Wikicars - User contributions [en]

Regenerative Braking

2009-01-15T22:39:49Z

205.205.28.3:

[[Image:Regen_braking.gif|right]]'''Regenerative braking''' allows a vehicle to recapture part of the energy that would otherwise be 'lost' to heat when braking, and make use of that power by storing it in the vehicle's on-board [[Battery Technology|battery system]]. The vehicle's electric motor becomes a generator when coasting or braking, keeping the battery charged up and ready for the next start and accelerate situation. Because of constant stop and go driving conditions in city driving, this is why [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] are more efficient in city use.

All [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] on the market today make use of regenerative braking.

==External Links==

http://www.hybridcars.com/renerative-braking.html

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridAnimation/fullhybrid/fullhybridbraking.html

Mild Hybrid

2008-10-09T22:11:47Z

205.205.28.3:

'''Mild''' [[Hybrid Cars|hybrids]] are essentially conventional vehicles with oversized starter motors that also act as generators and electric turbos. The electric generator/motor/starter allows the engine to be turned off whenever the car is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power while the engine is off, and as in other [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] designs, the motor is used for regenerative braking to recapture energy. The larger motor is used to spin up the engine to operating rpm speeds before injecting any fuel. It also kicks in anytime there is load on the gas engine, such as a hill or under acceleration.

Toyota Highlander Hybrid

2006-08-15T09:58:26Z

205.205.28.3: /* Worldwide */

[[Image:HighlanderHybrid.jpg|right|300px]]
The Highlander Hybrid was unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show. It uses Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive technology. Toyota began offering the Highlander Hybrid to the public in July 2005 as a 2006 model.

The '''[[Toyota|Toyota]] Highlander Hybrid''' is an automobile assembled by [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corp.]] using Toyota's [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] technology. It is called the '''Toyota Kluger [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]''' in Japan and Australia. The '''[[Toyota|Toyota]] Highlander Hybrid''' is an automobile assembled by [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corp.]] using Toyota's [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Synergy Drive technology. Each generation surpasses the previous, offering greater power and less cost. The [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] powertrain adds a mere 300 pounds to the vehicle’s curb weight. The majority of this extra weight is mounted low in the vehicle. To manage the additional weight, [[Toyota]] made the chassis of the Highlander Hybrid stronger. The [[Lexus]] RX, [[Lexus ES 350]], [[Toyota Camry]], and [[Toyota Highlander]] are all built on the same platform with slight modifications between the sedans and the SUVs.

The gasoline-powered part of the engine system is a 3.3L 3MZ-FE [[V6]], very similar to the one found in the [[Lexus RX|RX 330]]. It produces 268 [[HP]] when aided by the two additional electric motors. Under normal driving conditions, only the front motor and gasoline engine will be used. The rear motor will only be used under full-throttle acceleration or when the front wheels lose traction (if so equipped). The gasoline engine will switch off automatically when the vehicle is either stationary, decelerating, or being driven at a slow speed and the electric motor will take over. A Ni-MH battery is responsible for powering the motors, and it is charged during deceleration and from the heat energy caused from braking.

The assistance of the electric motor increases the vehicle's performance, the Highlander [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] can reach 60 mph (97km/h) in less than 8 seconds which is quicker than the normally aspirated Highlander. Despite the increased performance, the Highlander Hybrid consumes roughly the same amount of fuel as a compact four-cylinder [[sedan]] and it qualifies as a Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle ([[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|SULEV]]) in America.

See WikiCars' comprehensive
[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid Review|'''Toyota Highlander Hybrid Review''']]

==Recent Changes==
The Highlander Hybrid is new for the 2006 model year.

==Styles and Major Options==
'''Standard Equipment'''
* Fabric-trimmed interior
* Silver interior trim pieces
* Tilt steering wheel
* Power tilt-and-slide [[Sunroof|sunroof]] with one-touch open/close and sliding sunshade
* Remote keyless entry
* Hybrid Optitron IP gauges with kW power meter
* Roof rack with rails
* Air Conditioning with clean air filter
* Deluxe AM/FM/Cassette/CD audio system with 6 speakers
* HomeLink® Universal Transceiver

'''Limited Package'''
* Leather trimmed interior w/power adjustable driver and front passenger heated seats
* Burled maple wood grain simulated wood trim
* JBL® 8-speaker Premium Audio System with [[In-Dash 6-Disc CD|in-dash, single-feed, six-disc CD]] changer
* Leather wrapped steering wheel with audio controls
* Leather trimmed shift lever with chrome stalk
* Automatic on/off headlamps
* Integrated foglamps
* Anti-theft alarm and engine immobilizer

'''Optional Equipment'''
* Touchscreen DVD Navigation with JBL® System/8-speaker Premium Audio System with [[In-Dash 6-Disc CD|in-dash, single-feed, six-disc CD]] changer - $2,000
* Rear-seat DVD entertainment system with rear-seat audio and two wireless headphones (includes 115V power outlet and RCA jacks)

'''Dealer Accessories'''
* All-weather floor mats
* Car cover
* Cargo mat
* Cargo net
* Front-end mask
* Tow-hitch receiver
* Wheel locks
* Wireless headphones

==Pricing==
Today's actual prices for the [[Toyota]] Highlander Hybrid can be found at [http://www.carsdirect.com/MAKE/MODEL/prices CarsDirect].

<table border=1 tablecolor=#000000 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#cccccc>
<td colspan=4>
'''Model Trims'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
FWD
</td>
<td>
4WD
</td>
<td>
FWD Limited
</td>
<td>
4WD Limited
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=4>
''MSRP''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$33,030
</td>
<td>
$34,430
</td>
<td>
$37,890
</td>
<td>
$39,290
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=4>
''Invoice''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$29,561
</td>
<td>
$30,814
</td>
<td>
$33,944
</td>
<td>
$35,198
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Gas Mileage==
As seen on the [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/bymodel/ FuelEconomy.gov] website, the City/Highway MPG averages are as follows:

<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=2>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
2006 Highlander Hybrid FWD
</td>
<td>
2006 Highlander Hybird AWD
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''MPG'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
33/28
</td>
<td>
31/27
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Reliablity==

==Safety==

* Front seat-mounted side [[airbag]]s (SRS)
* Driver's and front passenger's advanced [[airbag]] system (SRS) with crash-severity sensors
* Front and rear roll-sensing side curtain[[airbag]]s
* Driver's knee [[airbag]]
* Star Safety System with (VDIM)
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|ABS]] with [[Brake Assist]]
* Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]])
* Reinforced Body
* Three-point seatbelts with pre-tensioners [[Seatbelt_Pretensioners|seatbelts]] for all seats
* Lower Anchors, tether anchors for children (LATCH) in 2nd row seat
* Daytime Running Lights
* [[Electronic Stability Control|Vehicle Stability Control]] (VSC)
* Traction Control (TRAC)
* Theft-Deterrent System with engine immobilizer
* LED tailights

==Photos==
[[Image:HighlanderHybridII.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:HighlanderHybridIII.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:HighlanderHybridV.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==
[[Image:Superwhitehighlander.gif|Super White]] Super White

[[Image:Millenniumsilvermetallichighlander.gif|Millenium Silver Metallic]] Millenium Silver Metallic

[[Image:Sonoragoldpearlhighlander.gif|Sonora Gold Pearl]] Sonora Gold Pearl

[[Image:Salsaredpearlhighlander.gif|Salsa Red Pearl]] Salsa Red Pearl

[[Image:Oasisgreenpearlhighlander.gif|Oasis Green Pearl]] Oasis Green Pearl

[[Image:Indigoinkpearlhighlander.gif|Indigo Ink Pearl]] Indigo Ink Pearl

[[Image:Blackhighlander.gif|Black]] Black

[[Image:Ivoryleatherhighlander.gif|Ivory Leather]] Ivory Leather

[[Image:Ivoryfabrichighlander.gif|Ivory Fabric]] Ivory Fabric

[[Image:Ashleatherhighlander.gif|Ash Leather]] Ash Leather

[[Image:Ashfabrichighlander.gif|Ash Fabric]] Ash Fabric

==Main Competitors==
* [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]
* [[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]
* [[Saturn VUE Green Line]]

==Unique Attributes==
The Toyota Highlander Hybrid is currently the only hybrid [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] that offers a 3rd row seat.

==Resale Values==
'''Kelley Blue Book''' offers a range of resale value information, with mileage and equipment levels factored [http://www.kbb.com/ in].

==Criticisms==
This vehicle's price places it within some premium [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] competition.

==[[Toyota|Toyota]] Highlander Generations==
====Current Model (2004-present)====
[[Image:ToyotaHarrierII.jpg|right|]]
The Harrier [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] went on sale in Japan on March 2005, and the Highlander Hybrid went on sale later the same year. It is offered for the 2006 model year in North America. Europe and Asia will also receive the [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Highlander in 2006.

These North American-market cars were initially built in Japan and sold in Japan as the Kluger in 2001. Production of the RX 330 started at Toyota's Cambridge, Ontario, Canada plant in September 2003 (some North American RX 330/RX 350 models are still made in Japan). The Highlander Hybrid is powered by a 3.3 L 3MZ-FE [[V6|V6]], producing 268 total [[HP|hp]] SAE and is available in either front or four wheel drive. An interesting difference between the Highlander Hybrid and its upscale sibling, the [[Lexus RX 400h]], is that the Highlander Hybrid is available with a 3rd row seat. The Lexus RX, no matter the model or trim, is not.

For European and Asian markets, the second generation RX was launched in early 2003, where it continues to be a RX 300 and is made in Japan. Mechanical specification is more or less identical to the 3.0 L [[V6|V6]] [[Toyota Harrier]], with only the four wheel drive version available. Once again, air-suspension and Mark Levinson audio can be specified.

==Worldwide==
[[Image:KlugerII.jpg|right|300px]]
The Toyota Highlander [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is sold in Japan as the Kluger Hybrid.
While the Kluger is also sold in Australia, no announcement has been made of offering the [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] model there.

==Design quirks and oddities==
* Unique Front Bumper for increased cooling
* Unique Grille
* Unique Fog Lamps
* New Tailights with LEDs instead of incandescent bulbs
* 18 inch wheels
* Performance tires

==External Links==
* [http://www.toyota.com/highlander/index.html?s_van=GM_TN_HYBRID_HIGHLANDER Toyota Highlander Hybrid - Official Site]
* [http://www.toyota.com Toyota Motor Company USA - Offical Site]

[[Category:Toyota vehicles]]
[[Category:SUVs]]
[[Category:Mid-Size SUVs]]
[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]

Veggie Car

2006-08-14T15:06:20Z

205.205.28.3:

[[Image:Biodiesel.JPG|thumb|150px|Biodiesel sample]]
Veggie Cars are also known as '''Biodiesel''', which refers to a [[diesel]]-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources. Though derived from biological sources, it's a processed '''[[fuel]]''' that can be readily used in diesel-engined vehicles, which distinguishes biodiesel from the straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO) used as fuels in some modified diesel vehicles.

Converting modern diesel engines to run on vegetable oil has become popular in recent years and requires some kind of conversion system and is usually set up to be an auxiliary fuel.

These systems which are also known as "grease cars" typically use an alternate fuel tank, hoses, filters and electronics to run vegitable oil or other forms of "grease". The engine will run on normal diesel fuel until such time as the engine reaches normal operating temperature. The driver then turns the switch on inside the cockpit that enables the biodiesel fuel system. The biodiesel then replaces the regular diesel and fuels the engine itself. When shut off, the system is purged (either automatically or manually) and the system is then ready to be run on regular diesel fuel for the next start up.

'''Photos'''

[[Image:Conversion Kit.jpg|thumb|left|450px|Typical Biodiesel Conversion kit]]
[[Image:Vegi Oil Engine Bay.JPG|thumb|right|400px|Installed Conversion system on a 1997 Volkswagen Jetta]]

[[Image:97 Jetta 2.jpg]]

'''External Links'''

[http://www.greasecar.com/kit_detail.cfm?prodID=23 Grease Cars]

Diesel-Electric Hybrid

2006-07-31T11:51:58Z

205.205.28.3: /* Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles */

A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.

Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine's high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).

Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all.

Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.

Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very "dirty", with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the "legally allowed" dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.

=Technology=
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).

==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==
===Series===
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such as a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.

===Parallel===
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.

==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:
* '''Smaller Engine Size''' - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, a diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart
* '''Regenerative Braking''' - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.
* '''Power-On-Demand''' - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.
* '''Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output''' - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]

=Advantages and Drawbacks=

===Advantages===
* ''Improved Fuel Economy'': Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).
* ''ZEV Operation'': In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.
* ''Emission Reduction'': Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses. MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]
* ''Vehicle Performance'': Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon's Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.
* ''Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure'': In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.
* ''Cost and Availability'': Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.
* ''Biodiesel Potential'': One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.

===Drawbacks===
* ''Price'': The main obstacle keeping diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.
* ''Diesel Quality'': In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.
* ''Fleet Costs and Maintenance'': For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.

=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses. Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries. In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.

In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced in 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor & Retarder) system.

FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third.

On July 5, 2006, [[Mitsubishi Fuso]] launched its new Canter Eco Hybrid parallel diesel-electric truck for the Japanese market. The system combines a 3.0-liter, four-cylinder diesel engine, a slim 35 kW electric motor generator installed between an automatic clutch, a high-efficiency automatic mechanical transmission; and a 1.9kWh [[Battery Technology|ion battery]] pack consisting of 96 cells connected in series. The Canter Eco Hybrid features a 41% reduction in NOx and 46% decrease in particulate matter (PM) versus conventionally-powered models. The vehicle already meets Japan’s new long-term emissions regulations, due to come into effect August 2007—the first commercial truck to do so.

PSA Peugeot Citroën has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the Peugeot 307 and Citroën C4 Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better acceleration when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]

[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the Opel Astra diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra's top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year.

At the 2006 North American International Auto Show, [[Ford]] displayed the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).

Under development by General Dynamics Land Systems Division since 1997, the Shadow RST-V could potentially replace the U.S. military's fuel-thirsty HUMVEE. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn't the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow's diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]

In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]

=External Links=
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM's Hybrid Crown Jewel]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot & Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]
* [http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/07/mitsubishifuso_.html Mitsubishi Fuso Launches Diesel-Electric Hybrid Truck]

Diesel-Electric Hybrid

2006-07-31T11:50:58Z

205.205.28.3: /* Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles */

A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.

Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine's high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).

Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all.

Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.

Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very "dirty", with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the "legally allowed" dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.

=Technology=
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).

==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==
===Series===
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such as a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.

===Parallel===
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.

==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:
* '''Smaller Engine Size''' - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, a diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart
* '''Regenerative Braking''' - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.
* '''Power-On-Demand''' - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.
* '''Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output''' - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]

=Advantages and Drawbacks=

===Advantages===
* ''Improved Fuel Economy'': Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).
* ''ZEV Operation'': In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.
* ''Emission Reduction'': Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses. MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]
* ''Vehicle Performance'': Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon's Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.
* ''Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure'': In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.
* ''Cost and Availability'': Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.
* ''Biodiesel Potential'': One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.

===Drawbacks===
* ''Price'': The main obstacle keeping diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.
* ''Diesel Quality'': In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.
* ''Fleet Costs and Maintenance'': For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.

=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses. Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries. In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.

In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced in 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor & Retarder) system.

FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third.

On July 5, 2006, [[Mitsubishi Fuso]] launched its new Canter Eco Hybrid parallel diesel-electric truck for the Japanese market. The system combines a 3.0-liter, four-cylinder diesel engine, a slim 35 kW electric motor generator installed between an automatic clutch, a high-efficiency automatic mechanical transmission; and a 1.9kWh [[Battery technology|ion battery]] pack consisting of 96 cells connected in series. The Canter Eco Hybrid features a 41% reduction in NOx and 46% decrease in particulate matter (PM) versus conventionally-powered models. The vehicle already meets Japan’s new long-term emissions regulations, due to come into effect August 2007—the first commercial truck to do so.

PSA Peugeot Citroën has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the Peugeot 307 and Citroën C4 Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better acceleration when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]

[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the Opel Astra diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra's top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year.

At the 2006 North American International Auto Show, [[Ford]] displayed the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).

Under development by General Dynamics Land Systems Division since 1997, the Shadow RST-V could potentially replace the U.S. military's fuel-thirsty HUMVEE. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn't the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow's diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]

In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]

=External Links=
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM's Hybrid Crown Jewel]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot & Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]
* [http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/07/mitsubishifuso_.html Mitsubishi Fuso Launches Diesel-Electric Hybrid Truck]

Diesel-Electric Hybrid

2006-07-31T11:48:53Z

205.205.28.3: /* External Links */

A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.

Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine's high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).

Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all.

Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.

Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very "dirty", with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the "legally allowed" dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.

=Technology=
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).

==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==
===Series===
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such as a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.

===Parallel===
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.

==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:
* '''Smaller Engine Size''' - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, a diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart
* '''Regenerative Braking''' - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.
* '''Power-On-Demand''' - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.
* '''Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output''' - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]

=Advantages and Drawbacks=

===Advantages===
* ''Improved Fuel Economy'': Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).
* ''ZEV Operation'': In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.
* ''Emission Reduction'': Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses. MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]
* ''Vehicle Performance'': Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon's Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.
* ''Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure'': In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.
* ''Cost and Availability'': Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.
* ''Biodiesel Potential'': One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.

===Drawbacks===
* ''Price'': The main obstacle keeping diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.
* ''Diesel Quality'': In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.
* ''Fleet Costs and Maintenance'': For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.

=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses. Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries. In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.

In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced in 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor & Retarder) system.

FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third.

On July 5, 2006, [[Mitsubishi Fuso]]launched its new Canter Eco Hybrid parallel diesel-electric truck for the Japanese market. The system combines a 3.0-liter, four-cylinder diesel engine, a slim 35 kW electric motor generator installed between an automatic clutch, a high-efficiency automatic mechanical transmission; and a 1.9kWh [[Lithium ion battery]] pack consisting of 96 cells connected in series. The Canter Eco Hybrid features a 41% reduction in NOx and 46% decrease in particulate matter (PM) versus conventionally-powered models. The vehicle already meets Japan’s new long-term emissions regulations, due to come into effect August 2007—the first commercial truck to do so.

PSA Peugeot Citroën has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the Peugeot 307 and Citroën C4 Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better acceleration when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]

[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the Opel Astra diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra's top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year.

At the 2006 North American International Auto Show, [[Ford]] displayed the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).

Under development by General Dynamics Land Systems Division since 1997, the Shadow RST-V could potentially replace the U.S. military's fuel-thirsty HUMVEE. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn't the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow's diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]

In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]

=External Links=
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM's Hybrid Crown Jewel]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot & Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]
* [http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/07/mitsubishifuso_.html Mitsubishi Fuso Launches Diesel-Electric Hybrid Truck]

Diesel-Electric Hybrid

2006-07-31T11:47:28Z

205.205.28.3: /* Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles */

A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.

Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine's high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).

Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all.

Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.

Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very "dirty", with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the "legally allowed" dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.

=Technology=
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).

==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==
===Series===
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such as a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.

===Parallel===
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.

==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:
* '''Smaller Engine Size''' - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, a diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart
* '''Regenerative Braking''' - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.
* '''Power-On-Demand''' - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.
* '''Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output''' - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]

=Advantages and Drawbacks=

===Advantages===
* ''Improved Fuel Economy'': Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).
* ''ZEV Operation'': In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.
* ''Emission Reduction'': Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses. MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]
* ''Vehicle Performance'': Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon's Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.
* ''Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure'': In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.
* ''Cost and Availability'': Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.
* ''Biodiesel Potential'': One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.

===Drawbacks===
* ''Price'': The main obstacle keeping diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.
* ''Diesel Quality'': In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.
* ''Fleet Costs and Maintenance'': For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.

=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses. Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries. In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.

In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced in 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor & Retarder) system.

FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third.

On July 5, 2006, [[Mitsubishi Fuso]]launched its new Canter Eco Hybrid parallel diesel-electric truck for the Japanese market. The system combines a 3.0-liter, four-cylinder diesel engine, a slim 35 kW electric motor generator installed between an automatic clutch, a high-efficiency automatic mechanical transmission; and a 1.9kWh [[Lithium ion battery]] pack consisting of 96 cells connected in series. The Canter Eco Hybrid features a 41% reduction in NOx and 46% decrease in particulate matter (PM) versus conventionally-powered models. The vehicle already meets Japan’s new long-term emissions regulations, due to come into effect August 2007—the first commercial truck to do so.

PSA Peugeot Citroën has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the Peugeot 307 and Citroën C4 Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better acceleration when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]

[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the Opel Astra diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra's top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year.

At the 2006 North American International Auto Show, [[Ford]] displayed the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).

Under development by General Dynamics Land Systems Division since 1997, the Shadow RST-V could potentially replace the U.S. military's fuel-thirsty HUMVEE. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn't the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow's diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]

In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]

=External Links=
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM's Hybrid Crown Jewel]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot & Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT's Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]

Lexus GS 450h Review

2006-07-20T18:11:04Z

205.205.28.3: /* Exterior */

[[Image:GS_450h.gif|right|300px]]
The new [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] is by no means the car that will ensure a super clean environment for future generations to come with mileage ratings in the mid 20's, but the performance will put a smile on your face today. The combination low end electric torque and high end conventional gas [[HP|horsepower]] make the car a thrill to drive, all the while pretending to be socially conscious.

The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h seems to be more an attempt to leave behind the stigma of power normally associated with [[V8]] engines. In addition, [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] in the marketplace are more so a trendy (if not conscientious) choice. Plans are in place to have [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] offerings throughout the [[Lexus|Lexus]] lineup which will be marketed as the premium vehicle trim.

See also the main fact sheets for the 2007 [[Lexus GS 450h]].

==High Points==
* Glorious acceleration
* Luxurious cabin
* Excellent handling

==Low Points==
* Fuel mileage isn't great (terrible if you compare it to other Hybrids)
* Expensive
* Heavy beast of a vehicle (4,134 lb curb weight)
* Reduced trunk space due to batteries

==Performance and Handling==
[[Lexus|Lexus]] engineers seemed to have been torn in what to strive for when creating this car. Power is abundant, although it is at the expense of fuel economy, which is poor for a hybrid. This powerplant has a gasoline [[V6]] which produces its peak [[HP|horsepower]] at 4800 RPM, in addition to which an electric motor produces its peak torque at 0 RPMs. The result of this gives the GS 450h acceleration similar to BMW 550i, Mercedes E550 and Porsche 911 Carrera 2 which is quite impressive.

[[Lexus|Lexus]] has incorporated all the handling technologies under one system called VDIM ''(Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management)''. This encompasses [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]], stability control, and suspension amongst other things to make a well sorted ride. The system seems to do an excellent job controlling the GS 450h's weight and power, although driving enthusiasts will be dissappointed with the generally numb steering feel.

