for the top models, though the 5-speed was retained as well. In Japan, the Eunos name was dropped, as the marque was considered a commercial failure, but the successful Roadster was incorporated into the Mazda brand. Prices in the United States, the main market for the Miata, started at US$19,770.

[[Image:800px-Mazda-miata-1999-blue-side.jpg|thumb|300px|1999 Miata (Generation 2)]]
====Body and chassis====
Although many parts of the interior and body were different, the most notable changes were the headlights: the first model's retractable headlights had been exchanged for fixed ones. The new car had grown slightly in width compared to the earlier model with dimensions: length 3955 mm (155.7 in); width 1680 mm (66.1 in); height 1235 mm (48.6 in) and wheelbase 2265 mm (89.2 in). Ground clearance was a slightly reduced 135 mm (5.3 in). With the minimum of options, the NB weighed 1000 kilograms. The new model was slightly more aerodynamic than the original, with a Cd figure of 0.36.

====Suspension and wheels====
The second generation Miata continued to employ four-wheel independent suspension, with enlarged anti-roll bars of 22 mm (0.87 in) at the front and 11 mm (0.43 in) at the rear. The wheel, tire and brakes package on the second generation Miata was significantly upgraded. Front brakes were of 255 mm (10 in) diameter with 251 mm (9.9 in) at the rear. [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|ABS]] was offered as an option. Alloy wheels were now of 14 inch or 15 inch diameter and 6 inch width, depending on the model. Sports models were equipped with the larger wheels and 195/50VR15 tires.

====Engine====
The ''BP-4W'' engine remained at 1.8 L but received several minor updates. The engine compression ratio was raised from 9.0:1 to 9.5:1 by adding slightly domed pistons. The intake cam was changed to a solid lifter design with a stronger cam. The intake runners in the head were straightened and the intake manifold was mounted higher up. The new intake manifold received a set of flappers that could uncover a resonance chamber - this was needed to fix a dead spot in the torque curve that the new head created. Power output of the new engine is quoted at 105 kW (140 [[HP|hp]]) with 119lbft of torque.

The 1.6 L ''B6'' engine remained available in some markets, including Japan.

====Performance====
The second generation Miata with the 1.8 L engine could reach 60 mph (96 km/h) in 7.9 seconds and had a top speed of 123 mph (197 km/h).

===Generation 2.5 (NB)===
[[Image:Euphonic.jpg|thumb|300px|Example of UK Spec Mk2.5 - special edition Euphonic. 1.8i]]
In 2001, a facelift to the NB was released. There were some minor design changes, with the 18 July 2000 press release announcing the new model describing the changes as "resulting in an even sportier and more forceful look". Some cockpit elements were also changed, with instrument panel gauges having a white face and red numbers. The seats were also upgraded, incorporating more support in the side bolsters, and taller headrests. Added this year for top models were 16 inch (406 mm) wheels with 205/45VR16 low-profile tires and larger brakes (10.6 inch diameter at the front and 10.9 inch at the rear). The upgraded tires and suspension allowed the new model to pull 0.88 g in lateral grip in tests by ''Car and Driver''. The body was strengthened, gaining 16% in bending rigidity and 22% in torsional rigidity. With the minimum of options the 2001 model weighed 1065 kilograms.

The 1.8 L BP-Z3 engine was slightly modified and now featured variable valve timing on the intake camshaft. The intake and exhaust system also received a minor upgrade. These modifications resulted in power output of 117 kW (155 bhp) for models delivered in Japan and Australia. The same engine produced 110 kW (146 [[HP|hp]]) in vehicles sold in the United States and Europe (likely due to more restrictive emission standards). In the United States, Mazda erroneously quoted the power figure for the Japanese and Australian model in early catalogues. ''Car and Driver'' magazine and numerous owners confirmed the missing power, and Mazda was forced to buy back a number of 2001 cars due to these misleading power claims. Owners who did not take up the buy back offer were offered an apology and free servicing for the warranty period.

32,000 2001 and 2002 model year Miatas were recalled in December of 2005 for excessive emissions.

===Mazdaspeed MX-5===
2004 saw the introduction of the [[turbocharged]] '''Mazdaspeed MX-5'''. It featured a light-pressure [[Turbo Engine|turbo]] ''BPT'' engine for 178 [[HP|hp]] rather than the S-VT ''BP-Z3''. Other features included a special suspension, upgraded transmission and clutch assemblies, upgraded drivetrain components, Racing Hart 17 inch wheels, special interior trim, and special exterior paint.

Though not officially a "Limited Edition" production run, only a small number of Mazdaspeed Miatas were produced during model years 2004 and 2005. In 2004, 4000 cars where built and in 2005, 1428.

===First Generation/Origins (NA: 1990-1997)===
The Miata was envisioned by its designers as a small [[roadster]] with a minimum of unnecessary weight and complexity. The first Miata prototype was built in California, USA and Worthing, England. Many key stylistic cues were clearly inspired by (some say copied from) the [[Lotus]] [[Lotus Elan|Elan]], a 1960s roadster that is widely considered to be one of the best handling sports cars of its day.

===A competition to design a light-weight sports car===
The design of the first generation Miata was the result of a competition between Mazda (North America) and the Tokyo Design Studio. The role of designing a front-engine, rear-wheel drive light-weight sports car was assigned to Mazda (North America) whilst the Tokyo Design Studio designed front engined, front-wheel drive and mid-engined, rear-wheel drive cars for the competition.

The first round of judging the competing designs for the MX-5 was held in April 1984. Designs were presented on paper. On paper the mid-engined car appeared the most impressive, although it was known at the time that such a layout would struggle to meet the noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) requirements of the project. It was at the second round of the competition in August 1984, when full scale clay models were presented, that the front-engined rear-wheel drive design, code-named "Duo 101," was selected as the basis for Mazda's new light-weight sports car.

The Duo 101 design, so named as either a soft-top or hard-top could be used, was referred to International Automotive Design in Worthing, England for the construction of a running prototype. The prototype was built with a fiberglass body, a 1.4 L engine from a Mazda Familia and other components from a variety of early Mazda models. The prototype was completed in August 1985 and code-named the V705 by Mazda.

After some minor changes in the design, presented in clay model form by the designers from Mazda (North America), the project was given final approval on 18 January 1986. The project was now code-named P729 by Mazda. The task of constructing five engineering mules was again allocated to International Automotive Design, who also conducted the first front and rear crash tests on the prototype. The project then returned to Japan for final engineering details and production issues to be decided.

===The Miata meets the public===
[[Image:Mazda_eunos_roadster_335939_2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mazda Eunos Roadster(1993) manufactured for japanese market]]

The Miata was unveiled at the Chicago Auto Show on 10 February 1989, with a price tag of US$13,800. The Miata would be available for purchase by the public from July 1989 as a 1990 model. In Japan, the car was not badged as a Mazda, as the company was experimenting with the creation of different brands for deluxe models, similar to Nissan's Infiniti and Toyota's [[Lexus|Lexus]]. Instead, the Mazda MX-5 was called the '''Eunos Roadster''' in its own market.

