Automobile layout - Revision history

Red marquis: /* History and current use */

2010-10-31T22:33:38Z

History and current use

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:33, 31 October 2010
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	==History and current use==		==History and current use==
	~~[[Image:Automotive diagrams 03 En.png\|thumb\|275px\|FMR layout, standard in most Front-engine / Rear-wheel drive cars pre-World War II, where the engine was located behind the front axle.]]~~
	The first FR car was an 1895 [[Panhard]] model, so this layout was known as the "Système Panhard" in the early years. Most American cars used the FR layout until the mid 1980s. The [[1973 oil crisis\|Oil crisis]] of the 1970s and the success of small FF cars like the [[Mini]], [[Volkswagen Golf]], [[Toyota Tercel]], and [[Honda Civic]] led to the widespread adoption of that layout.		The first FR car was an 1895 [[Panhard]] model, so this layout was known as the "Système Panhard" in the early years. Most American cars used the FR layout until the mid 1980s. The [[1973 oil crisis\|Oil crisis]] of the 1970s and the success of small FF cars like the [[Mini]], [[Volkswagen Golf]], [[Toyota Tercel]], and [[Honda Civic]] led to the widespread adoption of that layout.

	After the [[Arab Oil Embargo]] of 1973 and the 1979 fuel crises, a majority of American FR vehicles (station wagons, luxury sedans) were phased out for the FF layout — this trend would spawn the SUV/van conversion market. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most American companies set as a priority the eventual removal of rear-wheel drive from their mainstream and luxury lineup.<ref>[http://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/1266931.html Comparison Test: Front-Wheel Drive Vs. Rear-Wheel Drive - Popular Mechanics<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Chrysler went 100% FF by 1990 and [[General Motors\|GM]]'s American production went entirely FF by 1997 except the [[Chevrolet Corvette\|Corvette]] and [[Camaro]]. Ford's full-size cars (the [[Ford Crown Victoria]], [[Mercury Grand Marquis]], and [[Lincoln Town Car]]) have always been FR,<ref>[http://blog.vehiclevoice.com/2005/12/why_good_enough_isnt_1.html VehicleVoice News: Ford Panther Platform - Why Good Enough Isn't<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> as was the [[Ford Mustang]]<ref>[http://www.popularhotrodding.com/features/0501phr_2005_ford_mustang/index.html 2005 Ford Mustang - Popular Hot Rodding Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Lincoln LS]]. In 2008 [[Hyundai Motor Company\|Hyundai]] introduced its own rear-wheel drive car, the [[Hyundai Genesis]].		After the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 and the 1979 fuel crises, a majority of American FR vehicles (station wagons, luxury sedans) were phased out for the FF layout — this trend would spawn the SUV/van conversion market. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most American companies set as a priority the eventual removal of rear-wheel drive from their mainstream and luxury lineup.<ref>[http://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/1266931.html Comparison Test: Front-Wheel Drive Vs. Rear-Wheel Drive - Popular Mechanics<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Chrysler went 100% FF by 1990 and [[General Motors\|GM]]'s American production went entirely FF by 1997 except the [[Chevrolet Corvette\|Corvette]] and [[Camaro]]. Ford's full-size cars (the [[Ford Crown Victoria]], [[Mercury Grand Marquis]], and [[Lincoln Town Car]]) have always been FR,<ref>[http://blog.vehiclevoice.com/2005/12/why_good_enough_isnt_1.html VehicleVoice News: Ford Panther Platform - Why Good Enough Isn't<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> as was the [[Ford Mustang]]<ref>[http://www.popularhotrodding.com/features/0501phr_2005_ford_mustang/index.html 2005 Ford Mustang - Popular Hot Rodding Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Lincoln LS]]. In 2008 [[Hyundai Motor Company\|Hyundai]] introduced its own rear-wheel drive car, the [[Hyundai Genesis]].

	In Australia, FR cars have remained popular throughout this period, with the [[Holden Commodore]] and [[Ford Falcon (Australia)\|Ford Falcon]] having consistently strong sales. In Europe, front-wheel drive was popularized by small cars like the [[Mini]], [[Renault 5]] and [[Volkswagen Golf]] and adopted for virtually all mainstream cars.		In Australia, FR cars have remained popular throughout this period, with the [[Holden Commodore]] and [[Ford Falcon (Australia)\|Ford Falcon]] having consistently strong sales. In Europe, front-wheel drive was popularized by small cars like the [[Mini]], [[Renault 5]] and [[Volkswagen Golf]] and adopted for virtually all mainstream cars.

	Upscale marques like [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[BMW]], and [[Jaguar Cars\|Jaguar]] remained mostly independent of this trend, and retained a lineup mostly or entirely made up of FR cars.<ref>[http://www.rearwheeldrive.org/rwd/rwdrate.htm Automaker Ratings<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Japanese mainstream marques such as [[Toyota]] and [[Nissan]] became mostly or entirely FF early on, while reserving for their latterly-conceived luxury divisions ([[Lexus]] and [[Infiniti]], respectively) a mostly FR lineup. While many automakers lost sight of the true sports car, [[Mazda]] introduced the highly successful [[Miata]] roadster in 1990, a true 2-seater sports car using the traditional FR layout which led to other compaines such as General Motors to produce a FR sports car based on their [[GM Kappa Platform\|Kappa]] platform.		Upscale marques like [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[BMW]], and [[Jaguar Cars\|Jaguar]] remained mostly independent of this trend, and retained a lineup mostly or entirely made up of FR cars.<ref>[http://www.rearwheeldrive.org/rwd/rwdrate.htm Automaker Ratings<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Japanese mainstream marques such as [[Toyota]] and [[Nissan]] became mostly or entirely FF early on, while reserving for their latterly-conceived luxury divisions ([[Lexus]] and [[Infiniti]], respectively) a mostly FR lineup. While many automakers lost sight of the true sports car, [[Mazda]] introduced the highly successful [[Mazda Miata\|Miata]] roadster in 1990, a true 2-seater sports car using the traditional FR layout which led to other compaines such as General Motors to produce a FR sports car based on their [[GM Kappa Platform\|Kappa]] platform.