==Gas Mileage==
<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=2>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
[[Rear wheel drive|RWD]] [[Continuously Variable Transmission|CVT]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''Engine'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
3.5L [[V6]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''MPG (City/Highway)'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
25/28
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Safety==
* Driver and front passenger airbags including front, side, side curtain and knee
* Rear side curtain airbags
* Electronic [[Traction Control]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) [[Electronic Stability Control|electronic stability control]]
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]]
* [[Brake Assist|Braking Assist]]
* Electronic Controlled Braking (ECB) and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]])
* Tire pressure monitor system
* Highly rigid body structure
* Side impact door beams
* Front and rear crumple zones
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelt]] with Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) for driver
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] Locking Retractor/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers
* Child Restraint Seat (CRS) tether anchor brackets
* Child safety locks and window lock button on driver door control
* Full-color display backup camera
* Intuitive electronic park assist
* Theft-deterrent and engine immobilizer system
* [[Xenon Headlights|High-Intensity Discharge (HID)]] headlamps with [[Directionally Adaptive Headlights|Adaptive Front Lighting System]] (AFS)
* Headlamp washers
* Daytime running lights
* Integrated foglamps
* Rain-sensing variable intermittent windshield wipers

==Reliability==

==Interior and Comforts==
[[Image:GS450h_interior.jpg|right|300px]]
Interior dashboard design is cleanly executed and the standard equipment level is generous. Eight [[airbag]]s, a back-up camera, stereo sound system with 14 speakers, wood trim and leather seats are standard equipment. Interior space is less than many of its competitors, but this can be expected from all the extra entailments of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] powertrain.

Material grades and assembly precision is among the best in the automotive industry and typical of offerings from [[Lexus]].

==Exterior==
[[Lexus|Lexus]] has taken a new styling direction lately that suits this car rather well. The body design is a welcome break from the mundane looks of the previous GS model line. The wide stance conveys some impression of the power under the hood, combined with the exposed dual exhaust and 18-inch alloy wheels. Some people my not care for it's somewhat annoynomous styling while others may connect with it. The [[Xenon Headlights|High-Intensity Discharge (HID)]] headlights offer superb output, while the rear LED tailights increase safety in addition to looking great. The 18 inch wheels look great, although some prospective hybrid buyers might wish to see [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]] offered (to aid in fuel economy).

==Styles and Options==
'''Standard Equipment'''
* 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] gas engine coupled with a high-output electric-drive motor, producing 340 total net [[HP]]
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission|Electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECVT)]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) advanced stability management
* [[Traction control]]
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] to capture energy and recharge the battery

'''Optional Equipment'''
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]] - $1,900
* Mark Levinson® 14-speaker 330-watt premium surround sound audio system - $1,780
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] Pre-Collision System (PCS) and dynamic [[Cruise Control|radar cruise control]] - $2,850
* Active Stabilizer Suspension System (requires run flat tires) - $3,400
* Rear Spoiler - $200
* All-season [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $400
* Summer [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $480

'''Dealer Accessories'''
* 18-inch G-Spider alloy wheels
* All-weather floor mats
* Car cover
* Cargo net
* Trunk mat
* Wheel locks
* XM® Satellite radio capability

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]

==External Links==
[http://www.technoride.com/article/Lexus+G+450h+Review+A+Wickedly+FastHybrid/181706_1.aspx Wickedly Fast]

Lexus GS 450h Review

2006-07-20T18:01:11Z

205.205.28.3: /* Exterior */

[[Image:GS_450h.gif|right|300px]]
The new [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] is by no means the car that will ensure a super clean environment for future generations to come with mileage ratings in the mid 20's, but the performance will put a smile on your face today. The combination low end electric torque and high end conventional gas [[HP|horsepower]] make the car a thrill to drive, all the while pretending to be socially conscious.

The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h seems to be more an attempt to leave behind the stigma of power normally associated with [[V8]] engines. In addition, [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] in the marketplace are more so a trendy (if not conscientious) choice. Plans are in place to have [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] offerings throughout the [[Lexus|Lexus]] lineup which will be marketed as the premium vehicle trim.

See also the main fact sheets for the 2007 [[Lexus GS 450h]].

==High Points==
* Glorious acceleration
* Luxurious cabin
* Excellent handling

==Low Points==
* Fuel mileage isn't great (terrible if you compare it to other Hybrids)
* Expensive
* Heavy beast of a vehicle (4,134 lb curb weight)
* Reduced trunk space due to batteries

==Performance and Handling==
[[Lexus|Lexus]] engineers seemed to have been torn in what to strive for when creating this car. Power is abundant, although it is at the expense of fuel economy, which is poor for a hybrid. This powerplant has a gasoline [[V6]] which produces its peak [[HP|horsepower]] at 4800 RPM, in addition to which an electric motor produces its peak torque at 0 RPMs. The result of this gives the GS 450h acceleration similar to BMW 550i, Mercedes E550 and Porsche 911 Carrera 2 which is quite impressive.

[[Lexus|Lexus]] has incorporated all the handling technologies under one system called VDIM ''(Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management)''. This encompasses [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]], stability control, and suspension amongst other things to make a well sorted ride. The system seems to do an excellent job controlling the GS 450h's weight and power, although driving enthusiasts will be dissappointed with the generally numb steering feel.

==Gas Mileage==
<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=2>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
[[Rear wheel drive|RWD]] [[Continuously Variable Transmission|CVT]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''Engine'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
3.5L [[V6]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''MPG (City/Highway)'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
25/28
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Safety==
* Driver and front passenger airbags including front, side, side curtain and knee
* Rear side curtain airbags
* Electronic [[Traction Control]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) [[Electronic Stability Control|electronic stability control]]
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]]
* [[Brake Assist|Braking Assist]]
* Electronic Controlled Braking (ECB) and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]])
* Tire pressure monitor system
* Highly rigid body structure
* Side impact door beams
* Front and rear crumple zones
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelt]] with Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) for driver
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] Locking Retractor/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers
* Child Restraint Seat (CRS) tether anchor brackets
* Child safety locks and window lock button on driver door control
* Full-color display backup camera
* Intuitive electronic park assist
* Theft-deterrent and engine immobilizer system
* [[Xenon Headlights|High-Intensity Discharge (HID)]] headlamps with [[Directionally Adaptive Headlights|Adaptive Front Lighting System]] (AFS)
* Headlamp washers
* Daytime running lights
* Integrated foglamps
* Rain-sensing variable intermittent windshield wipers

==Reliability==

==Interior and Comforts==
[[Image:GS450h_interior.jpg|right|300px]]
Interior dashboard design is cleanly executed and the standard equipment level is generous. Eight [[airbag]]s, a back-up camera, stereo sound system with 14 speakers, wood trim and leather seats are standard equipment. Interior space is less than many of its competitors, but this can be expected from all the extra entailments of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] powertrain.

Material grades and assembly precision is among the best in the automotive industry and typical of offerings from [[Lexus]].

==Exterior==
[[Lexus|Lexus]] has taken a new styling direction lately that suits this car rather well. The body design is a welcome break from the mundane looks of the previous GS model line. The wide stance conveys some impression of the power under the hood, combined with the exposed dual exhaust and 18-inch alloy wheels. Some people my not care for it's somewhat annoynomous styling while others may connect with it. The [[High Intensity Discharge (HID)|HID]] headlights offer superb output, while the rear LED tailights increase safety in addition to looking great.

==Styles and Options==
'''Standard Equipment'''
* 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] gas engine coupled with a high-output electric-drive motor, producing 340 total net [[HP]]
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission|Electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECVT)]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) advanced stability management
* [[Traction control]]
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] to capture energy and recharge the battery

'''Optional Equipment'''
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]] - $1,900
* Mark Levinson® 14-speaker 330-watt premium surround sound audio system - $1,780
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] Pre-Collision System (PCS) and dynamic [[Cruise Control|radar cruise control]] - $2,850
* Active Stabilizer Suspension System (requires run flat tires) - $3,400
* Rear Spoiler - $200
* All-season [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $400
* Summer [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $480

'''Dealer Accessories'''
* 18-inch G-Spider alloy wheels
* All-weather floor mats
* Car cover
* Cargo net
* Trunk mat
* Wheel locks
* XM® Satellite radio capability

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]

==External Links==
[http://www.technoride.com/article/Lexus+G+450h+Review+A+Wickedly+FastHybrid/181706_1.aspx Wickedly Fast]

Lexus GS 450h Review

2006-07-20T17:54:11Z

205.205.28.3: /* Interior and Comforts */

[[Image:GS_450h.gif|right|300px]]
The new [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] is by no means the car that will ensure a super clean environment for future generations to come with mileage ratings in the mid 20's, but the performance will put a smile on your face today. The combination low end electric torque and high end conventional gas [[HP|horsepower]] make the car a thrill to drive, all the while pretending to be socially conscious.

The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h seems to be more an attempt to leave behind the stigma of power normally associated with [[V8]] engines. In addition, [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] in the marketplace are more so a trendy (if not conscientious) choice. Plans are in place to have [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] offerings throughout the [[Lexus|Lexus]] lineup which will be marketed as the premium vehicle trim.

See also the main fact sheets for the 2007 [[Lexus GS 450h]].

==High Points==
* Glorious acceleration
* Luxurious cabin
* Excellent handling

==Low Points==
* Fuel mileage isn't great (terrible if you compare it to other Hybrids)
* Expensive
* Heavy beast of a vehicle (4,134 lb curb weight)
* Reduced trunk space due to batteries

==Performance and Handling==
[[Lexus|Lexus]] engineers seemed to have been torn in what to strive for when creating this car. Power is abundant, although it is at the expense of fuel economy, which is poor for a hybrid. This powerplant has a gasoline [[V6]] which produces its peak [[HP|horsepower]] at 4800 RPM, in addition to which an electric motor produces its peak torque at 0 RPMs. The result of this gives the GS 450h acceleration similar to BMW 550i, Mercedes E550 and Porsche 911 Carrera 2 which is quite impressive.

[[Lexus|Lexus]] has incorporated all the handling technologies under one system called VDIM ''(Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management)''. This encompasses [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]], stability control, and suspension amongst other things to make a well sorted ride. The system seems to do an excellent job controlling the GS 450h's weight and power, although driving enthusiasts will be dissappointed with the generally numb steering feel.

==Gas Mileage==
<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=2>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
[[Rear wheel drive|RWD]] [[Continuously Variable Transmission|CVT]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''Engine'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
3.5L [[V6]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''MPG (City/Highway)'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
25/28
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Safety==
* Driver and front passenger airbags including front, side, side curtain and knee
* Rear side curtain airbags
* Electronic [[Traction Control]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) [[Electronic Stability Control|electronic stability control]]
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]]
* [[Brake Assist|Braking Assist]]
* Electronic Controlled Braking (ECB) and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]])
* Tire pressure monitor system
* Highly rigid body structure
* Side impact door beams
* Front and rear crumple zones
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelt]] with Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) for driver
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] Locking Retractor/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers
* Child Restraint Seat (CRS) tether anchor brackets
* Child safety locks and window lock button on driver door control
* Full-color display backup camera
* Intuitive electronic park assist
* Theft-deterrent and engine immobilizer system
* [[Xenon Headlights|High-Intensity Discharge (HID)]] headlamps with [[Directionally Adaptive Headlights|Adaptive Front Lighting System]] (AFS)
* Headlamp washers
* Daytime running lights
* Integrated foglamps
* Rain-sensing variable intermittent windshield wipers

==Reliability==

==Interior and Comforts==
[[Image:GS450h_interior.jpg|right|300px]]
Interior dashboard design is cleanly executed and the standard equipment level is generous. Eight [[airbag]]s, a back-up camera, stereo sound system with 14 speakers, wood trim and leather seats are standard equipment. Interior space is less than many of its competitors, but this can be expected from all the extra entailments of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] powertrain.

Material grades and assembly precision is among the best in the automotive industry and typical of offerings from [[Lexus]].

==Exterior==
[[Lexus|Lexus]] has taken a sophisticated approach that suits this car well rather then the edgy designs that can be seen in previous generation [[Hybrid Cars|hybrids]]. The overall wide sporty stance conveys some impression of the power under the hood along with the exposed dual exhaust and 18-inch alloy wheels. All in all most would be hard pressed to identify this vehicle as an energy efficient [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]].

==Styles and Options==
'''Standard Equipment'''
* 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] gas engine coupled with a high-output electric-drive motor, producing 340 total net [[HP]]
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission|Electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECVT)]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) advanced stability management
* [[Traction control]]
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] to capture energy and recharge the battery

'''Optional Equipment'''
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]] - $1,900
* Mark Levinson® 14-speaker 330-watt premium surround sound audio system - $1,780
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] Pre-Collision System (PCS) and dynamic [[Cruise Control|radar cruise control]] - $2,850
* Active Stabilizer Suspension System (requires run flat tires) - $3,400
* Rear Spoiler - $200
* All-season [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $400
* Summer [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $480

'''Dealer Accessories'''
* 18-inch G-Spider alloy wheels
* All-weather floor mats
* Car cover
* Cargo net
* Trunk mat
* Wheel locks
* XM® Satellite radio capability

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]

==External Links==
[http://www.technoride.com/article/Lexus+G+450h+Review+A+Wickedly+FastHybrid/181706_1.aspx Wickedly Fast]

Lexus GS 450h

2006-07-20T17:45:34Z

205.205.28.3: /* Safety */

[[Image:GS450h.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is the second foray into the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] market for this brand name of the [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]], the first being last year's [[Lexus RX 400h|RX 400h]] sport utility.

[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]] have a stigma of being slow, strange and more expensive than conventional cars, right? Not anymore says [[Lexus|Lexus]] with the GS 450h which will use a 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] engine and a high-output electric motor driving the rear wheels to place the [[HP|horsepower]] at the level of a V8 engine.

With just 2,000 units available, even at the $54,900 base price [[Lexus|Lexus]] will easily sell every GS 450h unit.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Lexus GS 450h Review|'''Lexus GS 450h Review''']].

==Styles and Major Options==
'''Standard Equipment'''
* 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] gas engine coupled with a high-output electric-drive motor, producing 340 total net [[HP]]
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission|Electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECVT)]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) advanced stability management
* [[Traction control]]
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] to capture energy and recharge the battery

'''Optional Equipment'''
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]] - $1,900
* Mark Levinson® 14-speaker 330-watt premium surround sound audio system - $1,780
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] Pre-Collision System (PCS) and dynamic [[Cruise Control|radar cruise control]] - $2,850
* Active Stabilizer Suspension System (requires run flat tires) - $3,400
* Rear Spoiler - $200
* All-season [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $400
* Summer [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $480

'''Dealer Accessories'''
* 18-inch G-Spider alloy wheels
* All-weather floor mats
* Car cover
* Cargo net
* Trunk mat
* Wheel locks
* XM® Satellite radio capability

==Pricing==
The GS 450h base vehicle retails for $54,900 MSRP with a $695 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $55,595. Prices for all optional equipment on the [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is available at [http://www.carsdirect.com/lexus/gs_450h/prices CarsDirect.]

The U.S. [[Hybrid Tax Credits|Federal Income Tax Credit]] is $1,550 for models purchased prior to December 31, 2010.

<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=1>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
Base [[Rear-wheel drive|RWD]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=1 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''Price'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=1>
''MSRP''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$54,900
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=1>
''Invoice''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$48,312
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Gas Mileage==
<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=2>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
[[Rear wheel drive|RWD]] [[Continuously Variable Transmission|CVT]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''Engine'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
3.5L [[V6]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''MPG (City/Highway)'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
25/28
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Reliability==

==Safety==
* Driver and front passenger airbags including front, side, side curtain and knee
* Rear side curtain airbags
* Electronic [[Traction Control]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) [[Electronic Stability Control|electronic stability control]]
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]]
* [[Brake Assist|Braking Assist]]
* Electronic Controlled Braking (ECB) and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]])
* Tire pressure monitor system
* Highly rigid body structure
* Side impact door beams
* Front and rear crumple zones
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelt]] with Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) for driver
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] Locking Retractor/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers
* Child Restraint Seat (CRS) tether anchor brackets
* Child safety locks and window lock button on driver door control
* Full-color display backup camera
* Intuitive electronic park assist
* Theft-deterrent and engine immobilizer system
* [[Xenon Headlights|High-Intensity Discharge (HID)]] headlamps with Adaptive Front Lighting System (AFS)
* Headlamp washers
* Daytime running lights
* Integrated foglamps
* Rain-sensing variable intermittent windshield wipers

'''Optional Equipment'''
* Pre-Collision System (PCS) radar

==Photos==
[[Image:G450h_interior.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:GS450h_inst.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:GS450h_eng.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:GS450h_rear.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

[[Image:Blue_onyx_pearl.gif|Blue Onyx Pearl]] Blue Onyx Pearl

[[Image:Black_onyx.gif|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Crystal_white.gif|Crystal White]] Crystal White

[[Image:Glacier_frost_mica.gif|Glacier Frost Mica]] Glacier Frost Mica

[[Image:Gs06_flint_mica.gif|Flint Mica]] Flint Mica

[[Image:Matador_red_mica.gif|Matador Red Mica]] Matador Red Mica

[[Image:Mercury_metallic.gif|Mercury Metallic]] Mercury Metallic

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]

==Unique Attributes==
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] claims a total 339 [[HP|HP]] or 253 kW of output power pushing the GS 450h from 0-60 in 5.2 seconds, which is good enough to earn it the title of fastest Hybrid car available for sale.
* A Neiman Marcus limited-edition GS 450h was included in the 2005 Holiday Catalogue. Only 75 of the special cars were produced in a Crystalline Ice exterior color with Neiman Marcus logo clad interior accents and apparently sold out in 3 hours.

==Resale Values==
Due to the limited production and immediate interest there will likely be little to no resale information for some time.

==See also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]
* [[Lexus LS 600h L]]

==External Links==

* [http://www.lexus.com/models/hybrid/index.html Lexus Hybrids]
* [http://us.lexusownersclub.com/forums/index.php?s=4e891835509645064e2ffca9e8b76757&showforum=79 LexusOwnersClub.com]
* [http://hybridcars.com/lexus-gs450h.html End of the Hybrids As We Know It]
* [http://www.edmunds.com/new/2007/lexus/gs450h/100700963/photos.html GS 450h Picture Gallery]

[[Category:Luxury vehicles]]

Lexus GS 450h

2006-07-20T17:44:22Z

205.205.28.3:

[[Image:GS450h.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is the second foray into the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] market for this brand name of the [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]], the first being last year's [[Lexus RX 400h|RX 400h]] sport utility.

[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]] have a stigma of being slow, strange and more expensive than conventional cars, right? Not anymore says [[Lexus|Lexus]] with the GS 450h which will use a 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] engine and a high-output electric motor driving the rear wheels to place the [[HP|horsepower]] at the level of a V8 engine.

With just 2,000 units available, even at the $54,900 base price [[Lexus|Lexus]] will easily sell every GS 450h unit.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Lexus GS 450h Review|'''Lexus GS 450h Review''']].

==Styles and Major Options==
'''Standard Equipment'''
* 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] gas engine coupled with a high-output electric-drive motor, producing 340 total net [[HP]]
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission|Electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECVT)]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) advanced stability management
* [[Traction control]]
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] to capture energy and recharge the battery

'''Optional Equipment'''
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]] - $1,900
* Mark Levinson® 14-speaker 330-watt premium surround sound audio system - $1,780
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] Pre-Collision System (PCS) and dynamic [[Cruise Control|radar cruise control]] - $2,850
* Active Stabilizer Suspension System (requires run flat tires) - $3,400
* Rear Spoiler - $200
* All-season [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $400
* Summer [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $480

'''Dealer Accessories'''
* 18-inch G-Spider alloy wheels
* All-weather floor mats
* Car cover
* Cargo net
* Trunk mat
* Wheel locks
* XM® Satellite radio capability

==Pricing==
The GS 450h base vehicle retails for $54,900 MSRP with a $695 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $55,595. Prices for all optional equipment on the [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is available at [http://www.carsdirect.com/lexus/gs_450h/prices CarsDirect.]

The U.S. [[Hybrid Tax Credits|Federal Income Tax Credit]] is $1,550 for models purchased prior to December 31, 2010.

<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=1>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
Base [[Rear-wheel drive|RWD]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=1 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''Price'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=1>
''MSRP''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$54,900
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#66ccff>
<td colspan=1>
''Invoice''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
$48,312
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Gas Mileage==
<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=2>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
[[Rear wheel drive|RWD]] [[Continuously Variable Transmission|CVT]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''Engine'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
3.5L [[V6]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''MPG (City/Highway)'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
25/28
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Reliability==

==Safety==
* Driver and front passenger airbags including front, side, side curtain and knee.
* Rear side curtain airbags.
* Electronic [[Traction Control]].
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) [[Electronic Stability Control|electronic stability control]].
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]].
* [[Brake Assist|Braking Assist]].
* Electronic Controlled Braking (ECB) and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]).
* Tire pressure monitor system.
* Highly rigid body structure.
* Side impact door beams.
* Front and rear crumple zones.
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelt]] with Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) for driver.
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] Locking Retractor/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers.
* Child Restraint Seat (CRS) tether anchor brackets.
* Child safety locks and window lock button on driver door control.
* Full-color display backup camera.
* Intuitive electronic park assist.
* Theft-deterrent and engine immobilizer system.
* [[Xenon Headlights|High-Intensity Discharge (HID)]] headlamps with Adaptive Front Lighting System (AFS).
* Headlamp washers.
* Daytime running lights.
* Integrated foglamps.
* Rain-sensing variable intermittent windshield wipers.

'''Optional Equipment'''
* Pre-Collision System (PCS) radar

==Photos==
[[Image:G450h_interior.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:GS450h_inst.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:GS450h_eng.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:GS450h_rear.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

[[Image:Blue_onyx_pearl.gif|Blue Onyx Pearl]] Blue Onyx Pearl

[[Image:Black_onyx.gif|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Crystal_white.gif|Crystal White]] Crystal White

[[Image:Glacier_frost_mica.gif|Glacier Frost Mica]] Glacier Frost Mica

[[Image:Gs06_flint_mica.gif|Flint Mica]] Flint Mica

[[Image:Matador_red_mica.gif|Matador Red Mica]] Matador Red Mica

[[Image:Mercury_metallic.gif|Mercury Metallic]] Mercury Metallic

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]

==Unique Attributes==
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] claims a total 339 [[HP|HP]] or 253 kW of output power pushing the GS 450h from 0-60 in 5.2 seconds, which is good enough to earn it the title of fastest Hybrid car available for sale.
* A Neiman Marcus limited-edition GS 450h was included in the 2005 Holiday Catalogue. Only 75 of the special cars were produced in a Crystalline Ice exterior color with Neiman Marcus logo clad interior accents and apparently sold out in 3 hours.

==Resale Values==
Due to the limited production and immediate interest there will likely be little to no resale information for some time.

==See also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]
* [[Lexus LS 600h L]]

==External Links==

* [http://www.lexus.com/models/hybrid/index.html Lexus Hybrids]
* [http://us.lexusownersclub.com/forums/index.php?s=4e891835509645064e2ffca9e8b76757&showforum=79 LexusOwnersClub.com]
* [http://hybridcars.com/lexus-gs450h.html End of the Hybrids As We Know It]
* [http://www.edmunds.com/new/2007/lexus/gs450h/100700963/photos.html GS 450h Picture Gallery]

[[Category:Luxury vehicles]]

Lexus LS 600h L

2006-07-20T15:08:53Z

205.205.28.3:

[[Image:LS 600h-L 2.jpg|right|400px]]

[[Lexus]] has announced that the LS600h L (a performance [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version of its flag ship sedan) is scheduled to go on sale in North America by spring 2007. It will be the world's first vehicle to feature a [[Full Hybrid|'''full hybrid''']] V8 powertrain. The LS 600h L will combine an all new 5.0 liter [[V8]] gas engine with high-output electric motors and a newly designed "large capacity" [[Battery pack|battery pack]]. It will provide an estimated combined 430 [[HP|horsepower]]. As a [[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|SULEV-rated]] (Super Low Emissions) vehicle, the LS600h L is estimated to produce just 20 per cent of the pollution that causes smog than that of conventional V8 power plants. The vehicle will use a 2-stage [[Continuously Variable Transmission|ECVT transmission]].