====Body and chassis====
The body shell of the Miata is all-steel with an aluminium bonnet. The overall dimensions are: length 3970 mm (156.3 in); width 1675 mm (65.9 in); height 1235 mm (48.6 in); wheelbase 2265 mm (89.2 in). Ground clearance is 140 mm (5.5 in). Without options, the NA model MX-5 weighed 940 kilograms. The body was reasonably aerodynamic, with a Cd figure of 0.38.

====Suspension and wheels====
The Miata employs independent double wishbone suspension on all four wheels with an 18 mm (0.71 in) [[anti-roll bar]] at the front. [[4-wheel disc brakes|Four wheel disc brakes]] of 235 mm (9.3 in) diameter (ventilated) at the front and 231 mm (9.1 in) at the rear stopped 5.5 inch wide 14 inch alloy wheels with 185/60HR14 [[radial tire]]s.

====Engine====
The original Miata came with a 1.6 L double overhead cam inline four-cylinder engine, producing 90 kW (120 bhp) and 100 lbf·ft (136 N·m) of torque. The engine employs an L-Jetronic fuel injection system and a camshaft angle sensor instead of a distributor. This engine was previously used by Mazda in the 323 series, including the 323 GTX, a [[Turbo Engine|turbocharged]], all-wheel drive vehicle, and retains the plumbing ports required for aftermarket turbocharging.

====Performance====
The first generation Miata could reach 60 mph (96 km/h) in 8.2 seconds and had a top speed of 119 mph (190 km/h).

[[Image:DSC00971.jpg|thumb|300px|1995 M-Edition Miata (Generation 1.5)]]

===Generation 1.5 (NA)===
The MX-5 Miata was freshened for 1994 with the introduction of a more powerful 1.8 L ''[[Mazda B engine#BP|BP]]'' engine, dual [[airbag]]s, a geared, torque-sensing [[limited slip differential]], and other options. The new engine produced 98 kW (130 [[HP|hp]]) and the standard model weighed 990 kilograms (2183 lb). In some markets such as the UK the 1.6 engine continued to be available as a lower-cost option, but was detuned to only 88 bhp to make it less competitive with the 1.8. Later 1.8 engines were up in power to 133 bhp due to the use of a more sophisticated engine management system (OBD-II).

There were a number of trim levels and special editions available. The standard model was called the "A Package" for the Miata models. A "B Package" added some options, while the "C Package" included a tan interior and top and leather seats. A special "R Package" was introduced for racing, and the annual special editions were formalized as "M Editions." These included all of the luxury options from the C package as well as special paint and, sometimes, special wheels. This initial generation ended with the 1997 model year, which included 1500 NA Miatas produced as the "STO" ("Special Touring Option") version (special editions refer to North American markets only). There was no Miata for 1998.

==Worldwide==
===Mazda MX-5 SP===
In 2001 Mazda Australia produced a limited run (100 cars) of [[Turbo Engine|turbocharged]] MX-5s labelled the SP. These were said to be the inspiration for the Mazdaspeed MX-5 however they only had an upgraded intake/[[Turbo Engine|turbo]] and exhaust unlike the Mazdaspeed MX-5 which has a stronger engine, gearbox and diff, with upgraded cooling system, interior and bodykit. Over 215 parts went into upgrading the performance of the SP creating a powerful sportscar that looked identical to a standard MX-5. The driveline, braking, suspension and engine internals remained standard. The upgraded engine was rated at 150 kW (201 [[HP|hp]]).

=== Mazda Roadster Coupe ===
Mazda Engineering and Technology Co. Ltd. (Mazda E&T), a division of Mazda Japan, produced a limited run of Mazda Roadsters for the Japanese market with a permanent fixed hardtop roof. The body structure was reworked to incorporate the roof for a substantial increase in chassis rigidity and a weight increase of 10 kg. A range of models were produced, from a basic 1.6 L version, to heavily restyled boutique models. No Roadster Coupes were exported, though an example upgraded to Mazdaspeed specifications was shown to international audiences.

==Design quirks and oddities==
Since production began, over 700,000 Miatas have been made, leading the Guinness Book of Records to name it the world's best-selling sports car on February 13 2002.

==Awards==
The Miata has been on '''Car and Driver''' magazine's annual ''Ten Best'' list seven times: The NA from its introduction in 1990 through 1992; the NB on its introduction in 1998 as well as 1999 and 2001; and the NC on its introduction in 2006.
The NA was also ''Wheels Magazine'''s Car of the Year for 1989 with the NC taking the award for 2005. '''Wheels Magazine''' also named the car the ''Best Overall Design'' in the 2006 ''Wheels Automotive Design Awards''.

In the November 2004 edition of '''Sports Car International magazine''', the Miata was chosen as the ''best sports car of the 1990s''. In the March 2005 edition of the same magazine, the six-decade countdown culminated in the ''"Ten Best Sports Cars of All Time"'' issue, of which the Miata secured the number 10 spot, bested only by the likes of exotics and otherwise unobtainable icons of automotive history.

The NC was named the 2005-2006 ''Japan Car of the Year''.

The Mazda Miata (MX-5) had been voted the winner of the 2003 '''J.D. Power Initial Quality Study''' for a sports car.
==Production numbers==
{| class=wikitable align=right style="margin: auto auto 1em 5em"
|+Source: official Mazda records
|-
!Year!!Production
|-
|1988||12 (pre-production models)
|-
|1989||45,266
|-
|1990||95,640
|-
|1991||63,434
|-
|1992||52,712
|-
|1993||44,743
|-
|1994||39,623
|-
|1995||31,886
|-
|1996||33,610
|-
|1997||27,037
|-
|1998||58,682
|-
|1999||44,851
|-
|2000||47,496
|-
|2001||38,870
|-
|2002||40,754
|-
|2003||30,106
|-
|2004||24,232
|-
|2005||29,950
|-
|2006||48,389
|-
!Total!!797,293
|}
For a breakdown of the production numbers, by color and by option package, see the [http://www.miata.net/faq/production.html Miata.net Mazda MX-5 Miata FAQ].

The 250,000th MX-5 rolled out of the factory on November 9 1992; the 500,000th, on February 8 1999; the 750,000th, in March 2004; and the 800,000 in January 2007.

==In Popular Culture==
*Cars - Secondary characters Mia and Tia (a play on the name Miata) a pair of NASCAR fans are animated Miatas.

*Go - A character in this early Katie Holmes-starring film is murdered and their body is stashed in the trunk of a Sunburst Yellow 1992 Miata.

*The Benchwarmers - One of the main character's bat flys out of his hands and goes through the windshield of a Miata parked nearby. A player on the opposing team yells, "That's my Miata!," and the team beats up the Miata-owner.

*Need For Speed Underground and Need For Speed Underground 2 - In these video games, you can buy and upgrade Miatas.

*Gran Turismo 4 - In this videogame you can buy and upgrade most Miata models.

*Juiced - In this video game, you can buy and upgrade Miatas.

*Forza - Another video game featuring buying and upgrading the Miata.

*Yes, Dear - Greg buys a Miata, which many think is for Kim, but he says that he bought it for himself. Jimmy tells him that he made a bad choice, and that the Miata is a "chick car", but he ignores him. Later, while he is driving the Miata, a young girl tells him how his car is nice, and how it looks like her Barbie's, and the radio breaks, causing it to play Girls Just Wanna Have Fun by Cyndi Lauper at a very loud volume.

