Active suspension - Revision history

Red marquis: /* Semi-active */

2010-07-07T00:18:08Z

Semi-active

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:18, 7 July 2010
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	=== Semi-active ===		=== Semi-active ===

	Semi-active systems can only change the viscous damping coefficient of the [[shock absorber]], and do not add energy to the suspension system. Though limited in their intervention (for example, the control force can never have different direction than that of the current speed of the suspension), semi-active suspensions are less expensive to design and consume far less energy. In recent times, research in semi-active suspensions has continued to advance with respect to their capabilities, narrowing the gap between semi-active and fully active suspension systems.		Semi-active systems can only change the viscous damping coefficient of the shock absorber, and do not add energy to the suspension system. Though limited in their intervention (for example, the control force can never have different direction than that of the current speed of the suspension), semi-active suspensions are less expensive to design and consume far less energy. In recent times, research in semi-active suspensions has continued to advance with respect to their capabilities, narrowing the gap between semi-active and fully active suspension systems.

	==== Solenoid/valve actuated ====		==== Solenoid/valve actuated ====
	This type is the most economic and basic type of semi-active suspensions. They consist of a solenoid valve which alters the flow of the hydraulic medium inside the [[shock absorber]], therefore changing the dampening characteristics of the suspension setup. The solenoids are wired to the controlling computer, which sends them commands depending on the control algorithm (usually the so called "Sky-Hook" technique).		This type is the most economic and basic type of semi-active suspensions. They consist of a solenoid valve which alters the flow of the hydraulic medium inside the shock absorber, therefore changing the dampening characteristics of the suspension setup. The solenoids are wired to the controlling computer, which sends them commands depending on the control algorithm (usually the so called "Sky-Hook" technique).

	==== Magneto rheological damper ====		==== Magneto rheological damper ====

Red marquis: /* Hydraulic actuated */

2010-07-07T00:17:24Z

Hydraulic actuated

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:17, 7 July 2010
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	==== Hydraulic actuated ====		==== Hydraulic actuated ====
	'''Hydraulically actuated''' suspensions are controlled with the use of [[hydraulic~~]] [[servomechanism]]s~~. The hydraulic pressure to the servos is supplied by a high pressure radial piston hydraulic pump. Sensors continually monitor body movement and vehicle ride level, constantly supplying the computer with new data.		'''Hydraulically actuated''' suspensions are controlled with the use of hydraulic servomechanisms. The hydraulic pressure to the servos is supplied by a high pressure radial piston hydraulic pump. Sensors continually monitor body movement and vehicle ride level, constantly supplying the computer with new data.

	As the computer receives and processes data, it operates the hydraulic servos, mounted beside each wheel. Almost instantly, the servo regulated suspension generates counter forces to body lean, dive, and squat during various driving maneuvers.		As the computer receives and processes data, it operates the hydraulic servos, mounted beside each wheel. Almost instantly, the servo regulated suspension generates counter forces to body lean, dive, and squat during various driving maneuvers.
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	[[Colin Chapman]] - the inventor and automotive engineer who founded [[Lotus Cars]] and the [[Team Lotus\|Lotus]] [[Formula One]] racing team - developed the original concept of computer management of hydraulic suspension in the 1980s, as a means to improve cornering in racing cars. Lotus developed a version of its 1985 Excel model with electro-hydraulic active suspension, but this was never offered to the public.		[[Colin Chapman]] - the inventor and automotive engineer who founded [[Lotus Cars]] and the [[Team Lotus\|Lotus]] [[Formula One]] racing team - developed the original concept of computer management of hydraulic suspension in the 1980s, as a means to improve cornering in racing cars. Lotus developed a version of its 1985 Excel model with electro-hydraulic active suspension, but this was never offered to the public.

	Computer Active Technology Suspension (CATS) co-ordinates the best possible balance between [[ride]] and handling by analysing road conditions and making up to 3,000 adjustments every second to the [[Suspension (vehicle)\|suspension]] settings via electronically controlled ~~[[Shock absorber\|damper]]s~~.		Computer Active Technology Suspension (CATS) co-ordinates the best possible balance between [[ride]] and handling by analysing road conditions and making up to 3,000 adjustments every second to the [[Suspension (vehicle)\|suspension]] settings via electronically controlled dampers.