Since there is inherent noise, vibration and harshness (NHV) generated by most [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] power plants, [[Lexus|Lexus]] engineers have turned their attention to this area. Their efforts were so focused on cabin quietness that they had to extensively re-engineer many of the accessory motors and switches to compensate for such quiet running.

With "quiet-ride" ranking as one of the top reasons to purchase a luxury vehicle, the LS 600h L is poised to please even the most exacting luxury car buyer. According to [[Lexus|Lexus]], the LS 600h L has NVH levels that are about half that found in conventional cars, making the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] LS one of the quietest automobiles ever built.

When it hits North American dealers in the spring of 2007, only the long-wheelbase version will be offered.
[[Image:Lexus LS 600HD Energy Monitor.jpg|thumb|350px|LS 600h L Hybrid System monitoring screen]]

'''Specifications'''

The LS [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] is expected to carry a [[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle]] ([[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|SULEV]]) rating. A [[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|SULEV]] rating means the LS 600h L has an 80-90 percent cleaner emissions than the "cleanest" of its competitors.

Preliminary dimensions are available at the official [[Lexus|Lexus]] website. [http://www.[[Lexus|lexus]]-europe.com/about_[[Lexus|lexus]]/news_and_events/new_[[Lexus|lexus]]_ls600h_at_ny.asp]

'''Pricing'''

Price information is not available at this time.

'''Gas Mileage'''

The 2008 [[Lexus]] LS 600h L [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] is expected to have a combined city/highway mileage in the low-20 mile per gallon range.

'''Unique Attributes'''
[[Image:Lexus LS 600hl Headlight.jpg|thumb|left|200px|LED Front Headlight]]
The [[Lexus|Lexus]] LS 600h L has the first [[LED Headlights|LED front headlights]] of any production vehicle. It is also speculated that the LS 600h L will also have a newly developed [[Advanced Pre-Collision System (APCS)]], a [[Lexus]] first. The APCS detects objects in its forward path such as other vehicles and even pedestrians. It will then warn the driver before making the necessary braking and steering actions to avoid a collision.

The vehicle is also capable of taking the control when it's time to squeeze into that tight city parking space. A parallel-[[Park Assist|park-assist]] function parks the car at the push of a button, requiring just a little brake work from the driver.

'''External Links'''

*[http://www.lexus-europe.com/about_lexus/news_and_events/new_lexus_ls600h_at_ny.asp Official Site]
*[http://www.GreenHybrid.com GreenHybrid.com: The interactive [[Hybrid Car hybrid]] electric vehicle resource]
*[http://www.MixedPower.com [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid Cars]] and Vehicles - MixedPower.com]

Lexus GS 450h

2006-07-20T13:46:52Z

205.205.28.3: /* Styles and Major Options */

[[Image:GS450h.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is the second foray into the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] market for this brand name of the [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]], the first being last year's [[Lexus RX 400h|RX 400h]] sport utility.

[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]] have a stigma of being slow, strange and more expensive than conventional cars, right? Not anymore says [[Lexus|Lexus]] with the GS 450h which will use a 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] engine and a high-output electric motor driving the rear wheels to place the [[HP|horsepower]] at the level of a V8 engine.

With just 2,000 units available, even at the $54,900 base price [[Lexus|Lexus]] will easily sell every GS 450h unit. The company will follow the new sedan with an [[Lexus LS 600h|LS 600h]] model using the same rear-drive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] technology bolted to the new 380-[[HP|horsepower]] V-8 to deliver V-12 performance.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Lexus GS 450h Review|'''Lexus GS 450h Review''']].

==Styles and Major Options==
'''Standard Equipment'''
* 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] gas engine coupled with a high-output electric-drive motor, producing 340 total net [[HP]]
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission|Electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECVT)]]
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) advanced stability management
* [[Traction control]]
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] to capture energy and recharge the battery

'''Optional Equipment'''
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]] - $1,900
* Mark Levinson® 14-speaker 330-watt premium surround sound audio system - $1,780
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] Pre-Collision System (PCS) and dynamic [[Cruise Control|radar cruise control]] - $2,850
* Active Stabilizer Suspension System (requires run flat tires) - $3,400
* Rear Spoiler - $200
* All-season [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $400
* Summer [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]] - $480

'''Dealer Accessories'''
* 18-inch G-Spider alloy wheels
* All-weather floor mats
* Car cover
* Cargo net
* Trunk mat
* Wheel locks
* XM® Satellite radio capability

==Pricing==

The GS 450h base vehicle retails for $54,900 MSRP with a $695 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $55,595.

When loaded up and compared to a fully sorted [[Lexus GS 430]] with a comparably powered V-8 gas engine prices are very similar. Take in consideration the savings at the fuel pump and this price point will be more and more to the liking of [[Lexus|Lexus]] consumers.

The projected Federal Tax Credit for owning a 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is $1,550 as part of President Bush's comprehensive energy bill.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/lexus/gs_450h/prices]

==Gas Mileage==
The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h works out to a 25 city/28 highway mpg EPA estimated rating. ''Actual milage may vary.''

Admittedly not as impressive as other [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] on the market like the [[Honda Civic Hybrid|Honda Civic Hybrid]], [[Toyota Camry Hybrid|Toyota Camry Hybrid]] or even SUVs like Fords [[Ford Escape Hybrid| Escape Hybrid]]. [[Lexus|Lexus]] has composed a [http://lexus.com/assets/models/performance/pdf/GSh_driving_performance_guide.pdf driving guide] to get the most out of their fuel efficiency systems in the GS 450h.

==Reliability==

==Safety==
* Driver and front passenger airbags including front, side, side curtain and knee.
* Rear side curtain airbags.
* Electronic [[Traction Control]].
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) [[Electronic Stability Control|electronic stability control]].
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]].
* [[Brake Assist|Braking Assist]].
* Electronic Controlled Braking (ECB) and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]).
* Tire pressure monitor system.
* Highly rigid body structure.
* Side impact door beams.
* Front and rear crumple zones.
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelt]] with Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) for driver.
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] Locking Retractor/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers.
* Child Restraint Seat (CRS) tether anchor brackets.
* Child safety locks and window lock button on driver door control.
* Full-color display backup camera.
* Intuitive electronic park assist.
* Theft-deterrent and engine immobilizer system.
* [[Xenon Headlights|High-Intensity Discharge (HID)]] headlamps with Adaptive Front Lighting System (AFS).
* Headlamp washers.
* Daytime running lights.
* Integrated foglamps.
* Rain-sensing variable intermittent windshield wipers.

'''Optional Equipment'''
* Pre-Collision System (PCS) radar

==Photos==
[[Image:G450h_interior.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:GS450h_inst.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:GS450h_eng.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:GS450h_rear.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

[[Image:Blue_onyx_pearl.gif|Blue Onyx Pearl]] Blue Onyx Pearl

[[Image:Black_onyx.gif|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Crystal_white.gif|Crystal White]] Crystal White

[[Image:Glacier_frost_mica.gif|Glacier Frost Mica]] Glacier Frost Mica

[[Image:Gs06_flint_mica.gif|Flint Mica]] Flint Mica

[[Image:Matador_red_mica.gif|Matador Red Mica]] Matador Red Mica

[[Image:Mercury_metallic.gif|Mercury Metallic]] Mercury Metallic

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]

==Unique Attributes==
* The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is more an attempt to raise the bar of [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] on the marketplace then a conscientious choice. Plans are in place to have [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] solutions throughout the [[Lexus|Lexus]] lineup and will be marketed as the premium vehicle trim.
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] claims a total 339 [[HP|HP]] or 253 kW of output power pushing the GS 450h from 0-60 in 5.2 seconds.
* A Neiman Marcus limited-edition GS 450h was included in the 2005 Holiday Catalogue. Only 75 of the special cars were produced in a Crystalline Ice exterior color with Neiman Marcus logo clad interior accents and apparently sold out in 3 hours.

==Resale Values==
Due to the limited production and immediate interest there will likely be little to no resale information for some time.

==See also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]
* [[Lexus LS 600h L]]

==External Links==

* [http://www.lexus.com/models/hybrid/index.html Lexus Hybrids]
* [http://us.lexusownersclub.com/forums/index.php?s=4e891835509645064e2ffca9e8b76757&showforum=79 LexusOwnersClub.com]
* [http://hybridcars.com/lexus-gs450h.html End of the Hybrids As We Know It]
* [http://www.edmunds.com/new/2007/lexus/gs450h/100700963/photos.html GS 450h Picture Gallery]

[[Category:Luxury vehicles]]

Saturn VUE Green Line Review

2006-07-19T16:58:32Z

205.205.28.3:

[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]
The [[Saturn VUE Green Line]] is about to enter the hybrid market this summer with a promise of a 20% gain in fuel economy. Most drivers won't recognize the new hybrid model as any different from the conventionally powered VUE aside from the badge and a few extra components in the engine bay. The mild hybrid system being utilized here is designed for ease of use and low cost to the consumer. Two very important qualities in the minds of [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]. The VUE has come to market as a very approachable option to the first time hybrid buyer and that in itself is a step in the right direction even though more environmentally conscious consumers would refer to it as a baby step.

==High Points==
* Best highway mileage of any SUV.
* 170 HP and 164 lb-ft of torque plus another 115 lb-ft from the electric motor.
* Starting price around $23,000.
* Cargo space uncomprimised by batteries or equipment.

==Low Points==
* Mild hybrid means mild fuel savings.
* Electric motor never solely drives wheels.

==Performance and Handling==
The VUE Green Line's 2.4-liter engine produces 170 horsepower which is a substantial increase from the non-hybrid version of the VUE that has a 2.2-liter engine at 143 horsepower. Coupled with the extra torque provided by the electric motor in power assisted situations, drivers will be very impressed with the VUE Green Line's sporty feel.

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* Regenerative braking captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
The [[Saturn]] VUE features front and rear crumple zones and with the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Interior and Comforts==
The VUE Green Line on the inside is nearly identical to the non-hybrid version providing a standard power convenience package including doors, windows and mirrors. Remote keyless entry, fold flat seats, rear cargo organizer and OnStar. No amount of cargo space was lost with the inclusion of the hybrid system and battery since the battery is so small compared to what you would expect in a full hybrid vehicle.

==Exterior==
The exterior of the VUE Green Line is in most ways no different except for the hybrid badge along the rear of the vehicle. The Green Line does come with some extra standard equipment the regular model does not to help distinguish it including anti-lock brakes with traction control, alloy wheels, chrome finish skid plates, body colored door handles and mirrors and lastly a rear spoiler to top it off.

==Styles and Options==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3.
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package.
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment.
* Leather interior package.
* Power sunroof.
* OnStar.

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:58:17Z

205.205.28.3:

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_VUE_interior.jpg]]
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:47:59Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_VUE_interior.jpg]]
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:46:28Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_vue_interior.jpg]]
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:43:41Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Vueinterior.jpg]]
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:43:19Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Vue_interior.jpg]]
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:43:06Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_vue_interior.jpg]]
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:42:54Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_Interior.jpg]]
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:42:44Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_interior.jpg]]
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:42:09Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:41:23Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:40:51Z

205.205.28.3:

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|right|300px]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:40:13Z

205.205.28.3: /* Styles and Major Options */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Green Line]]
[[Image:Vue_Int.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Interior]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment
* Leather interior package
* Power sunroof
* OnStar

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:38:39Z

205.205.28.3: /* Specifications */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Green Line]]
[[Image:Vue_Int.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Interior]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3.
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package.
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment.
* Leather interior package.
* Power sunroof.
* OnStar.

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC [[inline-4]]cylinder.
* 170 [[HP]] @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed [[traction control]].
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:37:47Z

205.205.28.3: /* Criticisms */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Green Line]]
[[Image:Vue_Int.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Interior]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3.
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package.
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment.
* Leather interior package.
* Power sunroof.
* OnStar.

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC inline 4-cylinder.
* 170 hp @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed traction control.
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line

2006-07-19T16:37:09Z

205.205.28.3: /* Photos */

[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Green Line]]
[[Image:Vue_Int.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Interior]]
The 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is the first [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] vehicle to utilize their new [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]] hybrid system. Not as effective a configuration as a [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid]] system the VUE Green Line is considered a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] or a [[Stop-Start Hybrid|"start-stop"]] hybrid achieving a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy. A sophisticated system controls a motor/generator mated to the specially tuned 2.4-liter Ecotec four-cylinder engine to stop the conventional powerplant in idle or deceleration as well as offer added torque in certain situations.

This is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] second measured step into the hybrid market, the first being the 2006 nationwide release of the [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Sierra/Silverado]] gas guzzlers which were fitted with similar [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]] systems. Future vehicles will be more aggressive towards fuel consumption using an improved [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|two-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid|Tahoe/Yukon]] line for starters.

See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Saturn VUE Green Line Review|'''Saturn VUE Green Line Review''']].

==Recent Changes==
The VUE model line is largely a carry over except for the addition of the Green Line and some extra standard equipment. Last years 2006 model underwent many exterior styling changes plus interior refinements along with more standard power equipment and stereo options.

==Styles and Major Options==

The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3.
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package.
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment.
* Leather interior package.
* Power sunroof.
* OnStar.

==Pricing==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line base vehicle retails for $22,370 MSRP with a $625 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $22,995.

A very low price point for a hybrid. In fact the lowest priced hybrid SUV on the market.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/research/model-year?make=SA&modelid=643&year=2007]

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
With the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Photos==
[[Image:Saturn_Vue_badge.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn_vue_batt.jpg|right|300px]]

[[Image:Saturn Vue Green Line.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

=====Exterior Colors=====

[[Image:Black_Onyx.JPG|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Chili_Pepper_Red.JPG|Chili Pepper Red]] Chili Pepper Red

[[Image:Cypress_Green.JPG|Cypress Green]] Cypress Green

[[Image:Deep_Blue.JPG|Deep Blue]] Deep Blue

[[Image:Polar_White.JPG|Polar White]] Polar White

[[Image:Silver_Nickel.JPG|Silver Nickel]] Silver Nickel

[[Image:Storm_Gray.JPG|Storm Gray]] Storm Gray

=====Interior Colors=====

[[Image:Gray_Int.JPG|Gray]] Gray

[[Image:Tan_Int.JPG|Tan]] Tan

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==Unique Attributes==

* [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)|BAS - Belt Alternator Starter]] draws a line short of a full hybrid system in the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line.

* Least expensive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] SUV on the market today.

* Best mileage rating during highway driving for an SUV.

==Resale Values==

[[Saturn]] automobiles are traditionally very reliable and maintain value quite well.

==Criticisms==

* Still falls short of competitors full hybrid systems which are more effective at reducing fuel consumption.

* Some see these type of quasi-hybrid vehicles more beneficial to public relations then the environment.

==Specifications==

* 2.4-liter Ecotec DOHC inline 4-cylinder.
* 170 hp @ 6600 rpm, 162 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm.
* Estimated fuel economy of 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway.
* NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]] pack.
* Hydra-Matic 4-speed automatic transmission.
* All speed traction control.
* 16-in aluminum wheels shod with [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires|low rolling resistance tires]].
* 3474 lb curb weight.
* 1500 lb trailer towing capacity.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Hybrid Cars

2006-07-19T16:35:18Z

205.205.28.3:

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics. We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned. See Wikicars' [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].

{| cellpadding="5px" cellspacing="0px" border="0px" style="padding-top:10px;" width="100%"
|-
|align="left" width="50%" style=" border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;" valign="top"|
<h2 style="margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Passenger Cars</h2>
{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
|'''Available Now:'''||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real MPG]
|-
| valign="top"|[[Honda Insight]]
|valign="top" align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]
|-
||[[Toyota Prius ]]
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]
|-
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]
|-
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]
|-
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]
|-
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]
|align=center|N/A
|}
<div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em">
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|175px|Lexus GS 450h]]
<small>[[Lexus GS 450h]]</small>
</div>
{|width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
||'''In the Works:'''
|-
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Hyundai Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]
|-
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]
|}
|align="left" width="50%" style="border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;" valign="top"|
<h2 style="margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Trucks, SUVs & Minivans</h2>
{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
|'''Available Now:'''||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real MPG]
|-
|valign="top"|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]
|valign="top" align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]
|-
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]
|-
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]
|-
||[[Lexus RX 400h]]
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]
|-
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]
|align=center|N/A
|-
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]
|align=center|N/A
|}
<div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em">
[[Image:Vue_Front.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]
<small>[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]</small>
</div>
{|width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
||'''In the Works:'''
|-
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]
|-
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]
|-
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]
|-
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]
|}
|}
<div style="float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em">
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]<br />
</div>
'''High Mileage Topics'''
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]]
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]
* [[Electric Vehicles]]

<h2 style="margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types & Technologies</h2>
<div style="float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em">
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]<br />
<small>[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph</small><br />
</div>
'''Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]'''
* [[Full Hybrid]]
* [[Mild Hybrid]]
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]

'''[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms & Technologies'''
* [[Battery Technology]]
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Regenerative Braking]]
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]

Toyota Camry Hybrid

2006-07-19T16:33:00Z

205.205.28.3: /* Standard Equipment */

[[Image:Camryhybridside.jpg|right|]]
The '''[[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]''' is a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version of [[Toyota]]'s popular [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sedan, introduced for the 2007 model year in May 2006. Estimated U.S. sales are 60,000 per year or 15% of total [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sales.

The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] utilizes a four-cylinder gasoline engine together with electric motors to produce a peak of 187 [[HP|HP]] (140 kW).

See WikiCars' comprehensive '''[[Toyota Camry Hybrid Review]]'''.

==Recent Changes==
The [[Toyota Camry]] is completely redesigned from the inside out for 2007. [[Toyota]] continues to maintain the dependability and safety that have becom synonomous with the "[[Toyota Camry|Camry]]." Most noticeably, the new [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] fashions a new front grille with sleeker, slanted headlights and raised, squared-off trunk with sloping talilights.

[[Toyota]] introduced the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] model in May of 2006 as a 2007 model to be sold alongside the 2007 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]. The [[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] uses technology similar to that of the [[Toyota Prius]], [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]].

Size of the '07 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] has increased with a 2.2 inch longer wheelbase and a 1.2 inch wider front and rear track, which increased the interior capacity to over 101 cubic feet.

For more information see: [[Toyota Camry]].

==Styles and Major Options==
====Standard Equipment====
* 2.4L [[Inline-4]] cylinder 2AZ-FXE Atkinson cycle gasoline engine with 147 [[HP|horsepower]] and 138 lb-ft of torque
* 650V electric traction motor with 296 lb-ft of torque
* NiMH 245V traction battery with a maximum output of 40 [[HP|horsepower]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] system with 187 net [[HP]] and 199 net lb-ft of torque
* Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
* Dual Zone Automatic Climate Control that can run with the engine off
* Electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering
* [[Traction Control]], [[Brake Assist]]
* Split-folding rear seat
* [[Remote Keyless Entry|Remote entry]] and starting
* "ECO" button that limits energy consumption by the HVAC system and under certain conditions can help improve fuel economy
* Use of wheel spats and underbody pans resulting in a low coefficient of aerodynamic drag (Cd) of 0.27
* Satin finished grille, "[[Hybrid Cars|HYBRID]]" emblem behind front fenders, blue tinted headlight surrounds, HSD emblem in the rear decklid

====Optional Equipment====
'''Moonroof Package:'''
* Includes power title/slide [[Sunroof|moonroof]] with sliding sunshade, dual illuminated visor vanity mirrors with dimmer control and rear personal reading lights.

'''Comfort and Convenience Package:'''
* Includes heated front seats and outside mirrors

'''Leather Package:'''
* Includes leather-trimmed seats and door trim with integrated armrests, driver and front passenger power seats, and dual front and rear map pockets

====Individual Options====
* Voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|navigation system]]
* ''JBL'' AM/FM [[In-dash 6-Disc CD|4-disc in-dash CD]] changer with [[Satellite Radio|satellite radio]] capability
* Digital Audio Media/MP3/WMA playback capability
* Auxiliary audio jack
* Hands-free phone capability via [[Bluetooth]]® wireless technology
* 8 speakers in 6 locations and FM diversity reception
* Heated outside mirrors

==Pricing==
* The Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] retails for MSRP $25,900 and carries a $580 delivery fee, giving it a base price of $26,480.

* Expected U.S. tax credit is $2,600 for purchases prior to Sept 30, 2006. After Sept 30, it will be approximately $1,300.

Today's prices for different trims of the 2007 [[Toyota Camry]] are also available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/toyota/camry/prices]

==Gas Mileage==
<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=1>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
4-cylinder CVT
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=1 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''Engine'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
2.4L [[Inline-4]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=1 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''MPG (City/Highway)'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
40/38
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Reliability==

==Safety==
* Driver and Front passenger Advanced Airbag System
* Driver and Front passenger front seat-mounted [[Side Airbags|side airbags]] and front and rear [[side Curtain Airbags|side curtain airbags]]
* Driver's knee airbag
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with adjustable shoulder anchors and driver-side Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR), front passenger [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR)
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers
* Outboard rear [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelt]] comfort guides
* Front and rear crumple zones and side-impact door beams
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|Anti-Lock Brakes System (ABS)]] with Electronic Brake-force Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]) and [[Brake Assist]]
* Direct Tire Pressure Monitor System
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management System (VDIM)
* Energy-absrbing collapsable sterring column
* Child-protector rear door locks
* Rear-seat Child Restaint System (CRS) lower anchors and top-tether brackets (LATCH)
* Internal trunk-release handle
* Battery-saver feature - Deactivates interior lights after 20 minutes
* Daytime Running Lights ([[Daytime Running Lights|DRL]]) with "Off" mode
* Engine immobilizer

==Photos==
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_dash.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:smartkey.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:multiinfo.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_rear.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

[[Image:Blackcamry.jpg|Black]] Black

[[Image:Superwhitecamry.jpg|Super White]] Super White

[[Image:Jasperpearlcamry.jpg|Jasper Pearl]] Jasper Pearl

[[Image:Desertsandmicacamry.jpg|Desert Sand Mica]] Desert Sand Mica

[[Image:Titaniummetalliccamry.jpg|Titanium Metallic]] Titanium Metallic

[[Image:Barcelonaredmetalliccamry.jpg|Barcelona Red Metallic]] Barcelona Red Metallic

[[Image:Blueskypearcamry.jpg|Sky Blue Pearl]] Sky Blue Pearl

[[Image:Magneticgreymetalliccamry.jpg|Magnetic Grey Metallic]] Magnetic Grey Metallic

[[Image:Aloegreenmetalliccamry.jpg|Aloe Green Metallic]] Aloe Green Metallic

[[Image:Blueribbonmetallic.jpg|Blue Ribbon Metallic]] Blue Ribbon Metallic

[[Image:Ashfabriccamry.jpg|Ash Fabric]] Ash Fabric

[[Image:Ashleathercamry.jpg|Ash Leather]] Ash Leather

[[Image:Bisquefabriccamry.jpg|Bisque Fabric]] Bisque Fabric

[[Image:Bisqueleathercamry.jpg|Bisque Leather]] Bisque Leather

[[Image:Darkcharcoalfabriccamry.jpg|Dark Charcoal]] Dark Charcoal Fabric

[[Image:Darkcharcoalleathercamry.jpg|Dark Charcoal Leather]] Dark Charcoal Leather

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Saturn Aura Green Line]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]
* [[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]
* [[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]

==Unique Attributes==
* Because it does not achieve an EPA estimate of 45 mpg, it will not meet the requirements to drive in California carpool lanes. Virginia recently qualified Camry [[Hybrid Cars|hybrids]] for HOV exemption, but they must be specially tagged by June 30 to be eligible for I-95 & I-395 exemption.