*Sister Sister - Tia and Tamara Mowry have a red miata that their parents purchased for them.

==See also==
* [[Mazda]]
* [[Spec Miata]]

{{Mazda}}

==References==
* Long, B. ''MX-5 Miata - The full story of the world's favourite sports car'', Veloce Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-903706-21-1
* Carey, J. (March, 2005). "New Mazda MX-5". Wheels (Australia), p. 48.

==External links==
* [http://www.roadster.mazda.co.jp/ Mazda Japan official Roadster site]
* [http://www.mazdausa.com/MusaWeb/displayPage.action?pageParameter=modelsMain&vehicleCode=MX5 Mazda USA official MX-5 site]
* [http://www.mazda.co.uk/Showroom/MX-5/ Mazda UK official MX-5 site]
* [http://www.mazda.com.au/mx5/ Mazda Australia official MX-5 site]
* [http://www.miata.net/ Miata.net] an MX-5/Miata resource and owner community
* [http://www.miataturbo.net/ Turbo Miata online community]
* [http://specs.amayama.com/mazda/eunos_roadster Mazda Eunos Roadster specs]
* [http://www.mx-5.com/ MX-5.community] an owner community sponsored by Mazda Motor Europe
* [http://www.best-cartuning.com/Mazda/index.php Mazda Tuning Parts]
* [http://www.ozmazda.com/ OzMazda.com - Australian Online Mazda Community]
* [http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2007/10/mazda-miata-mx-5-rht-prestige-edition.html Mazda Miata / MX-5 RHT "Prestige Edition"]
* [http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2008/09/2009-mazda-miata-mx-5-officially.html 2009 Mazda Miata / MX-5 Officially Revealed]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2008/12/09/refreshed-mazda-mx-5-roadster-goes-on-sale-in-japan/ Refreshed Mazda MX-5 Roadster goes on sale in Japan]
* [http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2008/12/mazda-launches-mx-5-miata-facelift-in.html Mazda Launches MX-5 /Miata Facelift in Japan - New JDM Image Gallery]
* [http://jalopnik.com/5142562/2009-mazda-mx+5-miata-celebrating-20-years-with-a-chi+town-party 2009 Mazda MX-5 Miata: Celebrating 20 Years With A Chi-Town Party]
*[http://carsguide.news.com.au/site/news-and-reviews/story/mazda_mx_5_car_of_the_week/ Mazda MX-5 Miata], [http://carsguide.news.com.au/ Carsguide] - Car of the Week

This page uses content from Wikipedia; see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_MX-5 Mazda MX-5], which includes these [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazda_MX-5&action=history contributors].

[[Category:Current Models]]
[[Category:Mazda Vehicles|MX-5]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]

Mazda MX-5 Miata

2009-03-30T00:10:50Z

165.69.2.1: /* External links */

[[Image:0009mazdamx5small.jpg|right|thumb|450px|'''The 2009 [[Mazda]] MX-5 Miata''']]
The '''Mazda MX-5''' is a popular [[sports car]] built by [[Mazda]] in Hiroshima, Japan. It is known as the '''MX-5 Miata''' (or popularly just '''Miata''') in North America, where it was one of the few Mazdas to be given a name. It is known just as the '''MX-5''' in Oceania and Europe and the '''Eunos Roadster''' or simply '''Roadster''' in Japan. It was initially unveiled at the Chicago Auto Show on 10 February, 1989. The Miata is the world's best-selling sports car, with 720,407 cars produced and sold between February 1989 and March 31 2005. Beginning with the third-generation 2006 model, Mazda consolidated worldwide marketing using the MX-5 name, though enthusiasts in the U.S.A. steadfastly refer to it as a Miata, a name that means "reward" in Old High German.
See Wikicars' comprehensive '''[[Mazda MX-5 Review]]'''.

===Recent Changes===
*For 2009, the MX-5 Miata receives its first mid-cycle facelift.[http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2008/09/2009-mazda-miata-mx-5-officially.html]

<gallery>
Image:Mazda-MX-5-Miata-Facelift-1.jpg
Image:01 09mazdamx5.jpg
Image:0009mazdamx5.jpg
</gallery>

*The biggest change to come about for 2007 is the addition of an MX-5 model built with a power retractable hardtop. Other features remain the same as the 2006 models.

*On May 29, 2007, Mazda released a special edition of the vehicle called the '''MX-5 Icon''', in celebration of the '''Mazda Wankel Rotary Engine's 40th Anniversary''' on May 30.

<gallery>
Image:52992 a maz.jpg
</gallery>

===Styles and Major Options===
The 2007 MX-5 comes available in 4 trims: the SV, Sport, Touring, and Grand Touring. In addition, all trims with the exception of the SV are available in both softtop and hardtop versions. All come equipped with the same standard 2.0L 166[[hp]] [[I-4]] engine and rear wheel drive, and while the SV and Sport trims have 5-speed [[manual transmission]]s, the Touring and Grand Touring feature a 6-speed [[manual transmission]]. Other standout features are as follows:

'''SV'''
*16" silver alloy wheels
*4-way front bucket seats
*Cloth seating and vinyl door trim
*Manual convertible roof
*4-speaker AM/FM/CD audio system
*Power windows and mirrors

'''Sport'''
*Available power convertible hardtop roof
*Leather/metal-look steering wheel material
[[image:2007_MX-5_blueright.jpg|right|350px|thumb]]
'''Touring'''
*17" silver alloy wheels
*Leather shift knob, leather/metal-look steering wheel
*Available power convertible hardtop roof
*6-speaker AM/FM/CD audio system with steering wheel controls
*Power windows, locks, and mirrors

'''Grand Touring'''
*Leather seating and leatherette door trim
*7-speaker Bose AM/FM/CD audio system with amp and steering wheel controls

===Pricing===
Today's actual prices for the [[Mazda]] MX-5 can be found at [http://www.carsdirect.com/mazda/mx-5/prices CarsDirect].

<table border=1 tablecolor=#000000 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#cccccc>
<td colspan=7>
'''MX-5 Trims'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
SV
</td>
<td>
Sport
</td>
<td>
Touring
</td>
<td>
Sport
<br>
<i>hardtop</i>
</td>
<td>
Grand Touring
</td>
<td>
Touring
<br>
<i>hardtop</i>
</td>
<td>
Grand Touring
<br>
<i>hardtop</i>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=7>
''MSRP''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$20,435
</td>
<td>
$21,435
</td>
<td>
$23,240
</td>
<td>
$24,350
</td>
<td>
$24,500
</td>
<td>
$25,100
</td>
<td>
$26,360
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=7>
''Invoice''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$18,883
</td>
<td>
$19,804
</td>
<td>
$21,468
</td>
<td>
$22,490
</td>
<td>
$22,629
</td>
<td>
$23,181
</td>
<td>
$24,342
</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Gas Mileage===
As seen on the [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm FuelEconomy.gov] website, the City/Highway MPG averages are as follows:

<table border=1 tablecolor=#000000 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#cccccc>
<td colspan=3>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
2.0L [[I-4]]
<br>
5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
</td>
<td>
2.0L [[I-4]]
<br>
6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
</td>
<td>
2.0L [[I-4]]
<br>
6-speed [[automatic transmission|auto]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=3 bgcolor=#cccccc>
'''MPG'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
25/30
</td>
<td>
24/30
</td>
<td>
22/30
</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Reliability===
Although the latest generation of the MX-5 Miata is still too young to provide accurate long-term reliability information, Consumer Reports states that "first-year reliability has been average."