	Currently most cars are FF, including virtually all front-engined economy cars, though FR cars are making a return as an alternative to large sport-utility vehicles. In North America, GM returned to production of the FR luxury car with the 2003 [[Cadillac CTS]], and with the removal of the [[Cadillac DTS\|DTS]],<ref>[http://dfwdriveyourdream.com/blog/cadillac-dts-to-be-discontinued/1126 CADILLAC DTS TO BE DISCONTINUED \| Drive Your Dream Blog<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Cadillac will be entirely FR (with [[F4 layout\|four-wheel drive]] available as an option on several models) by 2010, and the 2010 Camaro returns as a FR sports car. [[Chrysler]] returned its [[full-size]] cars to this layout with the [[Chrysler 300]] and related models.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2082761 Chrysler brings back rear-wheel drive. - By Mickey Kaus - Slate Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.leftlanenews.com/2011-chrysler-300-dodge-charger-to-remain-rear-wheel-drive.html 2011 Chrysler 300, Dodge Charger to remain rear-wheel drive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Ford never eliminated FR cars, but is looking to replace the dated designs that it currently has.<ref>[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080324/AUTO01/803240338/1148 Detnews.com \| This article is no longer available online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nissan are also bringing back the Silvia to their line-up, [[Mazda]] is said to be releasing a new rotary-powered FR car in their RX line-up by 2010 and there are rumours Toyota are bringing a successor to the AE86, in other words, an affordable RWD car. [[Hyundai]] introduced their affordable RWD car being the 2009 [[Hyundai Genesis]] and 2010 [[Hyundai Genesis Coupe]]		Currently most cars are FF, including virtually all front-engined economy cars, though FR cars are making a return as an alternative to large sport-utility vehicles. In North America, GM returned to production of the FR luxury car with the 2003 [[Cadillac CTS]], and with the removal of the [[Cadillac DTS\|DTS]],<ref>[http://dfwdriveyourdream.com/blog/cadillac-dts-to-be-discontinued/1126 CADILLAC DTS TO BE DISCONTINUED \| Drive Your Dream Blog<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Cadillac will be entirely FR (with [[F4 layout\|four-wheel drive]] available as an option on several models) by 2010, and the 2010 Camaro returns as a FR sports car. [[Chrysler]] returned its [[full-size]] cars to this layout with the [[Chrysler 300]] and related models.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2082761 Chrysler brings back rear-wheel drive. - By Mickey Kaus - Slate Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.leftlanenews.com/2011-chrysler-300-dodge-charger-to-remain-rear-wheel-drive.html 2011 Chrysler 300, Dodge Charger to remain rear-wheel drive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Ford never eliminated FR cars, but is looking to replace the dated designs that it currently has.<ref>[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080324/AUTO01/803240338/1148 Detnews.com \| This article is no longer available online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nissan are also bringing back the Silvia to their line-up, [[Mazda]] is said to be releasing a new rotary-powered FR car in their RX line-up by 2010 and there are rumours Toyota are bringing a successor to the AE86, in other words, an affordable RWD car. [[Hyundai]] introduced their affordable RWD car being the 2009 [[Hyundai Genesis]] and 2010 [[Hyundai Genesis Coupe]]

Red marquis: /* Unusual 4WD layouts */

2010-10-31T22:31:18Z

Unusual 4WD layouts

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:31, 31 October 2010
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	* From 1993 onwards, some models of [[Porsche 911]] feature a rear-engined 4WD layout, which is akin to a longitudinal front-engine 4WD layout installed backwards with the engine at the rear of the car		* From 1993 onwards, some models of [[Porsche 911]] feature a rear-engined 4WD layout, which is akin to a longitudinal front-engine 4WD layout installed backwards with the engine at the rear of the car
	* From 2007 onwards, the [[Nissan GT-R]] features a front-engine 4WD longitudinal layout, but with the gearbox at the rear of the vehicle. This provides a more ideal weight balance, and improves directional stability at very high speeds by increasing the vehicle's [[moment of inertia]] around the vertical axis. This layout necessitates a second [[prop-shaft]] to carry power to the front wheels.		* From 2007 onwards, the [[Nissan GT-R]] features a front-engine 4WD longitudinal layout, but with the gearbox at the rear of the vehicle. This provides a more ideal weight balance, and improves directional stability at very high speeds by increasing the vehicle's [[moment of inertia]] around the vertical axis. This layout necessitates a second [[prop-shaft]] to carry power to the front wheels.
	* Some types of farm tractors and construction site machinery use a 4WD layout where the wheels on each ''side'' are coupled together, rather than the wheels on each axle, allowing these vehicles to pivot about their center point. Such vehicles are controlled in a fashion similar to a military [[tank]].		* Some types of farm tractors and construction site machinery use a 4WD layout where the wheels on each ''side'' are coupled together, rather than the wheels on each axle, allowing these vehicles to pivot about their center point. Such vehicles are controlled in a fashion similar to a military tank.
	* The Citroën Sahara had a 4WD system using complete [[Citroën 2CV]] drivetrains at both ends of the car, such that the engine at the front powered the front wheels and the engine at the back powered the rear wheels.<ref name=UltiCarSahara>[http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/1870/Citroen-2CV-Sahara.html Citroën 2CV Sahara at UltimateCarPage.com]</ref>		* The Citroën Sahara had a 4WD system using complete [[Citroën 2CV]] drivetrains at both ends of the car, such that the engine at the front powered the front wheels and the engine at the back powered the rear wheels.<ref name=UltiCarSahara>[http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/1870/Citroen-2CV-Sahara.html Citroën 2CV Sahara at UltimateCarPage.com]</ref>