* Exemption for I-66 and Dulles Toll Road HOV usage continues even for registrations beyond June 30. Exemptions for other states unknown.

* Produces 80% less pollution (smog forming emissions) than similar gasoline-only cars.

* 8-year/100,000-mile drivetrain-related component coverage. Longer coverage in CA, MA, NY, NJ, VT, CT, ME, NH and RI: 15-year/150,000-mile coverage with the exception of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery. The [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery is warranted for 10 years/150,000 miles.

==Resale Values==
'''Kelley Blue Book''' offers a range of resale value information, with mileage and equipment levels factored [http://www.kbb.com/ in].

==Design Quirks and Oddities==
The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] and Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] share the same chassis with a few minor differences.

* The overall height of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 57.5 inches, which is almost half an inch shorter than the other trims of the [[Toyota Camry]].

* The ground clearance of the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] varies by model as well:
** The CE and LE (4-Cylinder) trims have a clearance of ''5.5'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] LE, SE (4-Cylinder), and [[V6]] XLE trims have a clearance of ''5.3'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] SE trim has a clearance of ''5.1'' inches form the ground.
** The ''Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]'' has a clearance of ''5.9'' inches form the ground.

* The Fuel Tank of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 17.2 gallons, whereas the fuel tank of the other [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] trims is 18.3 gallons.

==See Also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Toyota Camry]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]

==External Links==
* [http://www.toyotanation.com/photos/showgallery.php/cat/771 Pictures from Toyota Nation]
* [http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/future/camry/index.html?s_van=GM_HOME_NEWCAMRY_TXT Flash presentation from Toyota]
* [http://www.greenhybrid.com/discuss/toyota-camry-hybrid.049.html Toyota Camry Hybrid Discussion Forums]
* [http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060130/FREE/60130003/1041 How to build a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]]]
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060213/FREE/60209096/1003 How Toyota buys Camry supplies]
* [http://camrychat.com CamryChat.com]

[[Category:Toyota vehicles|Camry Hybrid]]
[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Mid-Size Sedans]]
[[Category:2007 Introductions]]

Toyota Camry Hybrid

2006-07-19T16:27:27Z

205.205.28.3: /* Gas Mileage */

[[Image:Camryhybridside.jpg|right|]]
The '''[[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]''' is a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version of [[Toyota]]'s popular [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sedan, introduced for the 2007 model year in May 2006. Estimated U.S. sales are 60,000 per year or 15% of total [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sales.

The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] utilizes a four-cylinder gasoline engine together with electric motors to produce a peak of 187 [[HP|HP]] (140 kW).

See WikiCars' comprehensive '''[[Toyota Camry Hybrid Review]]'''.

==Recent Changes==
The [[Toyota Camry]] is completely redesigned from the inside out for 2007. [[Toyota]] continues to maintain the dependability and safety that have becom synonomous with the "[[Toyota Camry|Camry]]." Most noticeably, the new [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] fashions a new front grille with sleeker, slanted headlights and raised, squared-off trunk with sloping talilights.

[[Toyota]] introduced the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] model in May of 2006 as a 2007 model to be sold alongside the 2007 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]. The [[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] uses technology similar to that of the [[Toyota Prius]], [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]].

Size of the '07 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] has increased with a 2.2 inch longer wheelbase and a 1.2 inch wider front and rear track, which increased the interior capacity to over 101 cubic feet.

For more information see: [[Toyota Camry]].

==Styles and Major Options==
====Standard Equipment====
* 2.4L [[Inline-4]] cylinder 2AZ-FXE Atkinson cycle gasoline engine with 147 [[HP|horsepower]] and 138 lb-ft of torque
* 650V electric motors with 140 [[HP|horsepower]] (105 kW) and 199 lb-ft of torque
* NiMH 245V traction battery with a maximum output of 40 [[HP|horsepower]] (30 kW)
* Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
* Dual Zone Automatic Climate Control that can run with the engine off
* Electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering
* [[Traction Control]], [[Brake Assist]]
* Split-folding rear seat
* [[Remote Keyless Entry|Remote entry]] and starting
* "ECO" button that limits energy consumption by the HVAC system and under certain conditions can help improve fuel economy
* Use of wheel spats and underbody pans resulting in a low coefficient of aerodynamic drag (Cd) of 0.27.
* Satin finished grille, "[[Hybrid Cars|HYBRID]]" emblem behind front fenders, blue tinted headlight surrounds, HSD emblem in the rear decklid.

====Optional Equipment====
'''Moonroof Package:'''
* Includes power title/slide [[Sunroof|moonroof]] with sliding sunshade, dual illuminated visor vanity mirrors with dimmer control and rear personal reading lights.

'''Comfort and Convenience Package:'''
* Includes heated front seats and outside mirrors

'''Leather Package:'''
* Includes leather-trimmed seats and door trim with integrated armrests, driver and front passenger power seats, and dual front and rear map pockets

====Individual Options====
* Voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|navigation system]]
* ''JBL'' AM/FM [[In-dash 6-Disc CD|4-disc in-dash CD]] changer with [[Satellite Radio|satellite radio]] capability
* Digital Audio Media/MP3/WMA playback capability
* Auxiliary audio jack
* Hands-free phone capability via [[Bluetooth]]® wireless technology
* 8 speakers in 6 locations and FM diversity reception
* Heated outside mirrors

==Pricing==
* The Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] retails for MSRP $25,900 and carries a $580 delivery fee, giving it a base price of $26,480.

* Expected U.S. tax credit is $2,600 for purchases prior to Sept 30, 2006. After Sept 30, it will be approximately $1,300.

Today's prices for different trims of the 2007 [[Toyota Camry]] are also available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/toyota/camry/prices]

==Gas Mileage==
<table border=1 bordercolor=#000008>
<tr bgcolor=#ccccc>
<td colspan=1>
'''Trim'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=ffffcc>
<td>
4-cylinder CVT
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=1 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''Engine'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
2.4L [[Inline-4]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=1 bgcolor=#ccccc>
'''MPG (City/Highway)'''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=#ffffcc>
<td>
40/38
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Reliability==

==Safety==
* Driver and Front passenger Advanced Airbag System
* Driver and Front passenger front seat-mounted [[Side Airbags|side airbags]] and front and rear [[side Curtain Airbags|side curtain airbags]]
* Driver's knee airbag
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with adjustable shoulder anchors and driver-side Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR), front passenger [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR)
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers
* Outboard rear [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelt]] comfort guides
* Front and rear crumple zones and side-impact door beams
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|Anti-Lock Brakes System (ABS)]] with Electronic Brake-force Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]) and [[Brake Assist]]
* Direct Tire Pressure Monitor System
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management System (VDIM)
* Energy-absrbing collapsable sterring column
* Child-protector rear door locks
* Rear-seat Child Restaint System (CRS) lower anchors and top-tether brackets (LATCH)
* Internal trunk-release handle
* Battery-saver feature - Deactivates interior lights after 20 minutes
* Daytime Running Lights ([[Daytime Running Lights|DRL]]) with "Off" mode
* Engine immobilizer

==Photos==
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_dash.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:smartkey.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:multiinfo.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_rear.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==

[[Image:Blackcamry.jpg|Black]] Black

[[Image:Superwhitecamry.jpg|Super White]] Super White

[[Image:Jasperpearlcamry.jpg|Jasper Pearl]] Jasper Pearl

[[Image:Desertsandmicacamry.jpg|Desert Sand Mica]] Desert Sand Mica

[[Image:Titaniummetalliccamry.jpg|Titanium Metallic]] Titanium Metallic

[[Image:Barcelonaredmetalliccamry.jpg|Barcelona Red Metallic]] Barcelona Red Metallic

[[Image:Blueskypearcamry.jpg|Sky Blue Pearl]] Sky Blue Pearl

[[Image:Magneticgreymetalliccamry.jpg|Magnetic Grey Metallic]] Magnetic Grey Metallic

[[Image:Aloegreenmetalliccamry.jpg|Aloe Green Metallic]] Aloe Green Metallic

[[Image:Blueribbonmetallic.jpg|Blue Ribbon Metallic]] Blue Ribbon Metallic

[[Image:Ashfabriccamry.jpg|Ash Fabric]] Ash Fabric

[[Image:Ashleathercamry.jpg|Ash Leather]] Ash Leather

[[Image:Bisquefabriccamry.jpg|Bisque Fabric]] Bisque Fabric

[[Image:Bisqueleathercamry.jpg|Bisque Leather]] Bisque Leather

[[Image:Darkcharcoalfabriccamry.jpg|Dark Charcoal]] Dark Charcoal Fabric

[[Image:Darkcharcoalleathercamry.jpg|Dark Charcoal Leather]] Dark Charcoal Leather

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Saturn Aura Green Line]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]
* [[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]
* [[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]

==Unique Attributes==
* Because it does not achieve an EPA estimate of 45 mpg, it will not meet the requirements to drive in California carpool lanes. Virginia recently qualified Camry [[Hybrid Cars|hybrids]] for HOV exemption, but they must be specially tagged by June 30 to be eligible for I-95 & I-395 exemption.

* Exemption for I-66 and Dulles Toll Road HOV usage continues even for registrations beyond June 30. Exemptions for other states unknown.

* Produces 80% less pollution (smog forming emissions) than similar gasoline-only cars.

* 8-year/100,000-mile drivetrain-related component coverage. Longer coverage in CA, MA, NY, NJ, VT, CT, ME, NH and RI: 15-year/150,000-mile coverage with the exception of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery. The [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery is warranted for 10 years/150,000 miles.

==Resale Values==
'''Kelley Blue Book''' offers a range of resale value information, with mileage and equipment levels factored [http://www.kbb.com/ in].

==Design Quirks and Oddities==
The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] and Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] share the same chassis with a few minor differences.

* The overall height of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 57.5 inches, which is almost half an inch shorter than the other trims of the [[Toyota Camry]].

* The ground clearance of the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] varies by model as well:
** The CE and LE (4-Cylinder) trims have a clearance of ''5.5'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] LE, SE (4-Cylinder), and [[V6]] XLE trims have a clearance of ''5.3'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] SE trim has a clearance of ''5.1'' inches form the ground.
** The ''Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]'' has a clearance of ''5.9'' inches form the ground.

* The Fuel Tank of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 17.2 gallons, whereas the fuel tank of the other [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] trims is 18.3 gallons.

==See Also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Toyota Camry]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]

==External Links==
* [http://www.toyotanation.com/photos/showgallery.php/cat/771 Pictures from Toyota Nation]
* [http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/future/camry/index.html?s_van=GM_HOME_NEWCAMRY_TXT Flash presentation from Toyota]
* [http://www.greenhybrid.com/discuss/toyota-camry-hybrid.049.html Toyota Camry Hybrid Discussion Forums]
* [http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060130/FREE/60130003/1041 How to build a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]]]
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060213/FREE/60209096/1003 How Toyota buys Camry supplies]
* [http://camrychat.com CamryChat.com]

[[Category:Toyota vehicles|Camry Hybrid]]
[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Mid-Size Sedans]]
[[Category:2007 Introductions]]

Toyota Camry Hybrid

2006-07-19T13:44:42Z

205.205.28.3: /* External Links */

[[Image:Camryhybridside.jpg|right|]]
The '''[[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]''' is a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version of [[Toyota]]'s popular [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sedan, introduced for the 2007 model year in May 2006. Estimated U.S. sales are 60,000 per year or 15% of total [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sales.

The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] utilizes a four-cylinder gasoline engine together with electric motors to produce a peak of 187 [[HP|HP]] (140 kW).

See WikiCars' comprehensive '''[[Toyota Camry Hybrid Review]]'''.

==Recent Changes==
The [[Toyota Camry]] is completely redesigned from the inside out for 2007. [[Toyota]] continues to maintain the dependability and safety that have becom synonomous with the "[[Toyota Camry|Camry]]." Most noticeably, the new [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] fashions a new front grille with sleeker, slanted headlights and raised, squared-off trunk with sloping talilights.

[[Toyota]] introduced the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] model in May of 2006 as a 2007 model to be sold alongside the 2007 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]. The [[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] uses technology similar to that of the [[Toyota Prius]], [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]].

Size of the '07 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] has increased with a 2.2 inch longer wheelbase and a 1.2 inch wider front and rear track, which increased the interior capacity to over 101 cubic feet.

For more information see: [[Toyota Camry]].

==Styles and Major Options==
'''Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]'s features include:'''
* 2.4 Liter VVT-i 4-Cylinder Engine with [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]], producing 187 [[HP|Horsepower]].
* Dual Zone [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] [[Climate Control]] that can run with the engine off
* A Super-Clean Advanced Technology [[Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle]] (AT-PZEV)
* Up to 80% fewer smog forming emissions than the average new vehicle.

===Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Packages===
'''[[Sunroof|Moonroof]] Package:'''
* Includes power title/slide [[Sunroof|moonroof]] with sliding sunshade, dual illuminated visor vanity mirrors with dimmer control and rear personal reading lights.

'''Comfort and Convenience Package:'''
* Includes heated front seats and outside mirrors

'''Leather Package:'''
* Includes leather-trimmed seats and door trim with integrated armrests, driver and front passenger power seats, and dual front and rear map pockets

===Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Options===
* Voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|navigation system]]
* ''JBL'' AM/FM [[In-dash 6-Disc CD|4-disc in-dash CD]] changer with [[Satellite Radio|satellite radio]] capability
* [[Digital Audio Media|MP3/WMA playback]] capability
* Auxiliary audio jack
* Hands-free phone capability via [[Bluetooth]] wireless technology
* 8 speakers in 6 locations and FM diversity reception
* Heated outside mirrors

==Pricing==
* The Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] retails for MSRP $25,900 and carries a $580 delivery fee, giving it a base price of $26,480.

* Expected U.S. tax credit is $2,600 for purchases prior to Sept 30, 2006. After Sept 30, it will be approximately $1,300.

Today's prices for different trims of the 2007 [[Toyota Camry]] are also available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/toyota/camry/prices]

==Gas Mileage==
The [[Toyota Camry]] with [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] offers an exceptional EPA-estimated rating of 40 MPG (City) and 38 MPG (Highway).

Actual mileage may vary.

==Reliability==

==Safety==
'''The Toyota Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] offers a myriad of safety features including the following, which come ''STANDARD'':'''
* Driver and Front passenger Advanced Airbag System
* Driver and Front passenger front seat-mounted [[Side Airbags|side airbags]] and front and rear [[side Curtain Airbags|side curtain airbags]]
* Driver's knee airbag
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with adjustable shoulder anchors and driver-side Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR), front passenger [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR)
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers
* Outboard rear [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelt]] comfort guides
* Front and rear crumple zones and side-impact door beams
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|Anti-Lock Brakes System (ABS)]] with Electronic Brake-force Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]) and [[Brake Assist]]
* Direct Tire Pressure Monitor System
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management System (VDIM)
* Energy-absrbing collapsable sterring column
* Child-protector rear door locks
* Rear-seat Child Restaint System (CRS) lower anchors and top-tether brackets (LATCH)
* Internal trunk-release handle
* Battery-saver feature - Deactivates interior lights after 20 minutes
* Daytime Running Lights ([[Daytime Running Lights|DRL]]) with "Off" mode
* Engine immobilizer

==Photos==
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_dash.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:smartkey.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:multiinfo.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_rear.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==
'''The 2007 Toyota Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is available in the following colors:'''
* Jasper Pearl
* Super White
* Desert Sand Mica
* Titanium Metallic
* Barcelona Red
* Magnetic Grey Metallic
* Blue Ribbon Metallic

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Saturn Aura Green Line]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]
* [[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]
* [[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]

==Unique Attributes==
* Because it does not achieve an EPA estimate of 45 mpg, it will not meet the requirements to drive in California carpool lanes. Virginia recently qualified Camry [[Hybrid Cars|hybrids]] for HOV exemption, but they must be specially tagged by June 30 to be eligible for I-95 & I-395 exemption.

* Exemption for I-66 and Dulles Toll Road HOV usage continues even for registrations beyond June 30. Exemptions for other states unknown.

* Produces 80% less pollution (smog forming emissions) than similar gasoline-only cars.

* 8-year/100,000-mile drivetrain-related component coverage. Longer coverage in CA, MA, NY, NJ, VT, CT, ME, NH and RI: 15-year/150,000-mile coverage with the exception of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery. The [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery is warranted for 10 years/150,000 miles.

==Resale Values==
'''Kelley Blue Book''' offers a range of resale value information, with mileage and equipment levels factored [http://www.kbb.com/ in].

==Specifications==
* LED tail lights for energy efficiency
* Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
* 2.4 L four-cylinder 2AZ-FXE Atkinson cycle gasoline engine with 147 [[HP|horsepower]] and 138 lb-ft of torque
* 650V electric motors with 140 [[HP|horsepower]] (105 kW) and 199 lb-ft of torque
* NiMH 245V traction battery with a maximum output of 40 [[HP|horsepower]] (30 kW)
* Electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering
* Stability and [[Traction Control]], [[Brake Assist]]
* Split-folding rear seat
* [[Remote Keyless Entry|Remote entry]] and starting
* HVAC system can work when engine is off
* "ECO" button that limits energy consumption by the HVAC system and under certain conditions can help improve fuel economy
* Use of wheel spats and underbody pans resulting in a low coefficient of aerodynamic drag (Cd) of 0.27.
* Satin finished grille, "[[Hybrid Cars|HYBRID]]" emblem behind front fenders, blue tinted headlight surrounds, HSD emblem in the rear decklid.

==Design Quirks and Oddities==
The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] and Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] share the same chassis with a few minor differences.

* The overall height of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 57.5 inches, which is almost half an inch shorter than the other trims of the [[Toyota Camry]].

* The ground clearance of the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] varies by model as well:
** The CE and LE (4-Cylinder) trims have a clearance of ''5.5'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] LE, SE (4-Cylinder), and [[V6]] XLE trims have a clearance of ''5.3'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] SE trim has a clearance of ''5.1'' inches form the ground.
** The ''Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]'' has a clearance of ''5.9'' inches form the ground.

* The Fuel Tank of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 17.2 gallons, whereas the fuel tank of the other [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] trims is 18.3 gallons.

==See Also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Toyota Camry]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]

==External Links==
* [http://www.toyotanation.com/photos/showgallery.php/cat/771 Pictures from Toyota Nation]
* [http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/future/camry/index.html?s_van=GM_HOME_NEWCAMRY_TXT Flash presentation from Toyota]
* [http://www.greenhybrid.com/discuss/toyota-camry-hybrid.049.html Toyota Camry Hybrid Discussion Forums]
* [http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060130/FREE/60130003/1041 How to build a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]]]
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060213/FREE/60209096/1003 How Toyota buys Camry supplies]
* [http://camrychat.com CamryChat.com]

[[Category:Toyota vehicles|Camry Hybrid]]
[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Mid-Size Sedans]]
[[Category:2007 Introductions]]

Toyota Camry Hybrid

2006-07-19T13:44:17Z

205.205.28.3: /* External Links */

[[Image:Camryhybridside.jpg|right|]]
The '''[[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]''' is a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version of [[Toyota]]'s popular [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sedan, introduced for the 2007 model year in May 2006. Estimated U.S. sales are 60,000 per year or 15% of total [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sales.

The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] utilizes a four-cylinder gasoline engine together with electric motors to produce a peak of 187 [[HP|HP]] (140 kW).

See WikiCars' comprehensive '''[[Toyota Camry Hybrid Review]]'''.

==Recent Changes==
The [[Toyota Camry]] is completely redesigned from the inside out for 2007. [[Toyota]] continues to maintain the dependability and safety that have becom synonomous with the "[[Toyota Camry|Camry]]." Most noticeably, the new [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] fashions a new front grille with sleeker, slanted headlights and raised, squared-off trunk with sloping talilights.

[[Toyota]] introduced the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] model in May of 2006 as a 2007 model to be sold alongside the 2007 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]. The [[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] uses technology similar to that of the [[Toyota Prius]], [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]].

Size of the '07 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] has increased with a 2.2 inch longer wheelbase and a 1.2 inch wider front and rear track, which increased the interior capacity to over 101 cubic feet.

For more information see: [[Toyota Camry]].

==Styles and Major Options==
'''Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]'s features include:'''
* 2.4 Liter VVT-i 4-Cylinder Engine with [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]], producing 187 [[HP|Horsepower]].
* Dual Zone [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] [[Climate Control]] that can run with the engine off
* A Super-Clean Advanced Technology [[Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle]] (AT-PZEV)
* Up to 80% fewer smog forming emissions than the average new vehicle.

===Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Packages===
'''[[Sunroof|Moonroof]] Package:'''
* Includes power title/slide [[Sunroof|moonroof]] with sliding sunshade, dual illuminated visor vanity mirrors with dimmer control and rear personal reading lights.

'''Comfort and Convenience Package:'''
* Includes heated front seats and outside mirrors

'''Leather Package:'''
* Includes leather-trimmed seats and door trim with integrated armrests, driver and front passenger power seats, and dual front and rear map pockets

===Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Options===
* Voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|navigation system]]
* ''JBL'' AM/FM [[In-dash 6-Disc CD|4-disc in-dash CD]] changer with [[Satellite Radio|satellite radio]] capability
* [[Digital Audio Media|MP3/WMA playback]] capability
* Auxiliary audio jack
* Hands-free phone capability via [[Bluetooth]] wireless technology
* 8 speakers in 6 locations and FM diversity reception
* Heated outside mirrors

==Pricing==
* The Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] retails for MSRP $25,900 and carries a $580 delivery fee, giving it a base price of $26,480.

* Expected U.S. tax credit is $2,600 for purchases prior to Sept 30, 2006. After Sept 30, it will be approximately $1,300.

Today's prices for different trims of the 2007 [[Toyota Camry]] are also available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/toyota/camry/prices]

==Gas Mileage==
The [[Toyota Camry]] with [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] offers an exceptional EPA-estimated rating of 40 MPG (City) and 38 MPG (Highway).

Actual mileage may vary.

==Reliability==

==Safety==
'''The Toyota Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] offers a myriad of safety features including the following, which come ''STANDARD'':'''
* Driver and Front passenger Advanced Airbag System
* Driver and Front passenger front seat-mounted [[Side Airbags|side airbags]] and front and rear [[side Curtain Airbags|side curtain airbags]]
* Driver's knee airbag
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with adjustable shoulder anchors and driver-side Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR), front passenger [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR)
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers
* Outboard rear [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelt]] comfort guides
* Front and rear crumple zones and side-impact door beams
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|Anti-Lock Brakes System (ABS)]] with Electronic Brake-force Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]) and [[Brake Assist]]
* Direct Tire Pressure Monitor System
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management System (VDIM)
* Energy-absrbing collapsable sterring column
* Child-protector rear door locks
* Rear-seat Child Restaint System (CRS) lower anchors and top-tether brackets (LATCH)
* Internal trunk-release handle
* Battery-saver feature - Deactivates interior lights after 20 minutes
* Daytime Running Lights ([[Daytime Running Lights|DRL]]) with "Off" mode
* Engine immobilizer

==Photos==
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_dash.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:smartkey.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:multiinfo.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_rear.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==
'''The 2007 Toyota Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is available in the following colors:'''
* Jasper Pearl
* Super White
* Desert Sand Mica
* Titanium Metallic
* Barcelona Red
* Magnetic Grey Metallic
* Blue Ribbon Metallic

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Saturn Aura Green Line]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]
* [[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]
* [[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]

==Unique Attributes==
* Because it does not achieve an EPA estimate of 45 mpg, it will not meet the requirements to drive in California carpool lanes. Virginia recently qualified Camry [[Hybrid Cars|hybrids]] for HOV exemption, but they must be specially tagged by June 30 to be eligible for I-95 & I-395 exemption.