===Safety===
Although the [http://www.safercar.gov NHTSA] has yet to post safety information on the MX-5, [http://www.autos.com/autos/rankings_safety?cat=passenger_cars&segment=sporty_cars&rank=safety&year=2006 Autos.com] reports that the MX-5 places 5th in safety for its Sporty Car category. Some of the standard safety equipment found on the MX-5 includes:
*Front and rear anti-roll bars
*4-wheel [[anti-lock brakes]]
*Driver/passenger front-impact [[airbag]]s
*Driver/passenger side-impact [[airbag]]s
*Occupancy sensors
*Side impact bars
*Ignition disable

===Photos===
<gallery>
Image:0009mazdamx5.jpg
Image:91MazdaMiataGreen.jpg
Image:800px-Miata_passenger_side_angle_shot_in_park.jpg
Image:800px-2006_Mazda_MX-5.jpg
image:2007_MX-5_blueleftsofttop.jpg
image:2007_MX-5_dashboard.jpg
image:2007_MX-5_engine.jpg
image:2007_MX-5_frontinterior.jpg
</gallery>

===Colors===
Colors will vary according to trim, and a complete list is viewable at [http://www.carsdirect.com/mazda/mx5_miata/colors CarsDirect.com.] Some of the available choices are:
'''Exterior'''
*Brilliant Black
*Copper Red Mica
*Highland Green
*Stormy Blue Mica
*Sunlight Silver Metallic
*True Red

'''Interior'''
*Black
*Tan

===Main Competitors===
*[[Pontiac Solstice]]
*[[Saturn Sky]]
*[[Mini Cooper]]
*[[Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder]]

==Hybrid Models==
There are currently no [[hybrid]] models of the MX-5 in production.

==Unique Attributes==

==Resale Values==
According to [http://www.kbb.com Kelley Blue Book,] "as for the MX-5's long-term value, Kelley Blue Book expects the MX-5 to retain strong residual and resale values in the first three years, but then drop to average in years four and five."

==Criticisms (pre-2006) ==
*"Practicality doesn't apply here." - New Car Test Drive
*"Its tonneau cover is a bit fiddly to install, and at best, rudimentary." - Road & Track
*"If you're long of leg or over six feet in height, the MX-5 can still present you with a cramped driving position. The MX-5 has a small trunk and does not offer much in the way of interior storage space. If this is going to be your only mode of transport, you're not going to win many friends when it's your turn to drive the co-workers to lunch." - Kelley Blue Book
*"Ineffective windblocker" - Edmunds.com

==Current Generation: (NC: 2006–Present)==
[[image:2007_MX-5_frontdriving.jpg|right|350px|thumb]]
Production of the next-generation Mazda MX-5 ('''NC''') began in May 2005 and went on sale in August, for the 2006 model year. It uses Mazda's 16-valve, 2.0 L ''MZR'' I4 engine, producing 170 [[HP|hp]] (128 kW) and 140 ft·lbf (190 N·m). Despite the engine upgrade, impressive engineering allows the car to maintain a perfect 50-50 weight distribution. 5-speed and 6-speed manual transmissions are offered as well as a 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] transmission with steering wheel mounted paddle shifters.

Despite speculation, the 3rd generation shares no structural components with the [[Mazda RX-8|RX-8]]. The chassis was developed specifically for the new MX-5. Suspension has been changed from a 4-wheel double-wishbone setup to a front wishbone rear multilink setup and technologies like [[traction control]] and [[stability control]] have been added to increase drivability.

The styling harkens back to the original design while adopting a clean, more muscular profile reminiscent of the [[Audi TT]]. Some design elements have been adopted to reinforce the family relationship with the RX-8. Unlike the NA to NB update, which was mostly a nose/tail/interior change, there are substantial differences in every body panel, so current accessories will not work with the new design.

A ''Car and Driver'' test revealed a 0-60 mph (97 km/h) time of 6.5 seconds for the NC.

The 2006 special edition "3rd Generation Limited" featured added chrome accents and special wheels. 3500 were built worldwide (300 in the UK, 750 in the USA).

===MX-5 Hardtop===
Mazda launched a coupé convertible version of the MX-5 with a three-piece folding metal hardtop in late 2006. Mazda will use the British International Motor Show for its global reveal of the new Mazda MX-5 coupe.

The Miata has a traditional front-engine, [[Rear wheel drive|rear-wheel-drive]] layout and 4-wheel independent [[double wishbone suspension]]. It comes with a 1.6 L, 1.8 L or 2.0 L longitudinally mounted engine coupled to a [[manual transmission]]. An [[automatic transmission]] is available as an option, though rarely selected by buyers.

The body is a conventional, but very light, unibody shell. Miatas also incorporate a unique trusswork called the Powerplant Frame (PPF) which connects the engine to the differential, minimizing flex and creating a tight, responsive feel. Many Miatas feature [[limited slip differential]]s and [[Antilock Braking System (ABS)|antilock brakes]]. [[Traction control]] is an option available on the third generation MX-5.

With a 50:50 front/rear weight balance (when measured with an average weight driver and a 2/3 full gas tank), the car has very neutral handling, which makes it easy to drive for the beginner, and fun for the advanced driver. Inducing oversteer is easy and very controllable. The Miata is popular in amateur and stock racing events, particularly the Sports Car Club of America's Solo2 autocross and Spec Miata race series.

==Previous Generations==
===Second generation (NB: 1999–2005)===
In 1998, Mazda released the updated model year 1999 MX-5 Miata. This model is known as the '''NB''' (referring to the model number printed on the VIN plate) or Mark 2. With its introduction, the earlier MX-5 Miata became known as the '''NA''' or Mark 1. The NB features a more powerful engine and more modern styling cues borrowed from the aggressive [[Mazda RX-7|RX-7]]. A 6-speed manual transmission became available for the top models, though the 5-speed was retained as well. In Japan, the Eunos name was dropped, as the marque was considered a commercial failure, but the successful Roadster was incorporated into the Mazda brand. Prices in the United States, the main market for the Miata, started at US$19,770.

[[Image:800px-Mazda-miata-1999-blue-side.jpg|thumb|300px|1999 Miata (Generation 2)]]
====Body and chassis====
Although many parts of the interior and body were different, the most notable changes were the headlights: the first model's retractable headlights had been exchanged for fixed ones. The new car had grown slightly in width compared to the earlier model with dimensions: length 3955 mm (155.7 in); width 1680 mm (66.1 in); height 1235 mm (48.6 in) and wheelbase 2265 mm (89.2 in). Ground clearance was a slightly reduced 135 mm (5.3 in). With the minimum of options, the NB weighed 1000 kilograms. The new model was slightly more aerodynamic than the original, with a Cd figure of 0.36.