	==== Electromagnetic recuperative ====		==== Electromagnetic recuperative ====

Red marquis at 00:16, 7 July 2010

2010-07-07T00:16:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:16, 7 July 2010
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	This technology allows car manufacturers to achieve a higher degree of both [[ride quality]] and [[car handling]] by keeping the tires perpendicular to the road in corners, allowing for much higher levels of grip and control.		This technology allows car manufacturers to achieve a higher degree of both [[ride quality]] and [[car handling]] by keeping the tires perpendicular to the road in corners, allowing for much higher levels of grip and control.

	An onboard computer detects body movement from sensors located throughout the vehicle and, using data calculated by opportune [[control ~~theory\|control technique]]s~~, controls the action of the suspension.		An onboard computer detects body movement from sensors located throughout the vehicle and, using data calculated by opportune control techniques, controls the action of the suspension.

	== Methods ==		== Methods ==

Red marquis at 00:16, 7 July 2010

2010-07-07T00:16:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:16, 7 July 2010
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	~~jjHxLQ~~ <a ~~href~~="http://~~tqmesuzjdzsr~~.~~com~~/">~~tqmesuzjdzsr~~</a>, [~~url=~~http://~~xorqbdjqvchf~~.com/]~~xorqbdjqvchf~~[/~~url~~], [~~link=~~http://~~iwakplugzvup~~.com/]~~iwakplugzvup~~[/~~link~~], http://~~souogbfavdlz~~.com/		'''Active''' or '''adaptive suspension''' is an automotive technology that controls the vertical movement of the wheels via an onboard system rather than the movement being determined entirely by the surface on which the car is driving. The system therefore virtually eliminates [[body roll]] and pitch variation in many driving situations including [[corner]]ing, [[accelerating]], and [[braking]].

			This technology allows car manufacturers to achieve a higher degree of both [[ride quality]] and [[car handling]] by keeping the tires perpendicular to the road in corners, allowing for much higher levels of grip and control.

			An onboard computer detects body movement from sensors located throughout the vehicle and, using data calculated by opportune [[control theory\|control technique]]s, controls the action of the suspension.

			== Methods ==

			Active suspensions can be generally divided into two main classes: pure active suspensions and '''semi-active suspensions'''.

			=== Active ===
			Active suspensions, the first to be introduced, use separate actuators which can exert an independent force on the suspension to improve the riding characteristics. The drawbacks of this design (at least today) are high cost, added complication/mass of the apparatus needed for its operation, and the need for rather frequent maintenance and repairs on some implementations. Maintenance can also be problematic, since only a factory-authorized dealer will have the tools and mechanics who know how to work on the system and, some issues, can be difficult to diagnose reliably.

			[[Citroen]]'s [[Active Wheel]] incorporates an in-wheel electrical suspension motor that controls torque distribution, traction, turning maneuvers, pitch, roll and suspension damping for that wheel, in addition to an [[in-wheel motor\|in-wheel electric traction motor]].<ref>{{cite web \|last=Dogget \|first=Scott \|title=Michelin to Commercialize Active Wheel; Technology to Appear in 2010 Cars \|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2008/12/michelin-to-commercialize-active-wheel-technology-to-appear-in-2010-cars.html \|date=1 December 2008 \|work=Green Car Advisor \|publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] \|accessdate=15 September 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web \|title=MICHELIN ACTIVE WHEEL Press Kit \|url=http://www.michelin.com/corporate/document.DocumentRepositoryServlet?codeDocument=7735&codeRubrique=salonauto2008&codeRepository=MICHCORP&lang=EN \|date=26 September 2008 \|publisher=[[Michelin]] \|accessdate=15 September 2009}}</ref>

			==== Hydraulic actuated ====
			'''Hydraulically actuated''' suspensions are controlled with the use of [[hydraulic]] [[servomechanism]]s. The hydraulic pressure to the servos is supplied by a high pressure radial piston hydraulic pump. Sensors continually monitor body movement and vehicle ride level, constantly supplying the computer with new data.