* Exemption for I-66 and Dulles Toll Road HOV usage continues even for registrations beyond June 30. Exemptions for other states unknown.

* Produces 80% less pollution (smog forming emissions) than similar gasoline-only cars.

* 8-year/100,000-mile drivetrain-related component coverage. Longer coverage in CA, MA, NY, NJ, VT, CT, ME, NH and RI: 15-year/150,000-mile coverage with the exception of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery. The [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery is warranted for 10 years/150,000 miles.

==Resale Values==
'''Kelley Blue Book''' offers a range of resale value information, with mileage and equipment levels factored [http://www.kbb.com/ in].

==Specifications==
* LED tail lights for energy efficiency
* Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
* 2.4 L four-cylinder 2AZ-FXE Atkinson cycle gasoline engine with 147 [[HP|horsepower]] and 138 lb-ft of torque
* 650V electric motors with 140 [[HP|horsepower]] (105 kW) and 199 lb-ft of torque
* NiMH 245V traction battery with a maximum output of 40 [[HP|horsepower]] (30 kW)
* Electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering
* Stability and [[Traction Control]], [[Brake Assist]]
* Split-folding rear seat
* [[Remote Keyless Entry|Remote entry]] and starting
* HVAC system can work when engine is off
* "ECO" button that limits energy consumption by the HVAC system and under certain conditions can help improve fuel economy
* Use of wheel spats and underbody pans resulting in a low coefficient of aerodynamic drag (Cd) of 0.27.
* Satin finished grille, "[[Hybrid Cars|HYBRID]]" emblem behind front fenders, blue tinted headlight surrounds, HSD emblem in the rear decklid.

==Design Quirks and Oddities==
The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] and Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] share the same chassis with a few minor differences.

* The overall height of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 57.5 inches, which is almost half an inch shorter than the other trims of the [[Toyota Camry]].

* The ground clearance of the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] varies by model as well:
** The CE and LE (4-Cylinder) trims have a clearance of ''5.5'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] LE, SE (4-Cylinder), and [[V6]] XLE trims have a clearance of ''5.3'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] SE trim has a clearance of ''5.1'' inches form the ground.
** The ''Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]'' has a clearance of ''5.9'' inches form the ground.

* The Fuel Tank of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 17.2 gallons, whereas the fuel tank of the other [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] trims is 18.3 gallons.

==See Also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Toyota Camry]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]

==External Links==
* [http://www.toyotanation.com/photos/showgallery.php/cat/771 Pictures from Toyota Nation]
* [http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/future/camry/index.html?s_van=GM_HOME_NEWCAMRY_TXT Flash presentation from Toyota]
* [http://www.greenhybrid.com/discuss/toyota-camry-hybrid.049.html Toyota Camry Hybrid Discussion Forums]
* [http://john1701a.com/prius/prius-video_camryhybrid-intro.htm April 6, 06 television commercial].   [http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/minisite/superbowl/index.html?s_van=GM_HOME_SUPERBOWL_TXT [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] superbowl ad].
* [http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060130/FREE/60130003/1041 How to build a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]]]
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060213/FREE/60209096/1003 How Toyota buys Camry supplies]
* [http://camrychat.com CamryChat.com]

[[Category:Toyota vehicles|Camry Hybrid]]
[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Mid-Size Sedans]]
[[Category:2007 Introductions]]

Toyota Camry Hybrid

2006-07-19T13:43:18Z

205.205.28.3: /* Main Competitors */

[[Image:Camryhybridside.jpg|right|]]
The '''[[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]''' is a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version of [[Toyota]]'s popular [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sedan, introduced for the 2007 model year in May 2006. Estimated U.S. sales are 60,000 per year or 15% of total [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] sales.

The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] utilizes a four-cylinder gasoline engine together with electric motors to produce a peak of 187 [[HP|HP]] (140 kW).

See WikiCars' comprehensive '''[[Toyota Camry Hybrid Review]]'''.

==Recent Changes==
The [[Toyota Camry]] is completely redesigned from the inside out for 2007. [[Toyota]] continues to maintain the dependability and safety that have becom synonomous with the "[[Toyota Camry|Camry]]." Most noticeably, the new [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] fashions a new front grille with sleeker, slanted headlights and raised, squared-off trunk with sloping talilights.

[[Toyota]] introduced the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] model in May of 2006 as a 2007 model to be sold alongside the 2007 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]. The [[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] uses technology similar to that of the [[Toyota Prius]], [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]].

Size of the '07 [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] has increased with a 2.2 inch longer wheelbase and a 1.2 inch wider front and rear track, which increased the interior capacity to over 101 cubic feet.

For more information see: [[Toyota Camry]].

==Styles and Major Options==
'''Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]'s features include:'''
* 2.4 Liter VVT-i 4-Cylinder Engine with [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]], producing 187 [[HP|Horsepower]].
* Dual Zone [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] [[Climate Control]] that can run with the engine off
* A Super-Clean Advanced Technology [[Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle]] (AT-PZEV)
* Up to 80% fewer smog forming emissions than the average new vehicle.

===Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Packages===
'''[[Sunroof|Moonroof]] Package:'''
* Includes power title/slide [[Sunroof|moonroof]] with sliding sunshade, dual illuminated visor vanity mirrors with dimmer control and rear personal reading lights.

'''Comfort and Convenience Package:'''
* Includes heated front seats and outside mirrors

'''Leather Package:'''
* Includes leather-trimmed seats and door trim with integrated armrests, driver and front passenger power seats, and dual front and rear map pockets

===Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Options===
* Voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|navigation system]]
* ''JBL'' AM/FM [[In-dash 6-Disc CD|4-disc in-dash CD]] changer with [[Satellite Radio|satellite radio]] capability
* [[Digital Audio Media|MP3/WMA playback]] capability
* Auxiliary audio jack
* Hands-free phone capability via [[Bluetooth]] wireless technology
* 8 speakers in 6 locations and FM diversity reception
* Heated outside mirrors

==Pricing==
* The Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] retails for MSRP $25,900 and carries a $580 delivery fee, giving it a base price of $26,480.

* Expected U.S. tax credit is $2,600 for purchases prior to Sept 30, 2006. After Sept 30, it will be approximately $1,300.

Today's prices for different trims of the 2007 [[Toyota Camry]] are also available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/toyota/camry/prices]

==Gas Mileage==
The [[Toyota Camry]] with [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] offers an exceptional EPA-estimated rating of 40 MPG (City) and 38 MPG (Highway).

Actual mileage may vary.

==Reliability==

==Safety==
'''The Toyota Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] offers a myriad of safety features including the following, which come ''STANDARD'':'''
* Driver and Front passenger Advanced Airbag System
* Driver and Front passenger front seat-mounted [[Side Airbags|side airbags]] and front and rear [[side Curtain Airbags|side curtain airbags]]
* Driver's knee airbag
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with adjustable shoulder anchors and driver-side Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR), front passenger [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR)
* 3-point front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers
* Outboard rear [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|seatbelt]] comfort guides
* Front and rear crumple zones and side-impact door beams
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|Anti-Lock Brakes System (ABS)]] with Electronic Brake-force Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]) and [[Brake Assist]]
* Direct Tire Pressure Monitor System
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management System (VDIM)
* Energy-absrbing collapsable sterring column
* Child-protector rear door locks
* Rear-seat Child Restaint System (CRS) lower anchors and top-tether brackets (LATCH)
* Internal trunk-release handle
* Battery-saver feature - Deactivates interior lights after 20 minutes
* Daytime Running Lights ([[Daytime Running Lights|DRL]]) with "Off" mode
* Engine immobilizer

==Photos==
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_dash.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:smartkey.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:multiinfo.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Image:Camry_hybrid_rear.jpg|right|300px]]

==Colors==
'''The 2007 Toyota Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is available in the following colors:'''
* Jasper Pearl
* Super White
* Desert Sand Mica
* Titanium Metallic
* Barcelona Red
* Magnetic Grey Metallic
* Blue Ribbon Metallic

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Saturn Aura Green Line]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]
* [[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]
* [[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]

==Unique Attributes==
* Because it does not achieve an EPA estimate of 45 mpg, it will not meet the requirements to drive in California carpool lanes. Virginia recently qualified Camry [[Hybrid Cars|hybrids]] for HOV exemption, but they must be specially tagged by June 30 to be eligible for I-95 & I-395 exemption.

* Exemption for I-66 and Dulles Toll Road HOV usage continues even for registrations beyond June 30. Exemptions for other states unknown.

* Produces 80% less pollution (smog forming emissions) than similar gasoline-only cars.

* 8-year/100,000-mile drivetrain-related component coverage. Longer coverage in CA, MA, NY, NJ, VT, CT, ME, NH and RI: 15-year/150,000-mile coverage with the exception of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery. The [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] battery is warranted for 10 years/150,000 miles.

==Resale Values==
'''Kelley Blue Book''' offers a range of resale value information, with mileage and equipment levels factored [http://www.kbb.com/ in].

==Specifications==
* LED tail lights for energy efficiency
* Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
* 2.4 L four-cylinder 2AZ-FXE Atkinson cycle gasoline engine with 147 [[HP|horsepower]] and 138 lb-ft of torque
* 650V electric motors with 140 [[HP|horsepower]] (105 kW) and 199 lb-ft of torque
* NiMH 245V traction battery with a maximum output of 40 [[HP|horsepower]] (30 kW)
* Electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering
* Stability and [[Traction Control]], [[Brake Assist]]
* Split-folding rear seat
* [[Remote Keyless Entry|Remote entry]] and starting
* HVAC system can work when engine is off
* "ECO" button that limits energy consumption by the HVAC system and under certain conditions can help improve fuel economy
* Use of wheel spats and underbody pans resulting in a low coefficient of aerodynamic drag (Cd) of 0.27.
* Satin finished grille, "[[Hybrid Cars|HYBRID]]" emblem behind front fenders, blue tinted headlight surrounds, HSD emblem in the rear decklid.

==Design Quirks and Oddities==
The [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] and Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] share the same chassis with a few minor differences.

* The overall height of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 57.5 inches, which is almost half an inch shorter than the other trims of the [[Toyota Camry]].

* The ground clearance of the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] varies by model as well:
** The CE and LE (4-Cylinder) trims have a clearance of ''5.5'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] LE, SE (4-Cylinder), and [[V6]] XLE trims have a clearance of ''5.3'' inches from the ground.
** The [[V6]] SE trim has a clearance of ''5.1'' inches form the ground.
** The ''Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]'' has a clearance of ''5.9'' inches form the ground.

* The Fuel Tank of the Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is 17.2 gallons, whereas the fuel tank of the other [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] trims is 18.3 gallons.

==See Also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Toyota Camry]]
* [[Toyota Prius]]

==External Links==
* [http://www.toyotanation.com/photos/showgallery.php/cat/771 Pictures from Toyota Nation]
* [http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/future/camry/index.html?s_van=GM_HOME_NEWCAMRY_TXT Flash presentation from Toyota]
* [http://www.greenhybrid.com/discuss/toyota-camry-[[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]].049.html Toyota Camry [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Discussion Forums]
* [http://john1701a.com/prius/prius-video_camryhybrid-intro.htm April 6, 06 television commercial].   [http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/minisite/superbowl/index.html?s_van=GM_HOME_SUPERBOWL_TXT [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] superbowl ad].
* [http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060130/FREE/60130003/1041 How to build a [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]]]
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060213/FREE/60209096/1003 How Toyota buys Camry supplies]
* [http://camrychat.com CamryChat.com]

[[Category:Toyota vehicles|Camry Hybrid]]
[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Mid-Size Sedans]]
[[Category:2007 Introductions]]

Diesel Vehicles

2006-07-17T13:59:28Z

205.205.28.3:

[[Image:Patent_dieselengine.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Rudolf Diesel]]'s 1893 patent on his engine design]]

A diesel vehicle is an automobile or other vehicle that uses a diesel engine for propulsion. The '''diesel engine''' is a type of [[internal combustion engine]]; more specifically, it is a compression ignition engine, in which the [[fuel]] is ignited by being suddenly exposed to the high temperature and pressure of a compressed gas, rather than by a separate source of ignition, such as a spark plug, as is the case in the [[gasoline engine]].

This is known as the diesel cycle, after German engineer [[Rudolf Diesel]], who invented it in 1892 based on the hot bulb engine and received the patent on February 23, 1893. Diesel intended the engine to use a variety of fuels including coal dust. He demonstrated it in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World's Fair) using peanut oil (see [[biodiesel]]).

Diesel engines are more durable and more fuel efficient than their gasoline counterparts. Diesel vehicles are extremely popular in Europe (roughly half of the cars sold are diesel), where the cost of gasoline is much more expensive than in the United States. They have not gained popularity in passenger cars in the U.S., in large part because Americans have a bad memory of older diesels from the early 80's, which developed a reputation for being noisy, smokey, slow and foul-smelling.

Today's diesel engines are much cleaner and get about 35 percent better fuel efficiency and provide 25 percent more torque than gasoline engines of the same size. The drawbacks over their conventional counterparts are an increased price due to more complex engines, lack of availablity of fuel, and a higher rate of pollution. The emission problem is why diesels aren't currently sold in California and some Northeastern states, which have stricter standards.

More diesel-powered automobiles may become available in North America after the introduction of [[Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel]], which will start at October 15, 2006 in the U.S. (June 1st, 2006 in Canada). Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) describes a new EPA standard for the sulfur content (a reduction from 500 parts per million (ppm) to 15 ppm) in on-road diesel fuel sold in the United States. Because this grade of fuel is comparable to European grades, this standard may increase the availability of diesel-fueled passenger cars in the U.S., since engines will no longer have to be redesigned to cope with higher sulfur content. European diesels are both more advanced technologically and much more popular with buyers than those available in the U.S.

==Types of diesel engines==

There are two classes of diesel (and gasoline) engines: two-stroke and four-stroke.
Most diesels generally use the [[four-stroke cycle]], with some larger diesels operating on the [[two-stroke cycle]], mainly the huge engines in in ships (see also Nissan UD3, UD4 and UD6 engine series).

Normally, banks of [[cylinder]]s are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The [[inline-6]] is the most prolific in medium- to heavy-duty engines, though the [[V8]] and [[straight-4]] are also common.

==How diesel engines work==
[[Image:Diesel3.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine]]
When a gas is compressed, its temperature rises; a diesel engine uses this property to ignite the fuel. Air is drawn into the cylinder of a diesel engine and compressed by the rising [[piston]] at a much higher [[compression ratio]] than for a spark-ignition engine, up to 25:1. The air temperature reaches 700–900°C, or 1300–1650°F. At the top of the piston [[stroke]], diesel fuel is injected into the [[combustion chamber]] at high pressure, through an atomising nozzle, mixing with the hot, high-pressure air. The resulting mixture ignites and burns very rapidly. This contained combustion causes the gas in the chamber to heat up rapidly, which increases its pressure, which in turn forces the piston downwards. The [[connecting rod]] transmits this motion to the [[crankshaft]], which is forced to turn, delivering rotary power at the output end of the crankshaft. Scavenging (pushing the exhausted gas-charge out of the cylinder, and drawing in fresh air) of the engine is done either by ports or valves. An animation showing the four strokes of a diesel engine is available here: [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm How Diesel Engines Work]

To fully realize the capabilities of a diesel engine, use of a [[turbocharger]] to compress the intake air is necessary; use of an [[intercooler]] to cool the intake air after compression by the turbocharger further increases efficiency.
[[Image:Diesel4.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine with turbocharger]]

In very cold weather, diesel fuel thickens and increases in viscosity and forms wax crystals or a gel. This can make it difficult for the fuel injector to get fuel into the cylinder in an effective manner, making cold weather starts difficult at times, though recent advances in diesel fuel technology have made these difficulties rare. A commonly applied advance is to electrically heat the fuel filter and fuel lines. Other engines utilize small electric heaters called [[glow plug]]s inside the cylinder to warm the cylinders prior to starting. A small number use resistive grid heaters in the intake manifold to warm the inlet air until the engine reaches operating temperature. Engine block heaters (electric resistive heaters in the engine block) plugged into the utility grid are often used when an engine is shut down for extended periods (more than an hour) in cold weather to reduce startup time and engine wear.

A vital component of older diesel engine systems was the governor, which limited the speed of the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery. Unlike a gasoline engine, the incoming air is not throttled, so the engine would overspeed if this was not done. Older injection systems were driven by a gear system from the engine (and thus supplied fuel only linearly with engine speed). Modern electronically-controlled engines apply similar control to gasoline engines and limit the maximum RPM through the engine control module ([[ECM]]) or engine control unit ([[ECU]]) the engine-mounted "computer". The ECM/[[ECU]] receives an engine speed signal from a sensor and then using its algorithms and look-up calibration tables stored in the ECM/ECU, it controls the amount of fuel and its timing (the "start of injection") through electric or hydraulic actuators to maintain engine speed.

Controlling the timing of the '''start of injection''' of fuel into the cylinder is key to minimising the emissions and maximising the fuel economy (efficiency) of the engine. The exact timing of starting this fuel injection into the cylinder is controlled electronically in most of today's modern engines. The timing is usually measured in units of crank angle of the piston before Top Dead Center (TDC). For example, if the [[ECM]]/[[ECU]] initiates fuel injection when the [[piston]] is 10 degrees before TDC, the start of injection or "timing" is said to be 10 deg BTDC. The optimal timing will depend on both the engine design as well as its speed and load.

Advancing (injecting when the piston is further away from TDC) the start of injection results in higher in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and higher efficiency but also results in higher emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen NOx due to the higher temperatures. At the other extreme, very retarded start of injection or timing causes incomplete combustion. This results in higher Particulate Matter (PM) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and more smoke.

==Fuel injection in diesel engines==
===Mechanical and electronic injection===
Older engines make use of a mechanical fuel pump and valve assembly which is driven by the engine crankshaft, usually via the timing belt or chain. These engines use simple injectors which are basically very precise spring-loaded valves which will open and close at a specific fuel pressure. The pump assembly consists of a pump which pressurizes the fuel, and a disc-shaped valve which rotates at half crankshaft speed. The valve has a single aperture to the pressurized fuel on one side, and one aperture for each injector on the other. As the engine turns the valve discs will line up and deliver a burst of pressurized fuel to the injector at the cylinder about to enter its power stroke. The injector valve is forced open by the fuel pressure and the diesel is injected until the valve rotates out of alignment and the fuel pressure to that injector is cut off.
Engine speed is controlled by a third disc, which rotates only a few degrees and is controlled by the throttle lever. This disc alters the width of the aperture through which the fuel passes, and therefore how long the injectors are held open before the fuel supply is cut, controlling the amount of fuel injected.

Older diesel engines with mechanical injection pumps could be inadvertently run in reverse, albeit very inefficiently as witnessed by massive amounts of soot being ejected from the air intake. This was often a consequence of "bump starting" a vehicle using the wrong gear.

This contrasts with the more modern method of having a separate fuel pump (or set of pumps) which supplies fuel constantly at high pressure to each injector. Each injector then has a solenoid which is operated by an electronic control unit, which enables more accurate control of injector opening times depending on other control conditions such as engine speed and loading, resulting in better engine performance and fuel economy. This design is also mechanically simpler than the combined pump and valve design, making it generally more reliable, and less noisy, than its mechanical counterpart.

Both mechanical and electronic injection systems can be used in either direct or indirect injection configurations.
''(see below)''

===Indirect injection===
An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber, assisted by turbulence created in the chamber. This system allows smoother, quieter running, and because combustion is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower, which in the days of mechanical injection systems allowed high-speed running suitable for road vehicles (typically up to speed of around 4,000 rpm). The prechamber had the disadvantage of increasing heat loss to the engine's cooling system and restricting the combustion burn, which reduced the efficiency by between 5-10% in comparison to a direct injection engine, and nearly all require some form of cold-start device such as [[glow plug]]s. Indirect injection engines were used widely in small-capacity high-speed diesel engines in automotive, marine and construction uses from the 1950s, until direct-injection technology advanced in the 1980s. Indirect injection engines are cheaper to build and it is easier to produce smooth, quiet running vehicles with a simple mechanical system, so such engines are still often used in applications which carry less stringent emissions controls than road-going vehicles, such as small marine engines, generators, tractors, pumps. With electronic injection systems, indirect injection engines are still used in some road-going vehicles, but most prefer the greater efficiency of [[direct injection]].

===Direct injection===

Modern diesel engines make use of one of the following [[Fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]] methods:

====Distributor pump direct injection====

The first incarnations of direct injection diesels used a rotary pump much like indirect injection diesels, however the injectors were mounted in the top of the combustion chamber rather than in a separate pre-combustion chamber. Examples are vehicles such as the Ford Transit and the Austin Rover Maestro and Montego with their Perkins Prima engine. The problem with these vehicles was the harsh noise that they made and particulate (smoke) emissions. This is the reason that in the main this type of engine was limited to commercial vehicles— the notable exceptions being the Maestro, Montego and Fiat Croma passenger cars. Fuel consumption was about fifteen to twenty percent lower than indirect injection diesels, which for some buyers was enough to compensate for the extra noise.

One of the first small-capacity, mass-produced direct-injection engines that could be called refined was developed by the Rover Group. The '200Tdi' 2.5-litre 4-cylinder turbodiesel (of 111 [[HP]]) was used by [[Land Rover]] in their vehicles from 1989, and the engine used an aluminium cylinder head, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] two-stage injection and multi-phase [[glow plug]]s to produce a smooth-running and economical engine while still using mechanical fuel injection.

This type of engine was transformed by electronic control of the injection pump, pioneered by [[Volkswagen]] [[Audi]] group with the Audi 100 TDI introduced in 1989. The injection pressure was still only around 300 bar, but the injection timing, fuel quantity, exhaust gas recirculation and turbo boost were all electronically controlled. This gave much more precise control of these parameters which made refinement much more acceptable and emissions acceptably low. Fairly quickly the technology trickled down to more mass market vehicles such as the Mark 3 Golf TDI where it proved to be very popular. These cars were both more economical and more powerful than indirect injection competitors of their day.

====Common rail direct injection====
In older diesel engines, a distributor-type injection pump, regulated by the engine, supplies bursts of fuel to injectors, which are simply nozzles through which the diesel is sprayed into the engine's combustion chamber.

In common rail systems, the distributor injection pump is eliminated. Instead, an extremely high pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure (up to 1,800 bar (180 megapascal(MPa), 26,000 psi) in a "common rail", which is basically a tube that in turn branches off to computer-controlled injector valves, each of which contains a precision-machined nozzle and a plunger driven by a solenoid, or even by piezo-electric actuators (found on experimental diesel race car engines).

Most European automakers have common rail diesels in their model lineups, even for commercial vehicles. Some Japanese manufacturers, such as Toyota, Nissan and recently Honda, have also developed common rail diesel engines. Jeep offered a common rail diesel in its Liberty model.