====Suspension and wheels====
The second generation Miata continued to employ four-wheel independent suspension, with enlarged anti-roll bars of 22 mm (0.87 in) at the front and 11 mm (0.43 in) at the rear. The wheel, tire and brakes package on the second generation Miata was significantly upgraded. Front brakes were of 255 mm (10 in) diameter with 251 mm (9.9 in) at the rear. [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|ABS]] was offered as an option. Alloy wheels were now of 14 inch or 15 inch diameter and 6 inch width, depending on the model. Sports models were equipped with the larger wheels and 195/50VR15 tires.

====Engine====
The ''BP-4W'' engine remained at 1.8 L but received several minor updates. The engine compression ratio was raised from 9.0:1 to 9.5:1 by adding slightly domed pistons. The intake cam was changed to a solid lifter design with a stronger cam. The intake runners in the head were straightened and the intake manifold was mounted higher up. The new intake manifold received a set of flappers that could uncover a resonance chamber - this was needed to fix a dead spot in the torque curve that the new head created. Power output of the new engine is quoted at 105 kW (140 [[HP|hp]]) with 119lbft of torque.

The 1.6 L ''B6'' engine remained available in some markets, including Japan.

====Performance====
The second generation Miata with the 1.8 L engine could reach 60 mph (96 km/h) in 7.9 seconds and had a top speed of 123 mph (197 km/h).

===Generation 2.5 (NB)===
[[Image:Euphonic.jpg|thumb|300px|Example of UK Spec Mk2.5 - special edition Euphonic. 1.8i]]
In 2001, a facelift to the NB was released. There were some minor design changes, with the 18 July 2000 press release announcing the new model describing the changes as "resulting in an even sportier and more forceful look". Some cockpit elements were also changed, with instrument panel gauges having a white face and red numbers. The seats were also upgraded, incorporating more support in the side bolsters, and taller headrests. Added this year for top models were 16 inch (406 mm) wheels with 205/45VR16 low-profile tires and larger brakes (10.6 inch diameter at the front and 10.9 inch at the rear). The upgraded tires and suspension allowed the new model to pull 0.88 g in lateral grip in tests by ''Car and Driver''. The body was strengthened, gaining 16% in bending rigidity and 22% in torsional rigidity. With the minimum of options the 2001 model weighed 1065 kilograms.

The 1.8 L BP-Z3 engine was slightly modified and now featured variable valve timing on the intake camshaft. The intake and exhaust system also received a minor upgrade. These modifications resulted in power output of 117 kW (155 bhp) for models delivered in Japan and Australia. The same engine produced 110 kW (146 [[HP|hp]]) in vehicles sold in the United States and Europe (likely due to more restrictive emission standards). In the United States, Mazda erroneously quoted the power figure for the Japanese and Australian model in early catalogues. ''Car and Driver'' magazine and numerous owners confirmed the missing power, and Mazda was forced to buy back a number of 2001 cars due to these misleading power claims. Owners who did not take up the buy back offer were offered an apology and free servicing for the warranty period.

32,000 2001 and 2002 model year Miatas were recalled in December of 2005 for excessive emissions.

===Mazdaspeed MX-5===
2004 saw the introduction of the [[turbocharged]] '''Mazdaspeed MX-5'''. It featured a light-pressure [[Turbo Engine|turbo]] ''BPT'' engine for 178 [[HP|hp]] rather than the S-VT ''BP-Z3''. Other features included a special suspension, upgraded transmission and clutch assemblies, upgraded drivetrain components, Racing Hart 17 inch wheels, special interior trim, and special exterior paint.

Though not officially a "Limited Edition" production run, only a small number of Mazdaspeed Miatas were produced during model years 2004 and 2005. In 2004, 4000 cars where built and in 2005, 1428.

===First Generation/Origins (NA: 1990-1997)===
The Miata was envisioned by its designers as a small [[roadster]] with a minimum of unnecessary weight and complexity. The first Miata prototype was built in California, USA and Worthing, England. Many key stylistic cues were clearly inspired by (some say copied from) the [[Lotus]] [[Lotus Elan|Elan]], a 1960s roadster that is widely considered to be one of the best handling sports cars of its day.

===A competition to design a light-weight sports car===
The design of the first generation Miata was the result of a competition between Mazda (North America) and the Tokyo Design Studio. The role of designing a front-engine, rear-wheel drive light-weight sports car was assigned to Mazda (North America) whilst the Tokyo Design Studio designed front engined, front-wheel drive and mid-engined, rear-wheel drive cars for the competition.

The first round of judging the competing designs for the MX-5 was held in April 1984. Designs were presented on paper. On paper the mid-engined car appeared the most impressive, although it was known at the time that such a layout would struggle to meet the noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) requirements of the project. It was at the second round of the competition in August 1984, when full scale clay models were presented, that the front-engined rear-wheel drive design, code-named "Duo 101," was selected as the basis for Mazda's new light-weight sports car.

The Duo 101 design, so named as either a soft-top or hard-top could be used, was referred to International Automotive Design in Worthing, England for the construction of a running prototype. The prototype was built with a fiberglass body, a 1.4 L engine from a Mazda Familia and other components from a variety of early Mazda models. The prototype was completed in August 1985 and code-named the V705 by Mazda.

After some minor changes in the design, presented in clay model form by the designers from Mazda (North America), the project was given final approval on 18 January 1986. The project was now code-named P729 by Mazda. The task of constructing five engineering mules was again allocated to International Automotive Design, who also conducted the first front and rear crash tests on the prototype. The project then returned to Japan for final engineering details and production issues to be decided.

===The Miata meets the public===
[[Image:Mazda_eunos_roadster_335939_2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mazda Eunos Roadster(1993) manufactured for japanese market]]

The Miata was unveiled at the Chicago Auto Show on 10 February 1989, with a price tag of US$13,800. The Miata would be available for purchase by the public from July 1989 as a 1990 model. In Japan, the car was not badged as a Mazda, as the company was experimenting with the creation of different brands for deluxe models, similar to Nissan's Infiniti and Toyota's [[Lexus|Lexus]]. Instead, the Mazda MX-5 was called the '''Eunos Roadster''' in its own market.

====Body and chassis====
The body shell of the Miata is all-steel with an aluminium bonnet. The overall dimensions are: length 3970 mm (156.3 in); width 1675 mm (65.9 in); height 1235 mm (48.6 in); wheelbase 2265 mm (89.2 in). Ground clearance is 140 mm (5.5 in). Without options, the NA model MX-5 weighed 940 kilograms. The body was reasonably aerodynamic, with a Cd figure of 0.38.

====Suspension and wheels====
The Miata employs independent double wishbone suspension on all four wheels with an 18 mm (0.71 in) [[anti-roll bar]] at the front. [[4-wheel disc brakes|Four wheel disc brakes]] of 235 mm (9.3 in) diameter (ventilated) at the front and 231 mm (9.1 in) at the rear stopped 5.5 inch wide 14 inch alloy wheels with 185/60HR14 [[radial tire]]s.