Red marquis: /* Four wheel drive layouts */

2010-10-31T22:30:24Z

Four wheel drive layouts

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:30, 31 October 2010
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	==Four wheel drive layouts==		==Four wheel drive layouts==
	~~[[Image:Automotive diagrams 02 En.png\|thumb\|275px\|Front-engine, rear-wheel drive derived “F4” layout]]~~
	''Note: in North America, Australia and New Zealand the term "four-wheel drive" usually refers only to drivetrains which are primarily two-wheel drive with a part-time four-wheel drive capability, as typically found in [[pickup trucks]] and other off road vehicles, while the term "all-wheel drive" is used to refer to full time four-wheel drive systems found in performance cars and smaller car-based SUVs. This section uses the term four-wheel drive to refer to both, as per the rest of the world.''		''Note: in North America, Australia and New Zealand the term "four-wheel drive" usually refers only to drivetrains which are primarily two-wheel drive with a part-time four-wheel drive capability, as typically found in [[pickup trucks]] and other off road vehicles, while the term "all-wheel drive" is used to refer to full time four-wheel drive systems found in performance cars and smaller car-based SUVs. This section uses the term four-wheel drive to refer to both, as per the rest of the world.''

Red marquis: /* Rear wheel drive layouts */

2010-10-31T22:29:45Z

Rear wheel drive layouts

Red marquis: /* Disadvantages */

2010-10-31T22:25:51Z

Disadvantages

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:25, 31 October 2010
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	===Disadvantages===		===Disadvantages===
	* [[Torque steer]] is the tendency for some front-wheel drive cars to pull to the left or right under hard acceleration. It is a result of the offset between the point about which the wheel steers (which falls at a point which is aligned with the points at which the wheel is connected to the steering mechanisms) and the centroid of its [[contact patch]]. The tractive force acts through the centroid of the contact patch, and the offset of the steering point means that a turning moment about the axis of steering is generated. In an ideal situation, the left and right wheels would generate equal and opposite moments, canceling each other out, however in reality this is less likely to happen. Torque steer can be addressed by using a longitudinal layout, equal length drive shafts, half shafts, a multilink suspension or centre-point steering geometry.<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite web \|url=http://www.mscsoftware.com/support/library/conf/adams/euro/2002/papers/005_EUC_008_FORD.pdf \|format=PDF\|title=Torque Steer Influences on McPherson Front Axles \|author=Jens Dornhege}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated8>{{cite web \|url=http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/handling/tech_handling_6.htm \|title=Handling \|publisher=AutoZine Technical School}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated10>{{cite web \|url=http://www.se-r.net/about/g20/scc/oct98/tb.html \|title=Technobabble: Multilink and the Beam \| publisher=Sport Compact Car — November '98}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web \|url=http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/suspension/tech_suspension21.htm \|title=Suspension Geometry \|publisher=AutoZine Technical School}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web \|url=http://www.quaife.co.uk/Why-use-Quaife \|title=Why use Quaife?}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web \|url=http://www.robietherobot.com/storm/geo_storm_mods_transmission.htm \|title=Storm Transmission Modifications}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web \|url=http://www-cdr.stanford.edu/dynamic/bywire/acc2004_r1.pdf \|format=PDF\|title=Vehicle State Estimation Using Steering Torque \|author=Paul Yih \|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref>		* [[Torque steer]] is the tendency for some front-wheel drive cars to pull to the left or right under hard acceleration. It is a result of the offset between the point about which the wheel steers (which falls at a point which is aligned with the points at which the wheel is connected to the steering mechanisms) and the centroid of its contact patch. The tractive force acts through the centroid of the contact patch, and the offset of the steering point means that a turning moment about the axis of steering is generated. In an ideal situation, the left and right wheels would generate equal and opposite moments, canceling each other out, however in reality this is less likely to happen. Torque steer can be addressed by using a longitudinal layout, equal length drive shafts, half shafts, a multilink suspension or centre-point steering geometry.<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite web \|url=http://www.mscsoftware.com/support/library/conf/adams/euro/2002/papers/005_EUC_008_FORD.pdf \|format=PDF\|title=Torque Steer Influences on McPherson Front Axles \|author=Jens Dornhege}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated8>{{cite web \|url=http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/handling/tech_handling_6.htm \|title=Handling \|publisher=AutoZine Technical School}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated10>{{cite web \|url=http://www.se-r.net/about/g20/scc/oct98/tb.html \|title=Technobabble: Multilink and the Beam \| publisher=Sport Compact Car — November '98}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web \|url=http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/suspension/tech_suspension21.htm \|title=Suspension Geometry \|publisher=AutoZine Technical School}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web \|url=http://www.quaife.co.uk/Why-use-Quaife \|title=Why use Quaife?}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web \|url=http://www.robietherobot.com/storm/geo_storm_mods_transmission.htm \|title=Storm Transmission Modifications}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web \|url=http://www-cdr.stanford.edu/dynamic/bywire/acc2004_r1.pdf \|format=PDF\|title=Vehicle State Estimation Using Steering Torque \|author=Paul Yih \|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref>