			As the computer receives and processes data, it operates the hydraulic servos, mounted beside each wheel. Almost instantly, the servo regulated suspension generates counter forces to body lean, dive, and squat during various driving maneuvers.

			In practice, the system has always incorporated the desirable [[self-levelling suspension]] and [[height adjustable suspension]] features, with the latter now tied to vehicle speed for improved aerodynamic performance, as the vehicle lowers itself at high speed.

			[[Colin Chapman]] - the inventor and automotive engineer who founded [[Lotus Cars]] and the [[Team Lotus\|Lotus]] [[Formula One]] racing team - developed the original concept of computer management of hydraulic suspension in the 1980s, as a means to improve cornering in racing cars. Lotus developed a version of its 1985 Excel model with electro-hydraulic active suspension, but this was never offered to the public.

			Computer Active Technology Suspension (CATS) co-ordinates the best possible balance between [[ride]] and handling by analysing road conditions and making up to 3,000 adjustments every second to the [[Suspension (vehicle)\|suspension]] settings via electronically controlled [[Shock absorber\|damper]]s.

			==== Electromagnetic recuperative ====
			This type of active suspension uses linear electromagnetic motors attached to each wheel independently allowing for extremely fast response and allowing for regeneration of power used through utilizing the motors as generators. This comes close to surmounting the issues with hydraulic systems with their slow response times and high power consumption. It has only recently come to light as a proof of concept model from the Bose company, the founder of which has been working on exotic suspensions for many years while he worked as an MIT professor. Electronically controlled active suspension system (ECASS) technology was patented by the University of Texas Center for Electromechanics in the 1990s and has been developed by L-3 Electronic Systems for use on military vehicles. The ECASS-equipped HMMWV exceeded the performance specifications for all performance evaluations in terms of absorbed power to the vehicle operator, stability and handling.

			=== Semi-active ===

			Semi-active systems can only change the viscous damping coefficient of the [[shock absorber]], and do not add energy to the suspension system. Though limited in their intervention (for example, the control force can never have different direction than that of the current speed of the suspension), semi-active suspensions are less expensive to design and consume far less energy. In recent times, research in semi-active suspensions has continued to advance with respect to their capabilities, narrowing the gap between semi-active and fully active suspension systems.

			==== Solenoid/valve actuated ====
			This type is the most economic and basic type of semi-active suspensions. They consist of a solenoid valve which alters the flow of the hydraulic medium inside the [[shock absorber]], therefore changing the dampening characteristics of the suspension setup. The solenoids are wired to the controlling computer, which sends them commands depending on the control algorithm (usually the so called "Sky-Hook" technique).

			==== Magneto rheological damper ====
			{{Main\|Magneto rheological damper}}
			Another fairly recently-developed method incorporates '''magneto rheological dampers''' with a brand name [[MagneRide]]. It was initially developed by Delphi Corporation for [[General Motors\|GM]] and was standard, as many other new technologies, for Cadillac Seville STS (from model 2002), and on some other GM models from 2003. This was an upgrade for semi-active systems ("automatic road-sensing suspensions") used in upscale GM vehicles for decades, and it allows, together with faster modern computers, changing the stiffness of all wheel suspensions independently on every road inch on highway speed. These dampers are finding increased usage in the USA and already leases to some foreign brands, mostly in more expensive vehicles.
			In this system, being in development for 25 years, the damper fluid contains metallic particles. Through the onboard computer, the dampers' compliance characteristics are controlled by an electromagnet. Essentially, increasing the current flow into the damper raises the compression/rebound rates, while a decrease softens the effect of the dampers. Information from wheel sensors (about suspension extension), steering, acceleration sensors and some others is used to calculate the optimized stiffness. Very fast reaction of the total system allows, for instance, make softer passing by a single wheel above a bump or a rock on the road.