====Engine====
The original Miata came with a 1.6 L double overhead cam inline four-cylinder engine, producing 90 kW (120 bhp) and 100 lbf·ft (136 N·m) of torque. The engine employs an L-Jetronic fuel injection system and a camshaft angle sensor instead of a distributor. This engine was previously used by Mazda in the 323 series, including the 323 GTX, a [[Turbo Engine|turbocharged]], all-wheel drive vehicle, and retains the plumbing ports required for aftermarket turbocharging.

====Performance====
The first generation Miata could reach 60 mph (96 km/h) in 8.2 seconds and had a top speed of 119 mph (190 km/h).

[[Image:DSC00971.jpg|thumb|300px|1995 M-Edition Miata (Generation 1.5)]]

===Generation 1.5 (NA)===
The MX-5 Miata was freshened for 1994 with the introduction of a more powerful 1.8 L ''[[Mazda B engine#BP|BP]]'' engine, dual [[airbag]]s, a geared, torque-sensing [[limited slip differential]], and other options. The new engine produced 98 kW (130 [[HP|hp]]) and the standard model weighed 990 kilograms (2183 lb). In some markets such as the UK the 1.6 engine continued to be available as a lower-cost option, but was detuned to only 88 bhp to make it less competitive with the 1.8. Later 1.8 engines were up in power to 133 bhp due to the use of a more sophisticated engine management system (OBD-II).

There were a number of trim levels and special editions available. The standard model was called the "A Package" for the Miata models. A "B Package" added some options, while the "C Package" included a tan interior and top and leather seats. A special "R Package" was introduced for racing, and the annual special editions were formalized as "M Editions." These included all of the luxury options from the C package as well as special paint and, sometimes, special wheels. This initial generation ended with the 1997 model year, which included 1500 NA Miatas produced as the "STO" ("Special Touring Option") version (special editions refer to North American markets only). There was no Miata for 1998.

==Worldwide==
===Mazda MX-5 SP===
In 2001 Mazda Australia produced a limited run (100 cars) of [[Turbo Engine|turbocharged]] MX-5s labelled the SP. These were said to be the inspiration for the Mazdaspeed MX-5 however they only had an upgraded intake/[[Turbo Engine|turbo]] and exhaust unlike the Mazdaspeed MX-5 which has a stronger engine, gearbox and diff, with upgraded cooling system, interior and bodykit. Over 215 parts went into upgrading the performance of the SP creating a powerful sportscar that looked identical to a standard MX-5. The driveline, braking, suspension and engine internals remained standard. The upgraded engine was rated at 150 kW (201 [[HP|hp]]).

=== Mazda Roadster Coupe ===
Mazda Engineering and Technology Co. Ltd. (Mazda E&T), a division of Mazda Japan, produced a limited run of Mazda Roadsters for the Japanese market with a permanent fixed hardtop roof. The body structure was reworked to incorporate the roof for a substantial increase in chassis rigidity and a weight increase of 10 kg. A range of models were produced, from a basic 1.6 L version, to heavily restyled boutique models. No Roadster Coupes were exported, though an example upgraded to Mazdaspeed specifications was shown to international audiences.

==Design quirks and oddities==
Since production began, over 700,000 Miatas have been made, leading the Guinness Book of Records to name it the world's best-selling sports car on February 13 2002.

==Awards==
The Miata has been on '''Car and Driver''' magazine's annual ''Ten Best'' list seven times: The NA from its introduction in 1990 through 1992; the NB on its introduction in 1998 as well as 1999 and 2001; and the NC on its introduction in 2006.
The NA was also ''Wheels Magazine'''s Car of the Year for 1989 with the NC taking the award for 2005. '''Wheels Magazine''' also named the car the ''Best Overall Design'' in the 2006 ''Wheels Automotive Design Awards''.

In the November 2004 edition of '''Sports Car International magazine''', the Miata was chosen as the ''best sports car of the 1990s''. In the March 2005 edition of the same magazine, the six-decade countdown culminated in the ''"Ten Best Sports Cars of All Time"'' issue, of which the Miata secured the number 10 spot, bested only by the likes of exotics and otherwise unobtainable icons of automotive history.

The NC was named the 2005-2006 ''Japan Car of the Year''.

The Mazda Miata (MX-5) had been voted the winner of the 2003 '''J.D. Power Initial Quality Study''' for a sports car.
==Production numbers==
{| class=wikitable align=right style="margin: auto auto 1em 5em"
|+Source: official Mazda records
|-
!Year!!Production
|-
|1988||12 (pre-production models)
|-
|1989||45,266
|-
|1990||95,640
|-
|1991||63,434
|-
|1992||52,712
|-
|1993||44,743
|-
|1994||39,623
|-
|1995||31,886
|-
|1996||33,610
|-
|1997||27,037
|-
|1998||58,682
|-
|1999||44,851
|-
|2000||47,496
|-
|2001||38,870
|-
|2002||40,754
|-
|2003||30,106
|-
|2004||24,232
|-
|2005||29,950
|-
|2006||48,389
|-
!Total!!797,293
|}
For a breakdown of the production numbers, by color and by option package, see the [http://www.miata.net/faq/production.html Miata.net Mazda MX-5 Miata FAQ].

The 250,000th MX-5 rolled out of the factory on November 9 1992; the 500,000th, on February 8 1999; the 750,000th, in March 2004; and the 800,000 in January 2007.

==In Popular Culture==
*Cars - Secondary characters Mia and Tia (a play on the name Miata) a pair of NASCAR fans are animated Miatas.

*Go - A character in this early Katie Holmes-starring film is murdered and their body is stashed in the trunk of a Sunburst Yellow 1992 Miata.

*The Benchwarmers - One of the main character's bat flys out of his hands and goes through the windshield of a Miata parked nearby. A player on the opposing team yells, "That's my Miata!," and the team beats up the Miata-owner.

*Need For Speed Underground and Need For Speed Underground 2 - In these video games, you can buy and upgrade Miatas.

*Gran Turismo 4 - In this videogame you can buy and upgrade most Miata models.

*Juiced - In this video game, you can buy and upgrade Miatas.

*Forza - Another video game featuring buying and upgrading the Miata.

*Yes, Dear - Greg buys a Miata, which many think is for Kim, but he says that he bought it for himself. Jimmy tells him that he made a bad choice, and that the Miata is a "chick car", but he ignores him. Later, while he is driving the Miata, a young girl tells him how his car is nice, and how it looks like her Barbie's, and the radio breaks, causing it to play Girls Just Wanna Have Fun by Cyndi Lauper at a very loud volume.

*Sister Sister - Tia and Tamara Mowry have a red miata that their parents purchased for them.

==See also==
* [[Mazda]]
* [[Spec Miata]]

{{Mazda}}

==References==
* Long, B. ''MX-5 Miata - The full story of the world's favourite sports car'', Veloce Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-903706-21-1
* Carey, J. (March, 2005). "New Mazda MX-5". Wheels (Australia), p. 48.