	* Lack of weight shifting will limit the acceleration of a front-wheel drive vehicle. In a vehicle, the weight shifts back during acceleration, giving more traction to the rear wheels. This is one of the main reasons why nearly all racing cars are rear-wheel drive. However, since front-wheel drive cars have the weight of the engine over the driving wheels, the problem only applies in extreme conditions.		* Lack of weight shifting will limit the acceleration of a front-wheel drive vehicle. In a vehicle, the weight shifts back during acceleration, giving more traction to the rear wheels. This is one of the main reasons why nearly all racing cars are rear-wheel drive. However, since front-wheel drive cars have the weight of the engine over the driving wheels, the problem only applies in extreme conditions.
	* In some towing situations, front-wheel drive cars can be at a traction disadvantage since there will be less weight on the driving wheels. Because of this, the weight that the vehicle is rated to safely tow is likely to be less than that of a rear-wheel drive or four-wheel drive vehicle of the same size and power.		* In some towing situations, front-wheel drive cars can be at a traction disadvantage since there will be less weight on the driving wheels. Because of this, the weight that the vehicle is rated to safely tow is likely to be less than that of a rear-wheel drive or four-wheel drive vehicle of the same size and power.
	* Traction can be reduced while attempting to climb a slope in slippery conditions such as snow or ice covered roadways.		* Traction can be reduced while attempting to climb a slope in slippery conditions such as snow or ice covered roadways.
	* Due to geometry and packaging constraints, the CV joints ([[constant-velocity ~~joint]]s~~) attached to the wheel hub have a tendency to wear out much earlier than the [[universal ~~joint]]s~~ typically used in their rear-wheel drive counterparts (although rear-wheel drive vehicles with [[independent rear suspension]] also employ CV joints and half-shafts). The significantly shorter drive axles on a front-wheel drive car causes the joint to flex through a much wider degree of motion, compounded by additional stress and angles of steering, while the CV joints of a rear wheel drive car regularly see angles and wear of less than half that of front wheel drive vehicles.		* Due to geometry and packaging constraints, the CV joints (constant-velocity joints) attached to the wheel hub have a tendency to wear out much earlier than the universal joints typically used in their rear-wheel drive counterparts (although rear-wheel drive vehicles with [[independent rear suspension]] also employ CV joints and half-shafts). The significantly shorter drive axles on a front-wheel drive car causes the joint to flex through a much wider degree of motion, compounded by additional stress and angles of steering, while the CV joints of a rear wheel drive car regularly see angles and wear of less than half that of front wheel drive vehicles.
	* They cannot compete in the sport of [[Drifting (motorsport)\|drifting]] due to the need of RWD to push rear of the vehicle in a circle.~~{{Fact\|date=November 2008}}~~ This is not necessarily an issue to most car manufacturers.		* They cannot compete in the sport of [[Drifting (motorsport)\|drifting]] due to the need of RWD to push rear of the vehicle in a circle. This is not necessarily an issue to most car manufacturers.
	* Turning circle — FF layouts almost always use a [[Transverse engine]] ("east-west") installation, which limits the amount by which the front wheels can turn, thus increasing the turning circle of a front-wheel drive car compared to a rear-wheel drive one with the same wheelbase. A notable example is the original [[Mini]]. It is widely misconceived that this limitation is due to a limit on the angle at which a [[CV joint]] can be operated, but this is easily disproved by considering the turning circle of car models that use a ''longitudinal'' FF or F4 layout from [[Audi]] and (prior to 1992) [[Saab]]		* Turning circle — FF layouts almost always use a [[Transverse engine]] ("east-west") installation, which limits the amount by which the front wheels can turn, thus increasing the turning circle of a front-wheel drive car compared to a rear-wheel drive one with the same wheelbase. A notable example is the original [[Mini]]. It is widely misconceived that this limitation is due to a limit on the angle at which a [[CV joint]] can be operated, but this is easily disproved by considering the turning circle of car models that use a ''longitudinal'' FF or F4 layout from [[Audi]] and (prior to 1992) [[Saab]]
	* The FF [[transverse engine]] layout (also known as "east-west") restricts the size of the engine that can be placed in modern engine compartments, so it is rarely adopted by powerful luxury and sports cars. FF configurations can usually only accommodate [[Inline-4]] and [[V6]] engines, while longer engines such as [[Inline-6]] and 90° big-bore [[V8]] will rarely fit, though there are exceptions. One way around this problem is using a [[VR6 engine\|staggered engine]].		* The FF [[transverse engine]] layout (also known as "east-west") restricts the size of the engine that can be placed in modern engine compartments, so it is rarely adopted by powerful luxury and sports cars. FF configurations can usually only accommodate [[Inline-4]] and [[V6]] engines, while longer engines such as [[Inline-6]] and 90° big-bore [[V8]] will rarely fit, though there are exceptions. One way around this problem is using a [[VR6 engine\|staggered engine]].