			== Some production vehicles with active and semiactive suspension ==
			* 1987 [[Mitsubishi Galant]] "Dynamic ECS", world’s first production semi-active electronically controlled suspension system<ref>[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.za/featuresites/mm_history/Galant.asp "Mitsubishi Galant"], Mitsubishi Motors South Africa website</ref><ref>[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.za/featuresites/mm_history/1980-1989.asp "Mitsubishi Motors history 1981-1990"], Mitsubishi Motors South Africa website</ref><ref>[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/about_us/technology/review/e/pdf/2005/17e_02.pdf "Technology DNA of MMC"], .pdf file, Mitsubishi Motors technical review 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-26567890_ITM "MMC's new Galant."], Malay Mail, Byline: Asian Auto, Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, 16-SEP-02 (registration required)</ref><ref>[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/museum/history/1980/e/index.html "Mitsubishi Motors Web Museum"], Mitsubishi Motors website</ref>

			* 1989 [[Citroën XM]] ([[Hydropneumatic suspension\|Hydractive]], semi-active)
			* 1990 [[Infiniti Q45]] "Full-Active Suspension (FAS)", world's first production fully active suspension system
			* 1990 [[Toyota Supra#Mark III (1986-1992)\|Toyota Supra (Toyota Electronically Modulated Suspension, TEMS)]]
			* 1991 [[Mitsubishi GTO]] "Electronically Controlled Suspension"
			* 1991 [[Toyota Soarer]] 'Active'
			* 1992 [[Toyota Celica\|Toyota Celica (Japan only)]]
			* 1992 [[Citroën Xantia]] VSX ([[Hydropneumatic suspension\|Hydractive 2]], semi-active)
			* 1993 [[Cadillac]], several models with [[Road Sensing Suspension\|road sensing suspension]].
			* 1994 [[Citroën Xantia]] Activa ([[Hydropneumatic suspension\|Hydractive 2]] and active roll control)
			* 1996 [[Jaguar XK]]8 'CATS' (optional)
			* 1997 [[Jaguar XJ]] 'CATS' (standard on XJR model)
			* 1999+ [[Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II\|Land Rover Discovery 2]] 'ACE' (Active Cornering Enhancement)
			* 1999 [[Mercedes-Benz CL-Class]], [[Active Body Control]]
			* 1999+ [[Lexus LX\|Lexus LX470]]
			* 2001 [[Citroën C5]] ([[Hydropneumatic suspension\|Hydractive 3]], semi-active)
			* 2002+ [[Jaguar S-Type]] 'CATS' (S-Type R model)
			* 2002+ [[Mazda6\|Mazda6 wagon 4wd]]
			* 2002 [[BMW 7 Series]]
			* 2002 [[Maserati Coupé]]
			* 2002 [[Cadillac Seville]] STS, first [[MagneRide]]
			* 2003 [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]]
			* 2003 [[Chevrolet Corvette]], some Cadillacs and other GM vehicles with [[MagneRide]]
			* 2004 [[Opel Astra]] 'IDS+' (optional)
			* 2004 - 2007 [[Volvo S60]]R "4-C Active Chassis"
			* 2004 - 2007 [[Volvo V70\|Volvo V70R]] "4-C Active Chassis"
			* 2005 [[Citroën C6]] ([[Hydropneumatic suspension\|Hydractive 3+]], semi-active)
			* 2007 [[Lexus GS]], [[Active Stabilizer Suspension System]]
			* 2007 [[Maserati GranTurismo]]
			* 2008 + [[Audi TT]] Magnetic Ride

			* Nye, Doug. ''History of the Grand Prix Car: 1966-91.'' Hazleton Publishing, 1992. ISBN 0905138945
			* 1986, Electronics Developed for Lotus Active Suspension Technology[http://wiki.gmnext.com/wiki/index.php/1986%2C_Electronics_Developed_for_Lotus_Active_Suspension_Technology]

			== External links ==
			{{commonscat\|Automotive suspension technologies}}
			* [http://www.bose.com/controller?url=/automotive/bose_suspension/index.jsp Bose Suspension]

			[[Category:Automotive suspension technologies]]

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