Different car makers refer to their common rail engines by different names, e.g. DaimlerChrysler's CDI, Ford Motor Company's TDCi (most of these engines are manufactured by PSA), Fiat Group's (Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia) JTD, Renault's DCi, GM/Opel's CDTi (most of these engines are manufactured by Fiat, other by Isuzu), Hyundai's CRDi, Mitsubishi's D-ID, PSA Peugeot Citroën's HDi, Toyota's D-4D, and so on.

====Unit direct injection====

This also injects fuel directly into the cylinder of the engine. However, in this system the injector and the pump are combined into one unit positioned over each cylinder. Each cylinder thus has its own pump, feeding its own injector, which prevents pressure fluctuations and allows more consistent injection to be achieved. This type of injection system, also developed by Bosch, is used by Volkswagen AG in cars (where it is called Pumpe Düse - literally "pump nozzle"), Mercedes Benz (PLD) and most major diesel engine manufacturers, in large commercial engines ([[Caterpillar]], [[Cummins]], [[Detroit Diesel]]). With recent advancements, the pump pressure has been raised to 2,050 bar (205 MPa), allowing injection parameters similar to common rail systems.

==Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition engines==

Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines of the same power, resulting in lower fuel consumption. A common margin is 40% more miles per gallon for an efficient turbodiesel; for example, the current model Skoda Octavia, using [[Volkswagen]] engines, has a combined Euro mpg of 38.2 mpg for the 102 bhp gasoline engine and 53.3 mpg for the 105 bhp — and heavier — diesel engine. The higher compression ratio is helpful in raising efficiency, but diesel fuel also contains approximately 10-20% more energy per unit volume than [[gasoline]].

Naturally aspirated diesel engines are heavier than gasoline engines of the same power for two reasons; the first is that it takes a larger capacity diesel engine than a gasoline engine to produce the same power. This is essentially because the diesel cannot operate as quickly — the "rev limit" is lower — because getting the correct fuel-air mixture into a diesel engine quickly enough is more difficult than a gasoline engine [http://www.perkins.com/cda/components/fullArticleNoNav?ids=284124&languageId=7]. The second reason is that a diesel engine must be stronger to withstand the higher combustion pressures needed for ignition, and the shock loading from the detonation of the ignition mixture. As such the reciprocating mass (the piston and connecting rod), and the resultant forces to accelerate and to decelerate these masses, are substantially higher the heavier, the bigger and the stronger the part, and the laws of diminishing returns of component strength, mass of component and inertia - all come into play to create a balance of offsets, of optimal mean power output, weight and durability. However, the major downside to strengthening these parts is cost, which adds a significant premium to the overall price of a vehicle. For example, a diesel engine option on a pickup truck can add thousands of dollars to the base price, whereas upgrading to a more powerful gasoline engine may only cost several hundred dollars.

Yet it is this same build quality that has allowed some enthusiasts to acquire significant power increases with [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] engines through fairly simple and inexpensive modifications. A gasoline engine of similar size cannot put out a comparable power increase without extensive alterations because the stock components would not be able to withstand the higher stresses placed upon them. Since a diesel engine is already built to withstand higher levels of stress, it makes an ideal candidate for performance tuning with little expense. However it should be said that any modification that raises the amount of fuel and air put through a diesel engine will increase its operating temperature which will reduce its life and increase its service interval requirements. These are issues with newer, lighter, "high performance" diesel engines which aren't "overbuilt" to the degree of older engines and are being pushed to provide greater power in smaller engines.

The addition of a [[turbocharger]] or [[supercharger]] to the engine greatly assists in increasing fuel economy and power output, mitigating the fuel-air intake speed limit mentioned above for a given engine displacement. Boost pressures can be higher on diesels than gasoline engines, and the higher [[compression ratio]] allows a diesel engine to be more efficient than a comparable spark ignition engine. Although the calorific value of the fuel is slightly lower at 45.3 MJ/kg (megajoules per kilogram) to gasoline at 45.8 MJ/kg, diesel fuel is much denser and fuel is sold by volume, so diesel contains more energy per litre or gallon. This means that it takes more gasoline to equal the power output of diesel, making diesel engines more efficient per gallon of fuel burned. Because most diesel engines use the more efficient direct fuel injection method (fuel injected directly into cylinder) compared to the port fuel injection setup used in gas engines (where gas is mixed with incoming air in the intake manifold), the diesel has very little wasted or unburned fuel. Diesels also use about 1/3 as much fuel at idle as gasoline engines. Over the life of the vehicle, this advantage could be significant, especially if the number of miles driven per year is higher than normal.

The increased fuel economy of the diesel over the gasoline engine means that the diesel produces less carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) per unit distance. Recently, advances in production and changes in the political climate have increased the availability and awareness of [[biodiesel]], an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel with a much lower net-sum emission of CO<sub>2</sub>, due to the absorption of CO<sub>2</sub> by plants used to produce the fuel.

Two main factors that held diesel engines back in private vehicles until quite recently were their low power outputs and high noise levels (characterised by knock or clatter, especially at low speeds and when cold). This noise was caused by the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber. This noise was a product of the sudden temperature change, hence why it was more pronounced at low engine temperatures. A combination of improved mechanical technology (such as two-stage injectors which fire a short 'pilot charge' of fuel into the cylinder to warm the combustion chamber before delivering the main fuel charge) and electronic control (which can adjust the timing and length of the injection process to optimise it for all speeds and temperatures) have almost totally solved these problems in the latest generation of common-rail designs. Poor power and narrow torque bands have been solved by the use of turbochargers and intercoolers.

Diesel engines produce very little carbon monoxide as they burn the fuel in excess air even at full load, at which point the quantity of fuel injected per cycle is still about 50% lean of stochiometric. However, they can produce black soot from their exhaust, consisting of unburned carbon compounds. This is often caused by worn injectors, which do not atomize the fuel sufficiently, or a faulty engine management system which allows more fuel to be injected than can be burned completely in the available time - the full load limit of a diesel engine in normal service is defined by the "black smoke limit", beyond which point the fuel cannot be completely combusted; as the "black smoke limit" is still considerably lean of stoichiometric it is possible to obtain more power by exceeding it, but the resultant inefficient combustion means that the extra power comes at the price of reduced combustion efficiency, high fuel consumption and dense clouds of smoke, so this is only done in specialised applications such as tractor pulling where these disadvantages are of little concern. Particles of the size normally called PM10 (particles of 10 micrometres or smaller) have been implicated in health problems, especially in cities. Modern diesel engines catch the soot in a particle filter , which when saturated is automatically regenerated by burning the particles. Other problems associated with the exhaust gases (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides) can be mitigated with further investment and equipment; some diesel cars now have catalytic converters in the exhaust.

For commercial uses requiring towing, load carrying and other tractive tasks, diesel engines tend to have more desirable [[torque]] characterstics. Diesel engines tend to have their torque peak quite low in their speed range (usually between 1600-2000 rpm for a small-capacity unit, lower for a larger engine used in a [[lorry]] or [[truck]]). This provides smoother control over heavy loads when starting from rest, and crucially allows the diesel engine to be given higher loads at low speeds than a gasoline engine, which makes them much more economical for these applications. This characteristic is not so desirable in private cars, so most modern diesels used in such vehicles use electronic control, variable geometery [[turbocharger]]s and shorter piston strokes to achieve a wider spread of torque over the engine's speed range, typically peaking at around 2,500-3000 rpm.

As mentioned above, diesel engines tend to have more [[torque]] at lower engine speeds than gasoline engines. However, diesel engines tend to have a narrower [[power band]] than gasoline engines. Naturally-aspirated diesels tend to lack power and torque at the top of their speed range. This narrow band is a reason why a vehicle such as a truck may have a [[transmission]] with as many as 16 or more gears, to allow the engine's power to be used effectively at all speeds. Turbochargers tend to improve power at high engine speeds, and if an intercooler is added, torque tends to improve at lower speeds.

The lack of an electrical [[ignition]] system greatly improves the reliability. The high durability of a diesel engine is also due to its overbuilt nature as well as the diesel's combustion cycle, which creates less-violent changes in pressure when compared to a spark-ignition engine, a benefit that is magnified by the lower rotating speeds in diesels. Diesel fuel is a better lubricant than gasoline so is less harmful to the oil film on [[piston ring]]s and [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] bores; it is routine for diesel engines to cover 250,000 miles or more without a rebuild.

Regular maintenance on a diesel is more costly due to factors such as the larger volume of oil in the engine, and the fact that fuel filters and water separators need to be serviced more often.

Since diesel fuel is easier to refine, taking less time to get from raw petroleum to final product than gasoline, it is usually priced lower than gas. However, in the U.S., diesel is occasionally priced the same or more than regular grade gas. This is often attributed to the fact that diesel is not as desirable in some areas, leading to higher diesel prices because of scarcity. Diesel advocates say that if more people drove diesel light trucks and cars, the price would drop dramatically in these areas—and possibly throughout the country. The lack of fuel availability is often a reason many North Americans don't choose to purchase a vehicle with a diesel engine. The situation resembles the chicken vs. the egg scenario. The car manufacturers say they will build more diesels if people will buy them. Consumers say they would consider diesels if there were more fuel stations that dispensed diesel. Fuel companies, in turn say they would produce more diesel if consumers wanted it.

Diesel pumps can be found in most areas that have a large amount of commercial truck traffic.

==Fuel and fluid characteristics==
Diesel engines can operate on a variety of different fuels, depending on configuration, though the eponymous diesel fuel derived from crude oil is most common. Good-quality diesel fuel can be synthesised from vegetable oil and alcohol. [[Biodiesel]] is growing in popularity since it can frequently be used in unmodified engines, though production remains limited. Petroleum-derived diesel is often called "petrodiesel" if there is need to distinguish the source of the fuel.

The engines can work with the full spectrum of crude oil distillates, from compressed natural gas, alcohols, gasolene, to the "fuel oils" from diesel oil to residual fuels. The type of fuel used is a combination of service requirements, and fuel costs.

"Residual fuels" are the "dregs" of the distillation process and are a thicker, heavier oil, or oil with higher viscosity, which are so thick that they are not readily pumpable unless heated. Residual fuel oils are cheaper than clean, refined diesel oil, although they are dirtier. Their main considerations are for use in ships and very large generation sets, due to the cost of the large volume of fuel consumed, frequently amounting to many tonnes per hour. The poorly refined biofuels [[straight vegetable oil]] (SVO) and [[waste vegetable oil]] (WVO) can fall into this category. Moving beyond that, use of low-grade fuels can lead to serious maintenance problems.

Normal diesel fuel is more difficult to ignite than gasoline because of its higher flash point, but once burning, a diesel fire can be fierce.

==Diesel applications==

The vast majority of modern heavy road vehicles ([[truck]]s), ships, large-scale portable power generators, most farm and mining vehicles, and many long-distance locomotives have diesel engines.

[[Mercedes-Benz]], cooperating with [[Robert Bosch GmbH]], has a successful run of diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, sold in many parts of the World, with other manufacturers joining in the 1970s and 1980s. The second car manufacturer was [[Peugeot]], prior to 1960.

In the United States, probably due to some hastily offered cars in the 1980s, diesel is not as popular in passenger vehicles as in Europe]. Such cars have been traditionally perceived as heavier, noisier, having performance characteristics which make them slower to accelerate, and of being more expensive than equivalent gasoline vehicles. [[General Motors]] [[Oldsmobile]] division produced a variation of its gasoline-powered V8 engine which is the main reason for this reputation. This image certainly does not reflect recent designs, especially where the very high low-rev torque of modern diesels is concerned -- which have characteristics similar to the big V8 gasoline engines popular in the US. Light and heavy trucks, in the U.S., have been diesel-optioned for years.

European governments tend to favor diesel engines in taxation policy because of diesel's superior [[fuel efficiency]]. In addition, diesel fuel used in North America still has higher sulphur content than the fuel used in Europe, effectively limiting diesel use to industrial vehicles, before the introduction of 15 parts per million Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel, which will start at October 15, 2006 in the U.S. (June 1st, 2006 in Canada). Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel is not mandatory until 2010 in the US.
[[Image:DaimlerChrysler3LCRD.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Jeep Grand Cherokee 3.0-liter V-6 Diesel Engine ''DaimlerChrysler'']]

In Europe, where tax rates in many countries make diesel fuel much cheaper than gasoline, diesel vehicles are very popular and newer designs have significantly narrowed differences between gasoline and diesel vehicles in the areas mentioned. Often, among comparably designated models, turbo-diesels outperform their naturally aspirated gasoline-powered sister cars. One anecdote tells of Formula One driver Jenson Button, who was arrested while driving a diesel-powered [[BMW]] 330cd Coupé at 230 km/h (about 140 mph) in France, where he was too young to have a gasoline-engined car rented to him. Button dryly observed in subsequent interviews that he had actually done BMW a public relations service, as nobody had believed a diesel could be driven that fast. Yet, BMW had already won the 24 Hours Nürburgring overall in 1998 with a 3-series diesel. The BMW diesel lab in Steyr, Austria is led by Ferenc Anisits and develops innovative diesel engines.

[[Mercedes-Benz]], offering diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, has put the emphasis on high performance diesel cars in its newer ranges, as does [[Volkswagen]] with its brands. [[Citroën]] sells more cars with diesel engines than gasoline engines, as the French brands (also [[Peugeot]]) pioneered smoke-less ''HDI'' designs with filters. Even the Italian marque [[Alfa Romeo]], known for design and successful history in racing, focuses on diesels that are also raced.

Chrysler Group was the first automotive manufacturer in the United States to offer a mid-size, diesel-powered SUV, the 2005 Jeep Liberty with a 2.8-liter CRD engine. Based on consumer response, the diesel-powered Jeep Liberty exceeded the company’s expectations. More than 11,000 diesel-powered Jeep Liberty vehicles have been sold since production began. CRD has since been cancelled because its diesel engine couldn't meet upcoming emissions regulations. In June 2006, [[Jeep]] announced that its 2007 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee|Grand Cherokee]] model will be available with a 3.0-liter common rail turbodiesel, its first diesel-powered, full-size [[sport-utility vehicle]] (SUV) to be offered in the United States.

[[Dodge]], [[Ford]] and [[General Motors|GM]] have offered diesel engines in their 3/4-ton and 1-ton heavy-duty pickup trucks since the late 1970s and early 1980s. They learned long ago that they were better off buying diesel technology from experts such as [[Cummins]], [[International]] and [[Isuzu]] than spending money developing it themselves. These engine manufacturers all have years of experience building heavy-duty, big-rig diesel engines that have to log hundreds of thousands of miles a year for years on end, routinely haul heavy loads and may have to idle for days at a time. For towing capacity and brute pulling force, diesel engines generally outperform gasoline engines. The torque advantage diesels have is perfectly suited for pulling heavy loads up steep grades.

===Unusual applications===
====Automobile racing====
Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in truck racing and tractor pulling, as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as land speed record racing or endurance racing. Even [http://www.cumminsracing.com diesel engined dragsters]exist, despite the diesel's drawbacks being central to performance in this sport.

1931 - Clessie Cummins installs his diesel in a race car. It runs at 162 km/h in Daytona, and 138 km/h in Indianapolis where it places 12th. [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm]

In 1933, A 1925 Bentley with a Gardner 4LW engine was the first diesel-engined car to take part in the Monte Carlo Rally when it was driven by Lord Howard de Clifford. It was the leading British car and finished fifth overall. [http://web.ukonline.co.uk/m.gratton/Sport.htm]

In 1952, [http://www.cummins.com/eu/pages/en/whoweare/cumminshistory.cfm Cummins Diesel] won the pole at the Indianapolis 500 race with a supercharged 3.0-liter diesel car, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power, and led most of the race until the badly situated air intake of the car swallowed enough debris from the track to disable the car.

With turbocharged Diesel-cars getting stronger in the 1990s, they were also entered in touring car racing, and [[BMW]] even won the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 1998] with a [[BMW E36|320d]], against other factory-entered diesel-competition of [[Volkswagen]] and about 200 regular powered cars. [[Alfa Romeo]] even organized a racing series with their [[Alfa Romeo 147]] 1.9 JTD models.

The VW Dakar Rally entrants for 2005 and 2006 are powered by their own line of TDI engines in order to challenge for the first overall diesel win there. Meanwhile, the five time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner [[Audi R8]] race car was replaced by the [[Audi R10]] in 2006, which is powered by a 650 hp (485 kW) and 1100 Nm (810 lb·ft) V12 TDI Common Rail diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6-speed used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissons that could stand the torque long enough.

After winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2006 with their diesel-powered [[Audi R10]], [[Audi]] obtained the overall win at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, too. This is the first time a sports car can compete for overall victories with diesel-fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or [[methanol]] and [[bio-ethanol]]. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the ACO/ALMS race rules encourage the use of alternate fuels like diesel.

====Motorcycles====

With a traditionally poor power-to-weight ratio, diesel engines are generally unsuited to use in a [[motorcycle]], which requires high power, light weight and a fast-revving engine. However, in the 1980s [[NATO]] forces in Europe standardised all their vehicles to diesel power. Some had fleets of motorcycles, and so trials were conducted with diesel engines for these. Air-cooled single-cylinder engines built by [[Lombardini]] of Italy were used and had some success, achieving similar performance to gasoline bikes and fuel usage of nearly 200 miles per gallon. This led to some countries re-fitting their bikes with diesel power.

Development by Cranfield University and California-based Hayes Diversified Technologies led to the production of a diesel powered off-road motorbike based on the running gear of a Kawasaki KLR650 gasoline-engine trail bike for military use. The engine of the diesel motorcycle is a liquid cooled, single cylinder four-stroke which displaces 584 cm³ and produces 21 kw (28 bhp) with a top speed of 85mph (136kph).

In India, motorcycles built by Royal Enfield can be bought with 650cc single-cylinder diesel engines based on the similar gasoline engines used, due to the fact that diesel is much cheaper than gasoline and of more reliable quality. These engines are noisy and unrefined, but very popular due to their reliability and economy.

==Current and future developments==

Already, many common rail and unit injection systems employ new injectors using stacked piezoelectric crystals in lieu of a solenoid, which gives finer control of the injection event.

Variable geometry [[turbocharger]]s have flexible vanes, which move and let more air into the engine depending on load. This technology increases both performance and fuel economy. Boost lag is reduced as turbo impeller inertia is compensated for.

A technique called accelerometer pilot control (APC) uses a sensor called an accelerometer to provide feedback on the engine's level of noise and vibration and thus instruct the [[ECU]] to inject the minimum amount of fuel that will produce quiet combustion and still provide the required power (especially while idling.)

The next generation of common rail diesels are expected to use variable injection geometry, which allows the amount of fuel injected to be varied over a wider range, and variable valve timing similar to that on [[gasoline engine]]s.

Particularly in the United States, upcoming tougher emissions regulations present a considerable challenge to diesel engine manufacturers. Other methods to achieve even more efficient combustion, such as HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition), are being studied.

==Modern diesel facts==
''(Source: [[Robert Bosch GmbH]])''

* Fuel passes through the injector jets at speeds of nearly 1500 miles per hour (2400 km/h) – as fast as the top speed of a jet plane.
* Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in less than 1.5 ms – about as long as a camera flash.
* The smallest quantity of fuel injected is one cubic millimetre – about the same volume as the head of a pin. The largest injection quantity at the moment for automobile diesel engines is around 70 cubic millimetres.
* If the camshaft of a six-cylinder engine is turning at 4500 rpm, the injection system has to control and deliver 225 injection cycles per second.
* On a demonstration drive, a Volkswagen 1-litre diesel-powered car used only 0.89 litres of fuel in covering 100 kilometres (264MPG) – making it probably the most fuel-efficient car in the world. [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]]’s high-pressure [[fuel injection]] system was one of the main factors behind the prototype’s extremely low fuel consumption. Production record-breakers in fuel economy include the Volkswagen Lupo 3L TDI and the Audi A2 3 L 1.2 TDi with standard consumption figures of 3 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres (78MPG). Their high-pressure diesel injection systems are also supplied by Bosch.
* In 2001, nearly 36% of newly registered cars in Western Europe had diesel engines. By way of comparison: in 1996, diesel-powered cars made up only 15% of the new car registrations in Germany. Austria leads the league table of registrations of diesel-powered cars with 66%, followed by Belgium with 63% and Luxembourg with 58%. Germany, with 34.6% in 2001, was in the middle of the league table. Sweden is lagging behind, in 2004 only 8% of the new cars had diesel engine.

==Diesel car history==

The first production diesel cars were the [[Mercedes-Benz]] 260D and the Hanomag Rekord, both introduced in 1936. The [[Citroën]] Rosalie was also produced between 1935 and 1937 with an extremely rare diesel engine option (the 1766 cc 11UD engine) only in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) version. [http://www.cats-citroen.net/citroen/history.html#UA]

Following the 1970s oil crisis, turbo diesels were tested, e.g. by the Mercedes-Benz C111 experimental and record-setting vehicles. The first production turbo diesel car was, in 1978, the 3.0 5-cyl 115 PS Mercedes 300 SD, available only in North America. In Europe, the Peugeot 604 with a 2.3 litre turbo diesel was introduced in 1979, and then the Mercedes 300 TD turbo.

Many [[Audi]] enthusiasts claim that the Audi 100 TDI was the first turbocharged direct injection diesel sold in 1989; however, the Fiat Croma and the Austin Rover Montego were sold with turbo direct injection in 1988. What was pioneering about the Audi 100 however was the use of electronic control of the engine, as the Fiat and Austin had purely mechanically controlled injection. The electronic control of direct injection made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power.

In 1998, for the very first time in the history of racing, in the legendary 24 Hours Nürburgring race, a diesel-powered car was the overall winner: the BMW works team 320d, a [[BMW]] E36 fitted with modern high-pressure diesel injection technology from [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]. The low fuel consumption and long range, allowing 4 hours of racing at once, made it a winner, as comparable gasoline-powered cars spent more time refuelling.

==List of diesel vehicles==
The following is a list of [[automobiles]] (including pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans) made with [[diesel]] engines. Some vehicles are no longer in production and some vehicles may not be available in all markets (especially North America).