Red marquis: /* Advantages */

2010-10-31T22:23:46Z

Advantages

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:23, 31 October 2010
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	* Improved drivetrain efficiency: the direct connection between engine and transaxle reduce the mass and mechanical inertia of the drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive vehicle with a similar engine and transmission, allowing greater [[Fuel economy in automobiles\|fuel economy]].<ref name="insideline" />		* Improved drivetrain efficiency: the direct connection between engine and transaxle reduce the mass and mechanical inertia of the drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive vehicle with a similar engine and transmission, allowing greater [[Fuel economy in automobiles\|fuel economy]].<ref name="insideline" />
	* Assembly efficiency: the powertrain can often be assembled and installed as a unit, which allows more efficient production.		* Assembly efficiency: the powertrain can often be assembled and installed as a unit, which allows more efficient production.
	* Placing the mass of the drivetrain over the driven wheels moves the [[centre of gravity]] farther forward than a comparable rear-wheel drive layout, improving [[traction (engineering)\|traction]] and directional stability on wet, snowy, or icy surfaces.<ref name="insideline" /><ref name="Milliken">{{cite book \| last = William \| first = Milliken \| title = Race Car Vehicle Dynamics \| year = 1995 \| publisher = SAE International \| isbn = 1560915269 \| chapter = Merits of Front-, Rear-, and Four-Wheel Drive \| quote = Front-wheel drive has been most successful in the lower power/weight range and in sutuations in which superior derectional stability on low coefficients is important. There has never been a successful front-drive Grand Prix car nor a competitive Indianapolis car of more than 300 hp. \| page = 730}}</ref><ref name="daytona" />		* Placing the mass of the drivetrain over the driven wheels moves the centre of gravity farther forward than a comparable rear-wheel drive layout, improving [[traction (engineering)\|traction]] and directional stability on wet, snowy, or icy surfaces.<ref name="insideline" /><ref name="Milliken">{{cite book \| last = William \| first = Milliken \| title = Race Car Vehicle Dynamics \| year = 1995 \| publisher = SAE International \| isbn = 1560915269 \| chapter = Merits of Front-, Rear-, and Four-Wheel Drive \| quote = Front-wheel drive has been most successful in the lower power/weight range and in sutuations in which superior derectional stability on low coefficients is important. There has never been a successful front-drive Grand Prix car nor a competitive Indianapolis car of more than 300 hp. \| page = 730}}</ref><ref name="daytona" />
	* Predictable handling characteristics: front-wheel drive cars, with a front weight bias, tend to [[understeer]] at the limit, which (according to e.g. SAAB engineer Gunnar Larsson) is easier since it makes instinct correct in avoiding terminal [[oversteer]], and less prone to result in [[fishtailing]] or a spin.<ref name="daytona" /><ref name="hidden"/>		* Predictable handling characteristics: front-wheel drive cars, with a front weight bias, tend to [[understeer]] at the limit, which (according to e.g. SAAB engineer Gunnar Larsson) is easier since it makes instinct correct in avoiding terminal [[oversteer]], and less prone to result in [[fishtailing]] or a spin.<ref name="daytona" /><ref name="hidden"/>
	* A skilled driver can control the movement of the car even while skidding by steering, throttling and pulling the hand brake (given that the hand brake operates the rear wheels as in most cases, with some [[Citroen]] and [[Saab]] models being notable exceptions). A small car with the FF layout is superior for motor sport events focusing on manouvreability such as [[Autotesting]]<ref>[http://www.modernracer.com/tips/frontwheeldriveoversteer.html Modern Racer: Front-Wheel-Drive Oversteer]</ref>		* A skilled driver can control the movement of the car even while skidding by steering, throttling and pulling the hand brake (given that the hand brake operates the rear wheels as in most cases, with some [[Citroen]] and [[Saab]] models being notable exceptions). A small car with the FF layout is superior for motor sport events focusing on manouvreability such as [[Autotesting]]<ref>[http://www.modernracer.com/tips/frontwheeldriveoversteer.html Modern Racer: Front-Wheel-Drive Oversteer]</ref>