==External links==
* [http://www.roadster.mazda.co.jp/ Mazda Japan official Roadster site]
* [http://www.mazdausa.com/MusaWeb/displayPage.action?pageParameter=modelsMain&vehicleCode=MX5 Mazda USA official MX-5 site]
* [http://www.mazda.co.uk/Showroom/MX-5/ Mazda UK official MX-5 site]
* [http://www.mazda.com.au/mx5/ Mazda Australia official MX-5 site]
* [http://www.miata.net/ Miata.net] an MX-5/Miata resource and owner community
* [http://www.miataturbo.net/ Turbo Miata online community]
* [http://specs.amayama.com/mazda/eunos_roadster Mazda Eunos Roadster specs]
* [http://www.mx-5.com/ MX-5.community] an owner community sponsored by Mazda Motor Europe
* [http://www.best-cartuning.com/Mazda/index.php Mazda Tuning Parts]
* [http://www.ozmazda.com/ OzMazda.com - Australian Online Mazda Community]
* [http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2007/10/mazda-miata-mx-5-rht-prestige-edition.html Mazda Miata / MX-5 RHT "Prestige Edition"]
* [http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2008/09/2009-mazda-miata-mx-5-officially.html 2009 Mazda Miata / MX-5 Officially Revealed]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2008/12/09/refreshed-mazda-mx-5-roadster-goes-on-sale-in-japan/ Refreshed Mazda MX-5 Roadster goes on sale in Japan]
* [http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2008/12/mazda-launches-mx-5-miata-facelift-in.html Mazda Launches MX-5 /Miata Facelift in Japan - New JDM Image Gallery]
* [http://jalopnik.com/5142562/2009-mazda-mx+5-miata-celebrating-20-years-with-a-chi+town-party 2009 Mazda MX-5 Miata: Celebrating 20 Years With A Chi-Town Party]
• Mazda MX-5 [http://carsguide.news.com.au/site/news-and-reviews/story/mazda_mx_5_car_of_the_week/ Carsguide], Carsguide - Car of the Week

This page uses content from Wikipedia; see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_MX-5 Mazda MX-5], which includes these [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazda_MX-5&action=history contributors].

[[Category:Current Models]]
[[Category:Mazda Vehicles|MX-5]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]

Ford Territory

2009-03-27T04:55:26Z

165.69.2.1: /* External Links */

Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione

2009-03-23T03:18:16Z

165.69.2.1: /* External Links */

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="float:right; margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:250px; background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #999; font-size:83%; line-height:1.5; " summary="Infobox Automobile"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
| colspan=2 style="padding:0; background:#996; color:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | [[Image:Alfa-8c.jpg|300px]]
|- style="color:#fff; background:#996; font-size:larger;"
! colspan=2 | '''Alfa Romeo 8C Competizone'''
|-
! colspan=2 style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; background:#ddb;" | [[Alfa Romeo]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| aka
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Production
| 2008<br>500 units
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Class
| [[Supercar]]
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Body Style
| 2-door [[coupe]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Length
| N/A
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Width
| N/A
|- style="vertical-align:top;
| Height
| N/A
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Wheelbase
| N/A
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Weight
| N/A
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Transmission
| 6-speed automatic
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Engine
| 4.7 litre [[V8]]
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Power
| 450 hp
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Similar
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Designer
|
|}
[[Alfa Romeo]] is re-introducing itself into the United States with the '''8C Competizone'''. The 8C goes on sale next year for $227,000 (€165,000), with a limited production of 500 units (100 of which will make it to America). It is still undecided whether there will be a production version of the Spider, but it is not out of the question.
==2003 8C Competizione concept car==
The 8C Competizione was introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2003. The lines of the twin seater are meant to echo the styling of Alfa's of the 1930s and 1940s, and the "Competizione" name is a pointer to the 1948 6C 2500 Competizione,<ref name="evo.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/news/evonews/202990/alfa_8c_competizione.html|title=Alfa 8C Competizione|accessdate=2007-09-17|work=evo.co.uk}}</ref> which competed in the 1949 and 1950 [[Mille Miglia]] race, coming third both times. In the 1950 Mille Miglia Juan-Manuel Fangio and Augusto Zanardi drove. It won the 1950 Targa Florio. A 3.0 litre prototype was built but not produced. These 6C 2500 models were among the last vehicles with links to the pre-war cars.<ref name="ultimatecarpage.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/1729/Alfa-Romeo-6C-2500-Competizione.html|title=Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Competizione|accessdate=2007-09-17|work=ultimatecarpage.com}}</ref>

At the 2005 [[Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance]], Alfa Romeo released the Alfa 8C Spider, a roadster version of the coupé, with different alloy wheels. Production of 8C Spider was confirmed by [[Sergio Marchionne]] in September 25 2007. The Spider will be built most likely also 500 units and it will cost around €20,000 more than coupe version.<ref name="motorauthority.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/convertibles/alfa-romeo-8c-spider-confirmed-for-2009-launch|title= Alfa Romeo 8C Spider confirmed for 2009 launch|accessdate=2007-09-25|work=motorauthority.com}}</ref> The 8C Spider production version will be unveiled Geneva Motor Show in 2008.<ref name="italiaspeed.com/2008">{{Cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2008/motor_shows/geneva/preview/alfa_romeo/8c_spider/1902.html|title=19.02.2008 PRODUCTION ALFA 8C SPIDER TO DEBUT IN GENEVA|accessdate=2008-02-19|work=italiaspeed.com/2008}}</ref>

==2007 8C Competizione production version==
During the [[Mondial de l'Automobile 2006]], Alfa Romeo announced the production of a limited series 500 units of 8C Competizione. The production version is very similar to the concept, biggest difference exterior-wise is the rear-hinged [[Hood (vehicle)|hood]] in the production model.<ref name="evo.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/news/evonews/206856/alfa_8c.html|title=Alfa 8C Passion show|accessdate=2007-09-17|work=evo.co.uk}}</ref> It was possible to choose from four different exterior color:
8C Red, Competition Red, black or yellow.<ref name="windingroad.com">{{Cite web|url=http://news.windingroad.com/car-buying/we-drive-the-alfa-8c-competizione/|title=We Drive the Alfa 8C Competizione|accessdate=2007-12-02|work=windingroad.com}}</ref> The bodyshell is made of carbon fibre.

The car uses modified Maserati platform and powertrain (Maserati Quattroporte, GranTurismo) and also features a Ferrari/Maserati derived 90° [[Crossplane|cross-plane]] [[dry-sump lubrication|dry-sump lubricated]] 4.7-litre V8 assembled by Ferrari.<ref name="driving.timesonline.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://driving.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/driving/new_car_reviews/article2690495.ece|title=Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione|accessdate=2007-11-18|work=driving.timesonline.co.uk}}</ref>
The top engine performance figures may be summarized as a maximum power of 331 kilowatts (450 [[Horsepower#PS|PS]]) at 7000 rpm, a peak torque of 480 newton metres (354 lbf·ft) at 4750 rpm (80% at 2500 rpm) with an engine redline of 7500 rpm and rev limiter of 7600 rpm.<ref name="roadandtrack.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/assets/download/0108_Alfa8c.pdf|title=Road & Track|accessdate=2007-12-02|work=roadandtrack.com}}</ref>

The six–speed [[transaxle]] gearbox has computerized gear selection by means of levers behind the steering wheel and may be used in Manual-Normal; Manual-Sport; Automatic-Normal; Automatic-Sport and Ice modes. The gearbox can shift in 175 milliseconds when using Sport mode.<ref name="magazine.windingroad.com">{{Cite web|url=http://magazine.windingroad.com/windingroad/200801/?u1=texterity|title=Anything but anonymous|accessdate=2007-12-17|work=magazine.windingroad.com}}</ref> The 8C has also a [[limited slip differential]].