[[Alfa Romeo]]

''Former''
* 145
* 146
* 155
* 166
* 33
* 75
* 90
* Alfa 6
* Alfetta

''Current''
* 147
* 156
* 159
* 166
* Brera
* GT

[[AM General]]
* [[Hummer H1]]

[[Audi]]
* 80
* 90
* 100
* 4000
* 5000
* [[Audi Allroad|Allroad]]
* [[Audi A2|A2]]
* [[Audi A3|A3]]
* [[Audi A4|A4]]
* [[Audi A6|A6]]
* [[Audi A8|A8]]

[[Buick]]
* Century
* Electra
* LeSabre
* Regal
* Riviera

[[BMW]]
* [[BMW 1 Series|1 Series]]:
:118D
:120D
* [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]]:
:320D
:330D
* [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]]:
:524TD
:525D
:530D
:535D
* [[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]]:
:730D
:740D
:745D
* [[BMW X3|X3]]
* [[BMW X5|X5]]

[[Cadillac]]
* DeVille
* Eldorado
* Fleetwood
* Seville

[[Chevrolet]]
* Bel Air
* Blazer
* C10 Pickup
* C1500
* C20 Pickup
* C2500
* C30 Pickup
* C3500
* Caprice
* Celebrity
* Chevette
* El Camino
* [[Chevrolet Express|E Series]] (2006)
* G20 Van
* G2500 Van
* G30 Van
* G3500 Van
* [[Chevrolet Impala|Impala]]
* K10 Pickup
* K1500
* K20 Pickup
* K2500
* K30 Pickup
* K3500
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Kodiak]] (2005)
* Luv
* [[Chevrolet Malibu|Malibu]]
* [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo]]
* P20 Van
* P30 Van
* R10 Pickup
* R20 Pickup
* R2500
* R30 Pickup
* R3500
* [[Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado]] (2006)
* [[Chevrolet Suburban|Suburban]]
* [[Chevrolet Tahoe|Tahoe]]
* V10 Pickup
* V30 Pickup
* V3500 Pickup

[[Chrysler]]
* Grand Voyager
* [[Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]]
* Voyager

[[Citroën]]

''Former''
* AX
* BX
* CX
* Evasion
* Saxo
* Visa
* Xantia
* XM
* ZX

''Actual''
* [[Citroën Berlingo|Berlingo]]
* [[Citroën C1|C1]]
* [[Citroën C2|C2]]
* [[Citroën C3|C3]]
* [[Citroën C4|C4]]
* [[Citroën C5|C5]]
* [[Citroën C6|C6]]
* [[Eurovan (PSA/Fiat)#Second Generation|C8]]
* [[Citroën Jumpy|Jumpy]]
* [[Citroën Jumper|Jumper]]
* [[Citroën Xsara|Xsara]]
* [[Citroën Xsara#Xsara Picasso|Xsara Picasso]]

[[Dodge]]
* [[Dodge Ram|Ram]]
* [[Dodge Sprinter|Sprinter]]

[[Fiat]]
* Ducato
* Idea
* Stilo
* Punto MultiJet

[[Ford Motor Company]]
* [[Ford E-Series|E-Series]]
* [[Ford F-Series|F-Series]]
* Escort (1984-1987)
* Excursion
* Fiesta
* [[Ford Fusion|Fusion]]
* Galaxy
* Lion VLE
* Mondeo
* Focus
* Focus C-MAX
* [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]]
* Tempo (1984-1986)
* Ford Tourneo

[[International Harvester|International]]
* Scout II (1980)

[[GMC (General Motors division)|GMC]]
* [[GMC Savana|Savana]] ([[2006]])
* [[GMC Sierra|Sierra]] ([[2005]])
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Topkick]] ([[2005]])

[[Honda]]
* [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]]
* Civic

[[Hyundai]]
* [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]]
* Getz
* [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
* Terracan
* Trajet
* [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]]

[[Jaguar]]
* S-Type
* X-Type
* XJ

[[Jeep]]
* Cherokee
* [[Commander]]
* [[Grand Cherokee]]
* [[Jeep Liberty|Liberty]] (2005)
* [http://www.ajeepthing.com/jeep_diesel.asp Mitsubishi Built Jeeps - Diesel]

[[Kia]]
* Carens
* [[Sportage]]
* [[Sorento]]

[[Land Rover]]
* Defender
* Discovery
* Freelander
* [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]]

[[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]]
* Continental
* Mark VII

[[Mazda]]
* Mazda2
* Mazda3
* Mazda6
* MPV
* B2600

[[Mercedes-Benz]]
* 170D
* 170Da
* 170Db
* 170Ds
* 180D
* 180Db
* 180Dc
* 190D
* 190D 2.2
* 190D 2.5
* 190D 2.5T
* 190Db
* 190Dc
* 200D
* 200TD
* 220D
* 240D/8
* 240D
* 240TD
* 240D Lang
* 250D
* 250TD
* 300CD
* 300d
* 300D
* 300D 2.5
* 300D 4MATIC
* 300D Lang
* 300SD
* 300SDL
* 300TD
* 300TD 4MATIC
* 350SD
* 350SDL
* C220D
* E220D
* E250 D Turbo
* E270D
* E300D
* E300D 4MATIC
* E300DT
* E320 CDI
* G300D
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML350|ML350]] (2006)
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML500|ML500]] (2006)

[[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]]
* Lynx
* Topaz

[[Mini]]
* One D

[[Nissan Motors|Nissan]]
* Almera
* Primera
* Terrano
* [[X-Trail]]
* [[Sentra]]
* [[Maxima]]
* Patrol
* [[Pathfinder]] (Turbo Diesel)

[[Opel]]

''Former''
* Ascona
* Blitz
* Frontera
* Kadett
* Omega|Omega
* Rekord
* Senator
* Sintra

''Actual''
* [[Opel Agila|Agila]]
* [[General Motors Astra|Astra]]
* [[Opel Combo|Combo]]
* [[Opel Corsa|Corsa]]
* [[Opel Meriva|Meriva]]
* [[Opel Movano|Movano]]
* [[Opel Signum|Signum]]
* [[Opel Vectra|Vectra]]
* [[Opel Vivaro|Vivaro]]
* [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]]

[[Peugeot]]

''Former''
* 106
* 204
* 205
* 304
* 305
* 306
* 309
* 404
* 405
* 406
* 504
* 505
* 604
* 605
* 806

''Actual''
* [[Peugeot 107|107]]
* [[Peugeot 206|206]]
* [[Peugeot 207|207]]
* [[Peugeot 307|307]]
* [[Peugeot 407|407]]
* [[Peugeot 607|607]]
* [[Peugeot 807|807]]
* [[Peugeot 1007|1007]]
* Boxer
* [[Peugeot Partner|Partner]]

[[Renault]]

''Former''
* 9
* 11
* 18
* 19
* 20/30
* 25
* Fuego
* Safrane

''Actual''
* [[Renault Clio|Clio]]
* [[Renault Espace|Espace]]
* [[Renault Kangoo|Kangoo]]
* [[Renault Laguna|Laguna]]
* [[Renault Mégane|Mégane]]
* [[Renault Modus|Modus]]
* [[Renault Scénic|Scénic]]
* [[Renault Vel Satis|Vel Statis]]

[[Rover (car)|Rover]]

''Former''
* 100
* 200
* 25
* 400
* 45
* 620
* 75
* 800
* Metro
* SD1

[[SAAB]]
* [[Saab 9-3|9-3]]
* [[Saab 9-5|9-5]]

[[SEAT|Seat]]

''Former''
* Arosa
* Inca

''Actual''
* [[SEAT Alhambra|Alhambra]]
* [[SEAT Altea|Altea]]
* [[SEAT Córdoba|Cordoba]]
* [[SEAT Ibiza|Ibiza]]
* [[SEAT León|Leon]]
* [[SEAT Toledo|Toledo]]

[[Škoda Auto|Škoda]]

'''Former'''
* Felicia

'''Actual'''
* [[Škoda Fabia|Fabia]]
* [[Škoda Octavia|Octavia]]
* [[Škoda Superb|Superb]]

[[smart]]
* fortwo

[[Suzuki]]
* Grand Vitara

[[TATA]]
* Safari Dicor - SUV
* Victa - MUV
* Sumo - MUV
* Spacio - MUV
* Telcoline Pickup
* Ace
* 207DI Pickup
* 407 SFC Truck
* 709 SFC Truck
* 1512, 1613 Series of Trucks
* Novus

[[Toyota Motor Corporation|Toyota]]
* Avensis
* [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]
* [[Toyota Corolla|Corolla]]
* Hiace
* [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]]
* [[Toyota RAV4|RAV4]]
* [[Toyota Yaris|Yaris]]

[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]
* Carlton

[[Volkswagen]]
* Bora
* Caddy
* Caravelle
* [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] (2000-2005)
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] ([2000-2005)
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta Wagon]] (2000-[2005)
* [[Volkswagen Lupo|Lupo]]
* Multivan
* [[Volkswagen New Beetle|New Beetle]] (2000-2005)
* Volkswagen 1-litre car (2002)
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] (2004-2005)
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat Wagon]] (2004-2005)
* [[Volkswagen Phaeton|Phaeton]]
* [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]]
* [[Volkswagen Rabbit|Rabbit]]
* Sharan
* [[Volkswagen Touareg|Touareg]] (2004-2005)
* Touran
* Transporter
* Vanagon

[[Volvo]]
* [[Volvo S40|S40]]
* [[Volvo S60|S60]]
* [[Volvo S80|S80]]
* [[Volvo V50|V50]]
* [[Volvo V70|V70]]
* [[Volvo XC70|XC70]]
* [[Volvo XC90|XC90]]

==External links==
* [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm/ HowStuffWorks Article]
* [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm The Diesel engine and its development]
* [http://www.advanceautoparts.com/english/youcan/html/dsm/dsm20030101gd.html Truck Engines: Gas vs. Diesel]
* [http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/b1ab9f485b098972852562e7004dc686/0237f756e256922c85256a010072e4f6?OpenDocument EPA gives the green light on diesel-sulfur rule ]
* http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/
* [http://ohe.cat.com/cda/layout?m=85360&x=7 History of Caterpillar]
* [http://www.tdiclub.com/TDIFAQ/TDiFAQ-1.html TDI FAQ]
* [http://www.cumminsracing.com Cummins Racing, home of the world's fastest diesel dragster...]
* [http://www.goodgrease.com/ GoodGrease.com] Diesel engines and vegetable oil. Resources, forums, howtos, links.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/4623590.stm News story on tax duty irregularities on using alternative vegetable oil to fuel your diesel engine]
* [http://www.southerngrease.com/learn.htm Southern Grease] - Alternative Diesel Fuels - Tutorial on using renewable biofuels in a diesel engine
* [http://www.bath.ac.uk/~ccsshb/12cyl/ The Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World]
* [http://www.manbw.com/article_005431.html The world's most powerful diesel engine put into service]
* [http://www.dieselmotorcycles.com/ Diesel motorcycles from HDT]

Lexus GS 450h

2006-07-17T09:58:43Z

205.205.28.3: /* External Links */

[[Image:GS450h.jpg|frame|2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h]]
The 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is the second foray into the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] market for this brand name of the [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]], the first being last year's [[Lexus RX 400h|RX 400h]] sport utility.

[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]] have a stigma of being slow, strange and more expensive than conventional cars, right? Not anymore says [[Lexus|Lexus]] with the GS 450h which will use a 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] engine and a high-output electric motor driving the rear wheels to place the [[HP|horsepower]] at the level of a V8 engine.

With just 2,000 units available, even at the $54,900 base price [[Lexus|Lexus]] will easily sell every GS 450h unit. The company will follow the new sedan with an [[Lexus LS 600h|LS 600h]] model using the same rear-drive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] technology bolted to the new 380-[[HP|horsepower]] V-8 to deliver V-12 performance.

[[Image:G450h_interior.jpg|frame|[[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h interior shown with the optional [[Lexus|Lexus]] Voice-Activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]]]]
See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Lexus GS 450h Review|'''Lexus GS 450h Review''']].

==Styles and Major Options==
===GS 450h Features Include:===

* 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] gas engine coupled with a high-output electric-drive motor, producing 340 [[HP|HP]] total system.
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission|Electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECVT)]] linking to a RWD drivetrain.
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) advanced stability and traction control management system.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] to capture energy and recharge the battery.

===GS 450h Options:===

* [[Lexus|Lexus]] voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]].
* Mark Levinson® 14-speaker 330-watt premium surround sound audio system.
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] Pre-Collision System (PCS) and dynamic [[Cruise Control|radar cruise control]].
* Active Stabilizer Suspension System.
* Rear Spoiler.
* G-Spider alloy wheels.
* All-season [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]].
* Summer [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]].

==Pricing==

The GS 450h base vehicle retails for $54,900 MSRP with a $695 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $55,595.

When loaded up and compared to a fully sorted [[Lexus GS 430]] with a comparably powered V-8 gas engine prices are very similar. Take in consideration the savings at the fuel pump and this price point will be more and more to the liking of [[Lexus|Lexus]] consumers.

The projected Federal Tax Credit for owning a 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is $1,550 as part of President Bush's comprehensive energy bill.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/lexus/gs_450h/prices]

==Gas Mileage==
The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h works out to a 25 city/28 highway mpg EPA estimated rating. ''Actual milage may vary.''

Admittedly not as impressive as other [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] on the market like the [[Honda Civic Hybrid|Honda Civic Hybrid]], [[Toyota Camry Hybrid|Toyota Camry Hybrid]] or even SUVs like Fords [[Ford Escape Hybrid| Escape Hybrid]]. [[Lexus|Lexus]] has composed a [http://lexus.com/assets/models/performance/pdf/GSh_driving_performance_guide.pdf driving guide] to get the most out of their fuel efficiency systems in the GS 450h.

==Reliability==
For years [[Lexus|Lexus]] has received award after award for catagories such as best initial quality and best customer satisfaction from the likes of [http://www.jdpower.com/ J.D. Power and Associates]. This outstanding quality and reliability is sure to continue in the GS 450h.

==Safety==
[[Image:GS450h_whl.jpg|frame|]]
'''The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h includes the following safety features , ''STANDARD'':'''
* Driver and front passenger airbags including front, side, side curtain and knee.
* Rear side curtain airbags.
* Electronic [[Traction Control]].
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) [[Electronic Stability Control|electronic stability control]].
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]].
* [[Brake Assist|Braking Assist]].
* Electronic Controlled Braking (ECB) and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]).
* Tire pressure monitor system.
* Highly rigid body structure.
* Side impact door beams.
* Front and rear crumple zones.
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelt]] with Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) for driver.
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] Locking Retractor/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers.
* Child Restraint Seat (CRS) tether anchor brackets.
* Child safety locks and window lock button on driver door control.
* Full-color display backup camera.
* Intuitive electronic park assist.
* Theft-deterrent and engine immobilizer system.
* [[Xenon Headlights|High-Intensity Discharge (HID)]] headlamps with Adaptive Front Lighting System (AFS).
* Headlamp washers.
* Daytime running lights.
* Integrated foglamps.
* Rain-sensing variable intermittent windshield wipers.

'''''An optional Pre-Collision System (PCS) radar is available.'''''

==Photos==
[[Image:GS450h_rear.jpg|frame|]]
[[Image:GS450h_inst.jpg|frame|]]
[[Image:GS450h_eng.jpg|frame|]]

==Colors==
'''The 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is available in the following colors:'''

[[Image:Blue_onyx_pearl.gif|Blue Onyx Pearl]] Blue Onyx Pearl

[[Image:Black_onyx.gif|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Crystal_white.gif|Crystal White]] Crystal White

[[Image:Glacier_frost_mica.gif|Glacier Frost Mica]] Glacier Frost Mica

[[Image:Gs06_flint_mica.gif|Flint Mica]] Flint Mica

[[Image:Matador_red_mica.gif|Matador Red Mica]] Matador Red Mica

[[Image:Mercury_metallic.gif|Mercury Metallic]] Mercury Metallic

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]

==Unique Attributes==
* The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is more an attempt to raise the bar of [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] on the marketplace then a conscientious choice. Plans are in place to have [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] solutions throughout the [[Lexus|Lexus]] lineup and will be marketed as the premium vehicle trim.
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] claims a total 339 [[HP|HP]] or 253 kW of output power pushing the GS 450h from 0-60 in 5.2 seconds.
* A Neiman Marcus limited-edition GS 450h was included in the 2005 Holiday Catalogue. Only 75 of the special cars were produced in a Crystalline Ice exterior color with Neiman Marcus logo clad interior accents and apparently sold out in 3 hours.

==Resale Values==
Due to the limited production and immediate interest there will likely be little to no resale information for some time.

==See also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]
* [[Lexus LX 600h]]

==External Links==

* [http://www.lexus.com/models/hybrid/index.html [[Lexus|Lexus]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]]
* [http://us.lexusownersclub.com/forums/index.php?s=4e891835509645064e2ffca9e8b76757&showforum=79 LexusOwnersClub.com]
* [http://hybridcars.com/lexus-gs450h.html End of the [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]] As We Know It]
* [http://www.edmunds.com/new/2007/lexus/gs450h/100700963/photos.html GS 450h Picture Gallery]

[[Category:Lexus vehicles|GS 450h]]
[[Category:Front wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Luxury vehicles]]
[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Prestige vehicles]]
[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]

Lexus GS 450h

2006-07-17T09:57:32Z

205.205.28.3: /* Pricing */

[[Image:GS450h.jpg|frame|2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h]]
The 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is the second foray into the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] market for this brand name of the [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]], the first being last year's [[Lexus RX 400h|RX 400h]] sport utility.

[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]] have a stigma of being slow, strange and more expensive than conventional cars, right? Not anymore says [[Lexus|Lexus]] with the GS 450h which will use a 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] engine and a high-output electric motor driving the rear wheels to place the [[HP|horsepower]] at the level of a V8 engine.

With just 2,000 units available, even at the $54,900 base price [[Lexus|Lexus]] will easily sell every GS 450h unit. The company will follow the new sedan with an [[Lexus LS 600h|LS 600h]] model using the same rear-drive [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] technology bolted to the new 380-[[HP|horsepower]] V-8 to deliver V-12 performance.

[[Image:G450h_interior.jpg|frame|[[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h interior shown with the optional [[Lexus|Lexus]] Voice-Activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]]]]
See WikiCars' comprehensive [[Lexus GS 450h Review|'''Lexus GS 450h Review''']].

==Styles and Major Options==
===GS 450h Features Include:===

* 3.5-liter [[V6|V6]] gas engine coupled with a high-output electric-drive motor, producing 340 [[HP|HP]] total system.
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission|Electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECVT)]] linking to a RWD drivetrain.
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) advanced stability and traction control management system.
* [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] to capture energy and recharge the battery.

===GS 450h Options:===

* [[Lexus|Lexus]] voice-activated DVD [[Navigation System|Navigation System]].
* Mark Levinson® 14-speaker 330-watt premium surround sound audio system.
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] Pre-Collision System (PCS) and dynamic [[Cruise Control|radar cruise control]].
* Active Stabilizer Suspension System.
* Rear Spoiler.
* G-Spider alloy wheels.
* All-season [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]].
* Summer [[Run-Flat Tires|run-flat tires]].

==Pricing==

The GS 450h base vehicle retails for $54,900 MSRP with a $695 delivery charge, amounting to a base price of $55,595.

When loaded up and compared to a fully sorted [[Lexus GS 430]] with a comparably powered V-8 gas engine prices are very similar. Take in consideration the savings at the fuel pump and this price point will be more and more to the liking of [[Lexus|Lexus]] consumers.

The projected Federal Tax Credit for owning a 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is $1,550 as part of President Bush's comprehensive energy bill.

Today's prices for all optional equipment on the 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h are available at CarsDirect.[http://www.carsdirect.com/lexus/gs_450h/prices]

==Gas Mileage==
The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h works out to a 25 city/28 highway mpg EPA estimated rating. ''Actual milage may vary.''

Admittedly not as impressive as other [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] on the market like the [[Honda Civic Hybrid|Honda Civic Hybrid]], [[Toyota Camry Hybrid|Toyota Camry Hybrid]] or even SUVs like Fords [[Ford Escape Hybrid| Escape Hybrid]]. [[Lexus|Lexus]] has composed a [http://lexus.com/assets/models/performance/pdf/GSh_driving_performance_guide.pdf driving guide] to get the most out of their fuel efficiency systems in the GS 450h.

==Reliability==
For years [[Lexus|Lexus]] has received award after award for catagories such as best initial quality and best customer satisfaction from the likes of [http://www.jdpower.com/ J.D. Power and Associates]. This outstanding quality and reliability is sure to continue in the GS 450h.

==Safety==
[[Image:GS450h_whl.jpg|frame|]]
'''The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h includes the following safety features , ''STANDARD'':'''
* Driver and front passenger airbags including front, side, side curtain and knee.
* Rear side curtain airbags.
* Electronic [[Traction Control]].
* Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) [[Electronic Stability Control|electronic stability control]].
* [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)]].
* [[Brake Assist|Braking Assist]].
* Electronic Controlled Braking (ECB) and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]).
* Tire pressure monitor system.
* Highly rigid body structure.
* Side impact door beams.
* Front and rear crumple zones.
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelt]] with Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) for driver.
* [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-point seatbelts]] with [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] Locking Retractor/Emergency Locking Retractor (ALR/ELR) for all passengers.
* Child Restraint Seat (CRS) tether anchor brackets.
* Child safety locks and window lock button on driver door control.
* Full-color display backup camera.
* Intuitive electronic park assist.
* Theft-deterrent and engine immobilizer system.
* [[Xenon Headlights|High-Intensity Discharge (HID)]] headlamps with Adaptive Front Lighting System (AFS).
* Headlamp washers.
* Daytime running lights.
* Integrated foglamps.
* Rain-sensing variable intermittent windshield wipers.

'''''An optional Pre-Collision System (PCS) radar is available.'''''

==Photos==
[[Image:GS450h_rear.jpg|frame|]]
[[Image:GS450h_inst.jpg|frame|]]
[[Image:GS450h_eng.jpg|frame|]]

==Colors==
'''The 2007 [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is available in the following colors:'''

[[Image:Blue_onyx_pearl.gif|Blue Onyx Pearl]] Blue Onyx Pearl

[[Image:Black_onyx.gif|Black Onyx]] Black Onyx

[[Image:Crystal_white.gif|Crystal White]] Crystal White

[[Image:Glacier_frost_mica.gif|Glacier Frost Mica]] Glacier Frost Mica

[[Image:Gs06_flint_mica.gif|Flint Mica]] Flint Mica

[[Image:Matador_red_mica.gif|Matador Red Mica]] Matador Red Mica

[[Image:Mercury_metallic.gif|Mercury Metallic]] Mercury Metallic

==Main Competitors==
* [[Honda Accord Hybrid]]
* [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]

==Unique Attributes==
* The [[Lexus|Lexus]] GS 450h is more an attempt to raise the bar of [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]] on the marketplace then a conscientious choice. Plans are in place to have [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] solutions throughout the [[Lexus|Lexus]] lineup and will be marketed as the premium vehicle trim.
* [[Lexus|Lexus]] claims a total 339 [[HP|HP]] or 253 kW of output power pushing the GS 450h from 0-60 in 5.2 seconds.
* A Neiman Marcus limited-edition GS 450h was included in the 2005 Holiday Catalogue. Only 75 of the special cars were produced in a Crystalline Ice exterior color with Neiman Marcus logo clad interior accents and apparently sold out in 3 hours.

==Resale Values==
Due to the limited production and immediate interest there will likely be little to no resale information for some time.

==See also==
* [[Hybrid Cars]]
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]
* [[Lexus RX 400h]]
* [[Lexus LX 600h]]

==External Links==

* [http://www.[[Lexus|lexus]].com/models/[[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]]/index.html [[Lexus|Lexus]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]]
* [http://us.lexusownersclub.com/forums/index.php?s=4e891835509645064e2ffca9e8b76757&showforum=79 LexusOwnersClub.com]
* [http://hybridcars.com/[[Lexus|lexus]]-gs450h.html End of the [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]] As We Know It]
* [http://www.edmunds.com/new/2007/[[Lexus|lexus]]/gs450h/100700963/photos.html GS 450h Picture Gallery]

[[Category:Lexus vehicles|GS 450h]]
[[Category:Front wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Luxury vehicles]]
[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Prestige vehicles]]
[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

2006-07-14T10:11:25Z

205.205.28.3: /* HYDROGEN */

A '''alternative-fuel vehicle''' is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel. Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a '''flexible-fuel vehicle''' or '''dual-fuel vehicle''' which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.

==Propane==
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline. All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures.

Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500. Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the '''National Propane Gas Association''', some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector. Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.

===Benefits===
* 60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline
* 98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)
* Costs less than gasoline
* Propane is a domestic resource
* Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Range is less than gasoline vehicles
* Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
* Filling station scarcity

==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel engined vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).

Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.