Red marquis: /* Advantages */

2010-10-31T22:22:42Z

Advantages

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:22, 31 October 2010
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	===Advantages===		===Advantages===
	* Interior space: Since the [[powertrain]] is a single unit contained in the engine compartment of the vehicle, there is no need to devote interior space for a [[driveshaft]] tunnel or rear [[~~differential (mechanical device)\|~~differential]], increasing the volume available for passengers and cargo.<ref name="insideline" />		* Interior space: Since the [[powertrain]] is a single unit contained in the engine compartment of the vehicle, there is no need to devote interior space for a [[driveshaft]] tunnel or rear [[differential]], increasing the volume available for passengers and cargo.<ref name="insideline" />
	** Instead, the tunnel may be used to route the exhaust system pipes.		** Instead, the tunnel may be used to route the exhaust system pipes.
	* Weight: Fewer components usually means lower weight.		* Weight: Fewer components usually means lower weight.
	* Improved [[fuel efficiency]] due to less weight.<ref>{{cite web \| last = Kenwright \| first = Joe \| date = 2010-04-15 \| url = http://www.carpoint.com.au/advice/2010/driving-wheels--front-rear-or-allwheel-drive-7382 \| title = Driving Wheels - Front, Rear or All-Wheel Drive? \| work = CarPoint \| accessdate = 2010-05-06}}</ref>		* Improved [[fuel efficiency]] due to less weight.<ref>{{cite web \| last = Kenwright \| first = Joe \| date = 2010-04-15 \| url = http://www.carpoint.com.au/advice/2010/driving-wheels--front-rear-or-allwheel-drive-7382 \| title = Driving Wheels - Front, Rear or All-Wheel Drive? \| work = CarPoint \| accessdate = 2010-05-06}}</ref>
	* Cost: Fewer material components and less installation complexity overall. However, the considerable ~~[[Suggested retail price\|~~MSRP]] differential between a FF and FR car cannot be attributed to layout alone. The difference is more probably explained by ~~[[economy of scale\|~~production volumes]] as most rear-wheel cars are usually in the sports/performance/luxury categories (which tend to be more upscale and/or have more powerful engines), while the FF configuration is typically in mass-produced mainstream cars. Few modern "family" cars have rear-wheel drive as of 2009, so a direct cost comparison is not necessarily possible. A contrast could be somewhat drawn between the FF [[Audi A4]] and the FR [[BMW 3-Series]], both which are in the [[compact executive car]] classification.<ref name="insideline" />		* Cost: Fewer material components and less installation complexity overall. However, the considerable MSRP differential between a FF and FR car cannot be attributed to layout alone. The difference is more probably explained by production volumes as most rear-wheel cars are usually in the sports/performance/luxury categories (which tend to be more upscale and/or have more powerful engines), while the FF configuration is typically in mass-produced mainstream cars. Few modern "family" cars have rear-wheel drive as of 2009, so a direct cost comparison is not necessarily possible. A contrast could be somewhat drawn between the FF [[Audi A4]] and the FR [[BMW 3-Series]], both which are in the [[compact executive car]] classification.<ref name="insideline" />
	* Improved drivetrain efficiency: the direct connection between engine and transaxle reduce the mass and mechanical [[inertia]] of the drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive vehicle with a similar engine and transmission, allowing greater [[Fuel economy in automobiles\|fuel economy]].<ref name="insideline" />		* Improved drivetrain efficiency: the direct connection between engine and transaxle reduce the mass and mechanical inertia of the drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive vehicle with a similar engine and transmission, allowing greater [[Fuel economy in automobiles\|fuel economy]].<ref name="insideline" />
	* Assembly efficiency: the powertrain can often be assembled and installed as a unit, which allows more efficient production.~~{{Fact\|date=February 2007}}~~		* Assembly efficiency: the powertrain can often be assembled and installed as a unit, which allows more efficient production.
	* Placing the mass of the drivetrain over the driven wheels moves the [[centre of gravity]] farther forward than a comparable rear-wheel drive layout, improving [[traction (engineering)\|traction]] and directional stability on wet, snowy, or icy surfaces.<ref name="insideline" /><ref name="Milliken">{{cite book \| last = William \| first = Milliken \| title = Race Car Vehicle Dynamics \| year = 1995 \| publisher = SAE International \| isbn = 1560915269 \| chapter = Merits of Front-, Rear-, and Four-Wheel Drive \| quote = Front-wheel drive has been most successful in the lower power/weight range and in sutuations in which superior derectional stability on low coefficients is important. There has never been a successful front-drive Grand Prix car nor a competitive Indianapolis car of more than 300 hp. \| page = 730}}</ref><ref name="daytona" />		* Placing the mass of the drivetrain over the driven wheels moves the [[centre of gravity]] farther forward than a comparable rear-wheel drive layout, improving [[traction (engineering)\|traction]] and directional stability on wet, snowy, or icy surfaces.<ref name="insideline" /><ref name="Milliken">{{cite book \| last = William \| first = Milliken \| title = Race Car Vehicle Dynamics \| year = 1995 \| publisher = SAE International \| isbn = 1560915269 \| chapter = Merits of Front-, Rear-, and Four-Wheel Drive \| quote = Front-wheel drive has been most successful in the lower power/weight range and in sutuations in which superior derectional stability on low coefficients is important. There has never been a successful front-drive Grand Prix car nor a competitive Indianapolis car of more than 300 hp. \| page = 730}}</ref><ref name="daytona" />
	* Predictable handling characteristics: front-wheel drive cars, with a front weight bias, tend to [[understeer]] at the limit, which (according to e.g. SAAB engineer Gunnar Larsson) is easier since it makes instinct correct in avoiding terminal [[oversteer]], and less prone to result in [[fishtailing]] or a spin.<ref name="daytona" /><ref name="hidden"/>		* Predictable handling characteristics: front-wheel drive cars, with a front weight bias, tend to [[understeer]] at the limit, which (according to e.g. SAAB engineer Gunnar Larsson) is easier since it makes instinct correct in avoiding terminal [[oversteer]], and less prone to result in [[fishtailing]] or a spin.<ref name="daytona" /><ref name="hidden"/>

Red marquis at 22:15, 31 October 2010

2010-10-31T22:15:18Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:33, 31 October 2010
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	==History and current use==		==History and current use==
	~~[[Image:Automotive diagrams 03 En.png\|thumb\|275px\|FMR layout, standard in most Front-engine / Rear-wheel drive cars pre-World War II, where the engine was located behind the front axle.]]~~
	The first FR car was an 1895 [[Panhard]] model, so this layout was known as the "Système Panhard" in the early years. Most American cars used the FR layout until the mid 1980s. The [[1973 oil crisis\|Oil crisis]] of the 1970s and the success of small FF cars like the [[Mini]], [[Volkswagen Golf]], [[Toyota Tercel]], and [[Honda Civic]] led to the widespread adoption of that layout.		The first FR car was an 1895 [[Panhard]] model, so this layout was known as the "Système Panhard" in the early years. Most American cars used the FR layout until the mid 1980s. The [[1973 oil crisis\|Oil crisis]] of the 1970s and the success of small FF cars like the [[Mini]], [[Volkswagen Golf]], [[Toyota Tercel]], and [[Honda Civic]] led to the widespread adoption of that layout.