It is fitted with specially developed 20 inch tyres: 245/35 at the front and 285/35 at the rear, fitted on perforated rims in fluid moulded aluminium. The 8C brakes have been called phenomenal by [[Road & Track]] magazine, with a stopping distance being from 60-0 mph
(97-0 km/h) in 105 feet (32 m).<ref name="roadandtrack.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/assets/download/0108_Alfa8c.pdf|title=Road & Track|accessdate=2007-12-02|work=roadandtrack.com}}</ref> The official top speed is announced to be 292 km/h (181 mph) but it might be higher around 190 mph (306 km/h) according to the Road & Track magazine.<ref name="roadandtrack.com/article">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/article.asp?section_id=3&article_id=6168|title=Road Test: 2008 Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione|accessdate=2007-12-02|work=roadandtrack.com/article}}</ref> An Alfa Romeo engineer also stated that it is faster.<ref>{{cite video |people=Mr.Domenico Martino (engineer> |date2=2008-01-21 |month2= |year2= |title=Me in Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione ... |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1vciNbpys0 |format= |medium=Motion picture |publisher=9FFturboS |location= |accessdate=2008-01-23 |time= |quote=192 this is just we declare, the car is faster... }}</ref>

==U.S. Sales==
The 8C will be sold as Alfa Romeo's returning foray into the United States market, starting in 2008. Alfa Romeo is dedicating 99 Alfa Romeo 8C Competiziones for U.S. market sale.

==Reliability==
*'''RECALL ALERT:''' On January 22, 2009, Fiat issued a recall alert affecting 7,912 MY 2008 Alfa Romeo 8Cs, [[Maserati GranTurismo]]s and [[Maserati Quattroporte|Quattroporte]]s due to incorrectly torqued front and rear suspension upper and lower ball joint nuts which may loosen with consequent steering wheel vibration, a growing metallic noise and progressive loss of driving precision in the transients. According to the Italian automaker, continued use of the vehicle in these conditions may lead to damage of the suspension lever, which in the long term and depending on vehicle usage, may cause the ball joint/suspension arm to break. The recall is expected to begin during February 2009. Concerned U.S. owners may contact Maserati for more information at 1-201-816-2600.[http://carscoop.blogspot.com/2009/01/alfa-romeo-8c-competizione-recalled.html]

==Photos==
<gallery>
Image:Alfa Romeo 8C Spider.jpg
Image:Alfa Romeo 8C.jpg
Image:Largealfabcdash.jpg
Image:8c-competitzione-luggage.jpg
Image:070319 ar 8ccompetizione 05.jpg
</gallery>

==Performance==

{|class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;"
|+Specifications<ref name="autobild.de"/>
! Top speed
| 292 km/h (181 mph)
|-
! 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph)
|4.2 seconds
|-
! 1/4 mile (~400 m)
| 12.4 seconds @ 115.4 mph (186 km/h)<ref name="roadandtrack.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/assets/download/0108_Alfa8c.pdf|title=Road & Track|accessdate=2007-12-02|work=roadandtrack.com}}</ref>
|-
! Type
| [[V8]]
|-
! Displacement
| 4.7 L (4691 cc) (286.8 cu in)
|-
! Power
| 331 kW (450 PS) @ 7000 rpm
|-
! Torque
| 480 N·m (354 ft·lbf) @ 4750 rpm

|-
! Lateral Acceleration<br /><small>(200 feet (61 m) skidpad)</small>
| 1.02 g<ref name="roadandtrack.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/assets/download/0108_Alfa8c.pdf|title=Road & Track|accessdate=2007-12-02|work=roadandtrack.com}}</ref>
|}

==Racing version==

Production numbers of the 8c may indicate that it is a racing homologation special, with 500 slated for production.

In 2005/2006, the computer game 'Squadra Corse Alfa Romeo' developed by Black Bean Software in conjunction with
Alfa Romeo Spa. included two racing versions of the car, another indication of Alfa Romeo's intention to race.
Given the car's size and power class as a GT, sports-car races such as Le Mans, Daytona and Sebring are likely
deployments by Squadra Corse.

In 2008, the 8c will take part in the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], [[24 Hours Nürburgring]] and [[Rolex 24 at Daytona]] [[Endurance racing|endurance races]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Alfa Romeo: novità sui progetti sportivi | publisher = Autoblog.it | date = December 6, 2006 | url = http://www.autoblog.it/post/6204/alfa-romeo-novita-sui-progetti-sportivi | language = Italian}}</ref> It is expected that race version chassis will be made by [[Dallara]].<ref name="italiaspeed.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2006/motorsport/sportscars/other/alfa_8c_competizione/2012.html|title=Racing news|accessdate=2007-04-25|work=italiaspeed.com}}</ref>

==Production numbers and markets==

The 8C will be built in a limited number of 500 and Alfa Romeo have earmarked the entire production run among several important markets:<ref name="magazine.windingroad.com">{{Cite web|url=http://magazine.windingroad.com/windingroad/200801/?u1=texterity|title=Anything but anonymous|accessdate=2007-12-17|work=magazine.windingroad.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Country
! Number of cars
|-
| USA
| 84
|-
| Italy
| 84
|-
| Germany
| 81
|-
| Japan
| 69
|-
| France
| 39
|-
| United Kingdom
| 41
|-
| Switzerland
| 35
|-
| The Netherlands
| 10
|-
| Australia
| 3
|-
| New Zealand
| 1
|-
| Hong Kong
| 5
|-
| Others
| 48
|-
| '''Sum'''
| '''500'''
|}

The 8C will from 2008 be sold as Alfa Romeo's return to the United States market after Alfa Romeo's withdrawal in 1995. The first 8C was delivered to an Italian customer in October 2007<ref name="magazine.windingroad.com">{{Cite web|url=http://magazine.windingroad.com/windingroad/200801/?u1=texterity|title=Anything but anonymous|accessdate=2007-12-17|work=magazine.windingroad.com}}</ref>.

==See Also==
{{Alfa Romeo}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.8c.alfaromeo.it/ Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione Official Homepage]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/18/alfa-romeo-8c-daytona-prototype-by-picchio/ Alfa Romeo 8C Daytona Prototype by Picchio]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2008/10/06/alfa-romeo-8c-goes-on-sale-now-in-u-s-already-sold-out/ Alfa Romeo 8C goes on sale now in U.S., already sold out]
* [http://www.leftlanenews.com/first-alfa-romeo-8cs-delivered-in-us.html First Alfa Romeo 8Cs delivered in U.S.]
*[http://carsguide.news.com.au/site/news-and-reviews/story/alfa_romeo_spider_car_of_the_week/ Alfa Romeo Spider Historical Article and Gallery] Carsguide Car of the Week

[[Category:Current Models]]