===Benefits===
* Natural gas is mostly domestically produced
* Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada
* Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles
* Payload capacity may be compromised
* Filling station scarcity

==HYDROGEN==
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL. The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the [[BMW 745h]], is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline. Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques. Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards [[fuel cells]] could get a boost from ongoing [[fuel cell]] development problems. On top of that, [[fuel cells]] are comparatively '''less''' efficient than utilizing an [[internal combustion engine]] to produce motive power from [[hydrogen]]. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel. Internal combustion engines provide various benefits compared with fuel cells, such as more power and efficiency-not to mention range and less cost, offered by gasoline or diesel power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.

The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built. There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos. The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.

===Benefits===
* Zero air pollutant emissions
* Few greenhouse gas emissions
* Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential
* Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)

===Drawbacks===
* Infrastructure almost non-existent
* Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles
* Fuel cell reliability not known
* Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)

==ELECTRICITY==
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States. The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1. It was offered for '''lease only''' from the 1996 model year. It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production. Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.

Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles. On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.

Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.

Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.

===Benefits===
* Zero emissions
* Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline
* Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil
* Fewer service requirements
* Good acceleration characteristics

===Drawbacks===
* Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)
* Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse
* Cost of battery replacement (estimates range from $3,000 to $6,000)
* Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise

==BIODIESEL==
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.

The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.

Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.

===Benefits===
* Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)
* Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)
* Helps the agricultural sector
* Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)
* Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel
* Performance, [[HP|horsepower]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel

===Drawbacks===
* Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel

==External Links==
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]

[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]

[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

2006-07-14T10:04:00Z

205.205.28.3: /* HYDROGEN */

A '''alternative-fuel vehicle''' is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel. Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a '''flexible-fuel vehicle''' or '''dual-fuel vehicle''' which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.

==Propane==
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline. All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures.

Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500. Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the '''National Propane Gas Association''', some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector. Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.

===Benefits===
* 60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline
* 98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)
* Costs less than gasoline
* Propane is a domestic resource
* Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Range is less than gasoline vehicles
* Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
* Filling station scarcity

==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel engined vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).

Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.

===Benefits===
* Natural gas is mostly domestically produced
* Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada
* Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles
* Payload capacity may be compromised
* Filling station scarcity

==HYDROGEN==
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL. The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the [[BMW 745h]], is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline. Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques. Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel. Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.

The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built. There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos. The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.

===Benefits===
* Zero air pollutant emissions
* Few greenhouse gas emissions
* Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential
* Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)

===Drawbacks===
* Infrastructure almost non-existent
* Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles
* Fuel cell reliability not known
* Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)

==ELECTRICITY==
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States. The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1. It was offered for '''lease only''' from the 1996 model year. It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production. Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.

Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles. On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.

Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.

Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.

===Benefits===
* Zero emissions
* Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline
* Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil
* Fewer service requirements
* Good acceleration characteristics

===Drawbacks===
* Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)
* Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse
* Cost of battery replacement (estimates range from $3,000 to $6,000)
* Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise

==BIODIESEL==
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.

The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.

Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.

===Benefits===
* Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)
* Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)
* Helps the agricultural sector
* Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)
* Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel
* Performance, [[HP|horsepower]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel

===Drawbacks===
* Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel

==External Links==
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]

[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]

[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

2006-07-14T09:59:28Z

205.205.28.3: /* NATURAL GAS (CNG) */

A '''alternative-fuel vehicle''' is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel. Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a '''flexible-fuel vehicle''' or '''dual-fuel vehicle''' which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.

==Propane==
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline. All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures.

Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500. Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the '''National Propane Gas Association''', some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector. Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.

===Benefits===
* 60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline
* 98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)
* Costs less than gasoline
* Propane is a domestic resource
* Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Range is less than gasoline vehicles
* Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
* Filling station scarcity

==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel engined vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).

Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.

===Benefits===
* Natural gas is mostly domestically produced
* Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada
* Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles
* Payload capacity may be compromised
* Filling station scarcity

==HYDROGEN==
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL. The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline. Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques. Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel. Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.

The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built. There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos. The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.

===Benefits===
* Zero air pollutant emissions
* Few greenhouse gas emissions
* Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential
* Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)

===Drawbacks===
* Infrastructure almost non-existent
* Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles
* Fuel cell reliability not known
* Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)

==ELECTRICITY==
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States. The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1. It was offered for '''lease only''' from the 1996 model year. It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production. Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.

Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles. On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.

Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.

Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.

===Benefits===
* Zero emissions
* Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline
* Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil
* Fewer service requirements
* Good acceleration characteristics

===Drawbacks===
* Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)
* Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse
* Cost of battery replacement (estimates range from $3,000 to $6,000)
* Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise

==BIODIESEL==
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.

The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.

Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.

===Benefits===
* Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)
* Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)
* Helps the agricultural sector
* Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)
* Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel
* Performance, [[HP|horsepower]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel

===Drawbacks===
* Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel

==External Links==
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]

[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]

[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

2006-07-14T09:58:26Z

205.205.28.3: /* Benefits */

A '''alternative-fuel vehicle''' is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel. Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a '''flexible-fuel vehicle''' or '''dual-fuel vehicle''' which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.

==Propane==
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline. All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures.

Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500. Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the '''National Propane Gas Association''', some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector. Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.

===Benefits===
* 60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline
* 98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)
* Costs less than gasoline
* Propane is a domestic resource
* Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Range is less than gasoline vehicles
* Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
* Filling station scarcity

==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).

Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.

===Benefits===
* Natural gas is mostly domestically produced
* Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada
* Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles
* Payload capacity may be compromised
* Filling station scarcity

==HYDROGEN==
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL. The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline. Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques. Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel. Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.

The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built. There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos. The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.

===Benefits===
* Zero air pollutant emissions
* Few greenhouse gas emissions
* Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential
* Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)

===Drawbacks===
* Infrastructure almost non-existent
* Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles
* Fuel cell reliability not known
* Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)

==ELECTRICITY==
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States. The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1. It was offered for '''lease only''' from the 1996 model year. It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production. Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.

Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles. On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.

Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.

Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.

===Benefits===
* Zero emissions
* Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline
* Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil
* Fewer service requirements
* Good acceleration characteristics

===Drawbacks===
* Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)
* Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse
* Cost of battery replacement (estimates range from $3,000 to $6,000)
* Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise

==BIODIESEL==
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.

The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.

Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.

===Benefits===
* Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)
* Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)
* Helps the agricultural sector
* Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)
* Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel
* Performance, [[HP|horsepower]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel

===Drawbacks===
* Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel

==External Links==
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]

[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]

[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

2006-07-14T09:56:53Z

205.205.28.3: /* Propane */

A '''alternative-fuel vehicle''' is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel. Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a '''flexible-fuel vehicle''' or '''dual-fuel vehicle''' which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.

==Propane==
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline. All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures.

Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500. Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the '''National Propane Gas Association''', some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector. Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.

===Benefits===
* 60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline
* 98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)
* Costs less than gasoline
* Propane is a domestic resource
* Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles.

===Drawbacks===
* Range is less than gasoline vehicles
* Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
* Filling station scarcity

==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).

Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.

===Benefits===
* Natural gas is mostly domestically produced
* Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada
* Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles
* Payload capacity may be compromised
* Filling station scarcity

==HYDROGEN==
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL. The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline. Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques. Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel. Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.

The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built. There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos. The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.

===Benefits===
* Zero air pollutant emissions
* Few greenhouse gas emissions
* Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential
* Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)

===Drawbacks===
* Infrastructure almost non-existent
* Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles
* Fuel cell reliability not known
* Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)

==ELECTRICITY==
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States. The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1. It was offered for '''lease only''' from the 1996 model year. It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production. Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.

Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles. On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.

Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.

Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.

===Benefits===
* Zero emissions
* Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline
* Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil
* Fewer service requirements
* Good acceleration characteristics

===Drawbacks===
* Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)
* Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse
* Cost of battery replacement (estimates range from $3,000 to $6,000)
* Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise

==BIODIESEL==
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.

The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.

Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.

===Benefits===
* Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)
* Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)
* Helps the agricultural sector
* Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)
* Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel
* Performance, [[HP|horsepower]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel

===Drawbacks===
* Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel

==External Links==
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]

[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]

[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

2006-07-14T09:54:57Z

205.205.28.3: /* External Links */

A '''alternative-fuel vehicle''' is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel. Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a '''flexible-fuel vehicle''' or '''dual-fuel vehicle''' which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.

==Propane==
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline. All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures.

Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500. Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the '''National Propane Gas Association''', some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector. Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Some training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.

===Benefits===
* 60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline
* 98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)
* Costs less than gasoline
* Propane is a domestic resource
* Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles.

===Drawbacks===
* Range is less than gasoline vehicles
* Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
* Filling station scarcity

==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).

Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.

===Benefits===
* Natural gas is mostly domestically produced
* Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada
* Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles
* Payload capacity may be compromised
* Filling station scarcity

==HYDROGEN==
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL. The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline. Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques. Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel. Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.

The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built. There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos. The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.

===Benefits===
* Zero air pollutant emissions
* Few greenhouse gas emissions
* Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential
* Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)

===Drawbacks===
* Infrastructure almost non-existent
* Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles
* Fuel cell reliability not known
* Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)

==ELECTRICITY==
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States. The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1. It was offered for '''lease only''' from the 1996 model year. It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production. Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.

Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles. On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.

Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.

Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.

===Benefits===
* Zero emissions
* Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline
* Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil
* Fewer service requirements
* Good acceleration characteristics

===Drawbacks===
* Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)
* Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse
* Cost of battery replacement (estimates range from $3,000 to $6,000)
* Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise

==BIODIESEL==
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.

The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.

Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.

===Benefits===
* Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)
* Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)
* Helps the agricultural sector
* Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)
* Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel
* Performance, [[HP|horsepower]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel

===Drawbacks===
* Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel

==External Links==
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]

[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]

[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

2006-07-14T09:51:37Z

205.205.28.3: /* External Links */

A '''alternative-fuel vehicle''' is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel. Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a '''flexible-fuel vehicle''' or '''dual-fuel vehicle''' which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.

==Propane==
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline. All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures.

Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500. Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the '''National Propane Gas Association''', some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector. Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Some training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.

===Benefits===
* 60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline
* 98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)
* Costs less than gasoline
* Propane is a domestic resource
* Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles.

===Drawbacks===
* Range is less than gasoline vehicles
* Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
* Filling station scarcity

==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).

Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.

===Benefits===
* Natural gas is mostly domestically produced
* Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada
* Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles

===Drawbacks===
* Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles
* Payload capacity may be compromised
* Filling station scarcity

==HYDROGEN==
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL. The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline. Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques. Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel. Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.

The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built. There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos. The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.

===Benefits===
* Zero air pollutant emissions
* Few greenhouse gas emissions
* Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential
* Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)

===Drawbacks===
* Infrastructure almost non-existent
* Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles
* Fuel cell reliability not known
* Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)

==ELECTRICITY==
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States. The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1. It was offered for '''lease only''' from the 1996 model year. It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production. Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.

Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles. On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.

Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.

Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.

===Benefits===
* Zero emissions
* Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline
* Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil
* Fewer service requirements
* Good acceleration characteristics

===Drawbacks===
* Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)
* Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse
* Cost of battery replacement (estimates range from $3,000 to $6,000)
* Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise

==BIODIESEL==
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.

The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.

Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.

===Benefits===
* Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)
* Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)
* Helps the agricultural sector
* Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)
* Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel
* Performance, [[HP|horsepower]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel

===Drawbacks===
* Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel

==External Links==
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]

[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]

[http://www.myphill.com/index.htm Home Fuelling for Natural Gas Vehicles]

[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]

Main Page

2006-07-13T14:02:37Z

205.205.28.3:

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__

{| cellpadding="0px" cellspacing="5px" border="0px" width="100%"
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<div><div style="font-size:162%;border:none;margin: 0;padding:.1em;color:#000">Welcome to [[Wikicars:about|Wikicars]]</div> A collaborative guide about new cars and all things automotive. Learn more about [[Wikicars:about|Wikicars]].</div>
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|align="left" width="50%" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-top:1px solid #abd5f5; border-left:1px solid #abd5f5; border-right:1px solid #abd5f5; border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:3px;" valign="top"|
<h2 style="margin:0;background:#d0e5f5;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #abd5f5;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">[[ Hybrid Cars | Spotlight On: Hybrids]] and [[High Mileage Vehicles]]</h2>
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<div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em;">
[[Image:Example.jpg|none|175px|2007 [[Toyota]] [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]]]
'''New Arrival:''' [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]<br>
'''Top Seller:''' [[Toyota Prius]]
</div>
Driven by rising gas prices and growing social awareness, [[Hybrid Cars | '''hybrid cars''']] are becoming attractive options.
* [[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]
* [[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]]
* Non-hybrid [[High Mileage Vehicles]] that get over 30 mpg
|}
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|align="left" valign="middle" width="130"|[[Image:Danincar.jpg|thumb|left|135px|Dan gets 47 mpg]]
|align="left" valign="top" width="70%"|
'''High Mileage Driving Tips'''

Save hundreds per year; improve your fuel economy 15% or more

* [[Tips for all drivers]]
* [[Tips for Hybrid drivers]]
* [[Hypermiler|Tips for joining the hypermilers]]
|}
|}
{| cellpadding="5px" cellspacing="0px" border="0px" style="padding-top:7px;" width="100%"
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|align="left" width="100%" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88; padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:5px;" valign="top"|
<h2 style="margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">[[Lexus RX 350|Featured Article]]: [[Lexus RX 350]]</h2>

<div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em">
[[Image:RX350.jpg|none|200px|'''2007 Lexus RX 350''']]
</div>
The '''[[Lexus RX 350]]''' is a crossover SUV manufactured by the [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]]. It is based heavily on the [[Toyota Camry]] platform which it shares with the [[Toyota Highlander]]. The RX 350 was introduced in 1997 as the as the RX 300 at the North American International Auto Show. <small>([[Lexus RX 350|more...]])</small>
|}
{| cellpadding="5px" cellspacing="0px" border="0px" style="padding-top:7px;" width="100%"
|-
|align="left" width="50%" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-top:1px solid #8597ab; border-left:1px solid #8597ab; border-right:1px solid #8597ab; border-bottom:1px solid #8597ab; padding-top:5px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:5px;" valign="top"|
<h2 style="margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">[[Honda Accord Review |Featured Review]]: [[Honda Accord Review |Honda Accord]]</h2>

<div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em">
[[Image:2006Accord.jpg|none|200px|'''2006 Honda Accord Sedan''']]
</div>
Chosen by some reviewers as the #1 midsized sedan, the '''[[Honda Accord Review | 2006 Honda Accord]]''' is consistently rated one of the very best. The four cylinder Accord is considered a great value.

A summary of all reviewers on Autos.com rates the 2006 Accord 3rd best of 20 mid-sized cars. <small>([[Honda Accord Review|more...]])</small>
|}

|align="left" valign="top" width="200"|

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{| cellpadding="5px" cellspacing="0px" border="0px" style="padding-top:0px;" width="200"
|align="center" width="100%" colspan="6" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:5px;" valign="top"|
<h2 style="margin:0;background:#F3F3F3;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:2px;">[[List of Manufacturers|Search By Make]]</h2>
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|align="left" width="100" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding-top:0px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:0px;" valign="top"|
[[Acura]]<br />
[[Alfa Romeo]]<br />
[[Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]<br />
[[Audi]]<br />
[[BMW]]<br />
[[Bentley]]<br />
[[Bugatti]]<br />
[[Buick]]<br />
[[Cadillac]]<br />
[[Chevrolet]]<br />
[[Chrysler]]<br />
[[Citroën]]<br />
[[Dodge]]<br />
[[Ferrari]]<br />
[[Ford]]<br />
[[GMC]]<br />
[[Geo]]<br />
[[Honda]]<br />
[[Hummer]]<br />
[[Hyundai]]<br />
[[Infiniti]]<br />
[[Isuzu]]<br />
[[Jaguar]]<br />
[[Jeep]]<br />
[[Kia]]<br />
[[Lamborghini]]'''<br />
|align="left" width="100" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding-top:0px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:2px;" valign="top"|
[[Land Rover]]'''<br />
[[Lexus]]'''<br />
[[Lincoln]]'''<br />
[[Lotus]]'''<br />
[[MINI]]'''<br />
[[Maserati]]'''<br />
[[Maybach]]'''<br />
[[Mazda]]'''<br />
[[Mercedes-Benz]]'''<br />
[[Mercury]]'''<br />
[[Mitsubishi]]'''<br />
[[Nissan]]'''<br />
[[Oldsmobile]]'''<br />
[[Pontiac]]'''<br />
[[Porsche]]'''<br />
[[Rolls-Royce]]<br />
[[Saab]]<br />
[[Saturn]]<br />
[[Scion]]<br />
[[Smart]]<br />
[[Subaru]]<br />
[[Suzuki]]<br />
[[Toyota]]<br />
[[Volkswagen]]<br />
[[Volvo]]<br />
|}
|}

{| cellpadding="5px" cellspacing="0px" border="0px" style="padding-top:5px;" width="100%"
|align="center" width="100%" colspan="6" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:0px;" valign="top"|
<h2 style="margin:0;background:#F3F3F3;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">[[Wikicars' Picks]]</h2>
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|align="left" width="100" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding-top:5px; padding-right:1px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:2px;" valign="top"|
'''[[Cars under 10k]]'''<br>
'''[[Passenger Cars]]'''<br>
'''[[Luxury Cars]]'''<br>
'''[[Trucks]]'''<br>
'''[[SUVs]]'''<br>
'''[[Hybrids]]'''<br>
|}
|-
|colspan="2"|
{| cellpadding="5px" cellspacing="0px" width="100%" border="0px" style="padding-top:0px;"
|style="background-color:#ffffff; border-top:1px solid #de8ca7; border-left:1px solid #de8ca7; border-right:1px solid #de8ca7; border-bottom:1px solid #de8ca7;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:0px;" valign="top"|
<h2 style="margin:0;background:#f7d4e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #de8ca7;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">[[Living on the Automotive Edge]]</h2>
{| width="100%" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2"
|-
| width="33%|
[[image:Veyron.jpg|left|thumb| [[Bugatti Veyron]], 253 mph]]
| width="33%"|
* [[World's fastest street legal cars]]
* [[World's most expensive new cars]]
* Most [[Famous Cars]]
* [[Star Cars|What the Stars Drive]]
* [[Highest miles per gallon]] cars
* Places to [[Blessing of the Cars|have your car blessed]]
| width="33%" |
[[image:felix-car.jpg|right|thumb| [[Plug-in Hybrids|Plug-in Prius]], 100+ MPG]]
|}
|}
|-
|colspan="2"|
{| cellpadding="5px" cellspacing="0px" border="0px" style="padding-top:0px;" width="100%"
|-
|align="left" width="50%" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-top:1px solid #abd5f5; border-left:1px solid #abd5f5; border-right:1px solid #abd5f5; border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;" valign="top"|

<h2 style="margin:0;background:#d0e5f5;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #abd5f5;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">[[Car Buying Tips]]</h2>

* How to [[negotiate for a lower car price]]
* How to [[buy a car on the internet]]
* How to get low cost financing: see our [[Car Loan Guide]]
|}
|}

Saturn VUE Green Line Review

2006-07-12T11:43:14Z

205.205.28.3: /* Exterior */

[[Image:VUE_2.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Green Line]]
The [[Saturn VUE Green Line]] is about to enter the hybrid market this summer with a promise of a 20% gain in fuel economy. Most drivers won't recognize the new hybrid model as any different from the conventionally powered VUE aside from the badge and a few extra components in the engine bay. The mild hybrid system being utilized here is designed for ease of use and low cost to the consumer. Two very important qualities in the minds of [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]. The VUE has come to market as a very approachable option to the first time hybrid buyer and that in itself is a step in the right direction even though more environmentally conscious consumers would refer to it as a baby step.

==High Points==
* Best highway mileage of any SUV.
* 170 HP and 164 lb-ft of torque plus another 115 lb-ft from the electric motor.
* Starting price around $23,000.
* Cargo space uncomprimised by batteries or equipment.

==Low Points==
* Mild hybrid means mild fuel savings.
* Electric motor never solely drives wheels.

==Performance and Handling==
The VUE Green Line's 2.4-liter engine produces 170 horsepower which is a substantial increase from the non-hybrid version of the VUE that has a 2.2-liter engine at 143 horsepower. Coupled with the extra torque provided by the electric motor in power assisted situations, drivers will be very impressed with the VUE Green Line's sporty feel.

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* Regenerative braking captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
The [[Saturn]] VUE features front and rear crumple zones and with the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Interior and Comforts==
The VUE Green Line on the inside is nearly identical to the non-hybrid version providing a standard power convenience package including doors, windows and mirrors. Remote keyless entry, fold flat seats, rear cargo organizer and OnStar. No amount of cargo space was lost with the inclusion of the hybrid system and battery since the battery is so small compared to what you would expect in a full hybrid vehicle.

==Exterior==
The exterior of the VUE Green Line is in most ways no different except for the hybrid badge along the rear of the vehicle. The Green Line does come with some extra standard equipment the regular model does not to help distinguish it including anti-lock brakes with traction control, alloy wheels, chrome finish skid plates, body colored door handles and mirrors and lastly a rear spoiler to top it off.

==Styles and Options==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3.
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package.
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment.
* Leather interior package.
* Power sunroof.
* OnStar.

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]

Saturn VUE Green Line Review

2006-07-12T11:41:36Z

205.205.28.3: /* Exterior */

[[Image:VUE_2.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Green Line]]
The [[Saturn VUE Green Line]] is about to enter the hybrid market this summer with a promise of a 20% gain in fuel economy. Most drivers won't recognize the new hybrid model as any different from the conventionally powered VUE aside from the badge and a few extra components in the engine bay. The mild hybrid system being utilized here is designed for ease of use and low cost to the consumer. Two very important qualities in the minds of [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]. The VUE has come to market as a very approachable option to the first time hybrid buyer and that in itself is a step in the right direction even though more environmentally conscious consumers would refer to it as a baby step.

==High Points==
* Best highway mileage of any SUV.
* 170 HP and 164 lb-ft of torque plus another 115 lb-ft from the electric motor.
* Starting price around $23,000.
* Cargo space uncomprimised by batteries or equipment.

==Low Points==
* Mild hybrid means mild fuel savings.
* Electric motor never solely drives wheels.

==Performance and Handling==
The VUE Green Line's 2.4-liter engine produces 170 horsepower which is a substantial increase from the non-hybrid version of the VUE that has a 2.2-liter engine at 143 horsepower. Coupled with the extra torque provided by the electric motor in power assisted situations, drivers will be very impressed with the VUE Green Line's sporty feel.

==Gas Mileage==
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:

* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.
* Regenerative braking captures energy to charge batteries.
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.

The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.

==Safety==
The [[Saturn]] VUE features front and rear crumple zones and with the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].

==Interior and Comforts==
The VUE Green Line on the inside is nearly identical to the non-hybrid version providing a standard power convenience package including doors, windows and mirrors. Remote keyless entry, fold flat seats, rear cargo organizer and OnStar. No amount of cargo space was lost with the inclusion of the hybrid system and battery since the battery is so small compared to what you would expect in a full hybrid vehicle.

==Exterior==
The exterior of the VUE Green Line is in most ways no different except for the hybrid badge along the rear of the vehicle. The Green Line does come with some extra standard equipment from the regular model to help distinguish it including anti-lock brakes with traction control, alloy wheels, chrome finish skid plates, body colored door handles and mirrors and lastly a rear spoiler to top it off.

==Styles and Options==
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.

Additional options include:

* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3.
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package.
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment.
* Leather interior package.
* Power sunroof.
* OnStar.

==Main Competitors==
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.

==External Links==
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]

[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]

[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]

[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]

[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]

[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]