	After the [[Arab Oil Embargo]] of 1973 and the 1979 fuel crises, a majority of American FR vehicles (station wagons, luxury sedans) were phased out for the FF layout — this trend would spawn the SUV/van conversion market. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most American companies set as a priority the eventual removal of rear-wheel drive from their mainstream and luxury lineup.<ref>[http://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/1266931.html Comparison Test: Front-Wheel Drive Vs. Rear-Wheel Drive - Popular Mechanics<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Chrysler went 100% FF by 1990 and [[General Motors\|GM]]'s American production went entirely FF by 1997 except the [[Chevrolet Corvette\|Corvette]] and [[Camaro]]. Ford's full-size cars (the [[Ford Crown Victoria]], [[Mercury Grand Marquis]], and [[Lincoln Town Car]]) have always been FR,<ref>[http://blog.vehiclevoice.com/2005/12/why_good_enough_isnt_1.html VehicleVoice News: Ford Panther Platform - Why Good Enough Isn't<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> as was the [[Ford Mustang]]<ref>[http://www.popularhotrodding.com/features/0501phr_2005_ford_mustang/index.html 2005 Ford Mustang - Popular Hot Rodding Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Lincoln LS]]. In 2008 [[Hyundai Motor Company\|Hyundai]] introduced its own rear-wheel drive car, the [[Hyundai Genesis]].		After the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 and the 1979 fuel crises, a majority of American FR vehicles (station wagons, luxury sedans) were phased out for the FF layout — this trend would spawn the SUV/van conversion market. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most American companies set as a priority the eventual removal of rear-wheel drive from their mainstream and luxury lineup.<ref>[http://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/1266931.html Comparison Test: Front-Wheel Drive Vs. Rear-Wheel Drive - Popular Mechanics<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Chrysler went 100% FF by 1990 and [[General Motors\|GM]]'s American production went entirely FF by 1997 except the [[Chevrolet Corvette\|Corvette]] and [[Camaro]]. Ford's full-size cars (the [[Ford Crown Victoria]], [[Mercury Grand Marquis]], and [[Lincoln Town Car]]) have always been FR,<ref>[http://blog.vehiclevoice.com/2005/12/why_good_enough_isnt_1.html VehicleVoice News: Ford Panther Platform - Why Good Enough Isn't<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> as was the [[Ford Mustang]]<ref>[http://www.popularhotrodding.com/features/0501phr_2005_ford_mustang/index.html 2005 Ford Mustang - Popular Hot Rodding Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Lincoln LS]]. In 2008 [[Hyundai Motor Company\|Hyundai]] introduced its own rear-wheel drive car, the [[Hyundai Genesis]].

	In Australia, FR cars have remained popular throughout this period, with the [[Holden Commodore]] and [[Ford Falcon (Australia)\|Ford Falcon]] having consistently strong sales. In Europe, front-wheel drive was popularized by small cars like the [[Mini]], [[Renault 5]] and [[Volkswagen Golf]] and adopted for virtually all mainstream cars.		In Australia, FR cars have remained popular throughout this period, with the [[Holden Commodore]] and [[Ford Falcon (Australia)\|Ford Falcon]] having consistently strong sales. In Europe, front-wheel drive was popularized by small cars like the [[Mini]], [[Renault 5]] and [[Volkswagen Golf]] and adopted for virtually all mainstream cars.

	Upscale marques like [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[BMW]], and [[Jaguar Cars\|Jaguar]] remained mostly independent of this trend, and retained a lineup mostly or entirely made up of FR cars.<ref>[http://www.rearwheeldrive.org/rwd/rwdrate.htm Automaker Ratings<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Japanese mainstream marques such as [[Toyota]] and [[Nissan]] became mostly or entirely FF early on, while reserving for their latterly-conceived luxury divisions ([[Lexus]] and [[Infiniti]], respectively) a mostly FR lineup. While many automakers lost sight of the true sports car, [[Mazda]] introduced the highly successful [[Miata]] roadster in 1990, a true 2-seater sports car using the traditional FR layout which led to other compaines such as General Motors to produce a FR sports car based on their [[GM Kappa Platform\|Kappa]] platform.		Upscale marques like [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[BMW]], and [[Jaguar Cars\|Jaguar]] remained mostly independent of this trend, and retained a lineup mostly or entirely made up of FR cars.<ref>[http://www.rearwheeldrive.org/rwd/rwdrate.htm Automaker Ratings<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Japanese mainstream marques such as [[Toyota]] and [[Nissan]] became mostly or entirely FF early on, while reserving for their latterly-conceived luxury divisions ([[Lexus]] and [[Infiniti]], respectively) a mostly FR lineup. While many automakers lost sight of the true sports car, [[Mazda]] introduced the highly successful [[Mazda Miata\|Miata]] roadster in 1990, a true 2-seater sports car using the traditional FR layout which led to other compaines such as General Motors to produce a FR sports car based on their [[GM Kappa Platform\|Kappa]] platform.

	Currently most cars are FF, including virtually all front-engined economy cars, though FR cars are making a return as an alternative to large sport-utility vehicles. In North America, GM returned to production of the FR luxury car with the 2003 [[Cadillac CTS]], and with the removal of the [[Cadillac DTS\|DTS]],<ref>[http://dfwdriveyourdream.com/blog/cadillac-dts-to-be-discontinued/1126 CADILLAC DTS TO BE DISCONTINUED \| Drive Your Dream Blog<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Cadillac will be entirely FR (with [[F4 layout\|four-wheel drive]] available as an option on several models) by 2010, and the 2010 Camaro returns as a FR sports car. [[Chrysler]] returned its [[full-size]] cars to this layout with the [[Chrysler 300]] and related models.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2082761 Chrysler brings back rear-wheel drive. - By Mickey Kaus - Slate Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.leftlanenews.com/2011-chrysler-300-dodge-charger-to-remain-rear-wheel-drive.html 2011 Chrysler 300, Dodge Charger to remain rear-wheel drive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Ford never eliminated FR cars, but is looking to replace the dated designs that it currently has.<ref>[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080324/AUTO01/803240338/1148 Detnews.com \| This article is no longer available online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nissan are also bringing back the Silvia to their line-up, [[Mazda]] is said to be releasing a new rotary-powered FR car in their RX line-up by 2010 and there are rumours Toyota are bringing a successor to the AE86, in other words, an affordable RWD car. [[Hyundai]] introduced their affordable RWD car being the 2009 [[Hyundai Genesis]] and 2010 [[Hyundai Genesis Coupe]]		Currently most cars are FF, including virtually all front-engined economy cars, though FR cars are making a return as an alternative to large sport-utility vehicles. In North America, GM returned to production of the FR luxury car with the 2003 [[Cadillac CTS]], and with the removal of the [[Cadillac DTS\|DTS]],<ref>[http://dfwdriveyourdream.com/blog/cadillac-dts-to-be-discontinued/1126 CADILLAC DTS TO BE DISCONTINUED \| Drive Your Dream Blog<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Cadillac will be entirely FR (with [[F4 layout\|four-wheel drive]] available as an option on several models) by 2010, and the 2010 Camaro returns as a FR sports car. [[Chrysler]] returned its [[full-size]] cars to this layout with the [[Chrysler 300]] and related models.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2082761 Chrysler brings back rear-wheel drive. - By Mickey Kaus - Slate Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.leftlanenews.com/2011-chrysler-300-dodge-charger-to-remain-rear-wheel-drive.html 2011 Chrysler 300, Dodge Charger to remain rear-wheel drive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Ford never eliminated FR cars, but is looking to replace the dated designs that it currently has.<ref>[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080324/AUTO01/803240338/1148 Detnews.com \| This article is no longer available online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nissan are also bringing back the Silvia to their line-up, [[Mazda]] is said to be releasing a new rotary-powered FR car in their RX line-up by 2010 and there are rumours Toyota are bringing a successor to the AE86, in other words, an affordable RWD car. [[Hyundai]] introduced their affordable RWD car being the 2009 [[Hyundai Genesis]] and 2010 [[Hyundai Genesis Coupe]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:29, 31 October 2010
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	==Rear wheel drive layouts==		==Rear wheel drive layouts==
	~~[[Image:Automotive diagrams 01 En.png\|thumb\|275px\|FR layout]]~~
	~~[[Image:Automotive diagrams 05 En.png\|thumb\|275px\|RR layout]]~~

	Rear-wheel drive (RWD) typically places the engine in the front of the vehicle and the driven wheels are located at the rear, a configuration known as [[front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout]] (FR layout). The [[FMR layout\|front mid-engine]], [[RMR layout\|rear mid-engine]] and [[RR layout\|rear engine]] layouts are also used. This was the traditional automobile layout for most of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2006-01-1339\|title=Development of a New Hybrid Transmission for RWD Car\|publisher=www.sae.org\|accessdate=2008-01-11\|last=\|first=}}</ref> Nearly all ~~[[motorcycle]]s~~ use rear-wheel drive, either by [[driveshaft]], [[Chain drive\|chain]], or ~~[[Belt (mechanical)\|~~belt]].		Rear-wheel drive (RWD) typically places the engine in the front of the vehicle and the driven wheels are located at the rear, a configuration known as [[front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout]] (FR layout). The [[FMR layout\|front mid-engine]], [[RMR layout\|rear mid-engine]] and [[RR layout\|rear engine]] layouts are also used. This was the traditional automobile layout for most of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2006-01-1339\|title=Development of a New Hybrid Transmission for RWD Car\|publisher=www.sae.org\|accessdate=2008-01-11\|last=\|first=}}</ref> Nearly all motorcycles use rear-wheel drive, either by [[driveshaft]], [[Chain drive\|chain]], or belt.

	===Characteristics===		===Characteristics===
	The vast majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a [[Longitudinal engine\|longitudinally-mounted engine]] in the front of the vehicle, driving the rear wheels via a [[driveshaft]] linked via a [[~~differential (mechanics)\|~~differential]] between the rear axles. Some FR layout vehicles place the gearbox at the rear, though most attach it to the engine at the front.		The vast majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a [[Longitudinal engine\|longitudinally-mounted engine]] in the front of the vehicle, driving the rear wheels via a [[driveshaft]] linked via a [[differential]] between the rear axles. Some FR layout vehicles place the gearbox at the rear, though most attach it to the engine at the front.

	The FR layout is often chosen for its simple design and good handling characteristics. Placing the drive wheels at the rear allows ample room for the transmission in the center of the vehicle and avoids the mechanical complexities associated with transmitting power to the front wheels. For performance-oriented vehicles, the FR layout is more suitable than front-wheel drive designs, especially with engines that exceed 200 [[horsepower]]. This is because weight transfers to the rear of the vehicle during acceleration, which loads the rear wheels and increases their grip.		The FR layout is often chosen for its simple design and good handling characteristics. Placing the drive wheels at the rear allows ample room for the transmission in the center of the vehicle and avoids the mechanical complexities associated with transmitting power to the front wheels. For performance-oriented vehicles, the FR layout is more suitable than front-wheel drive designs, especially with engines that exceed 200 horsepower. This is because weight transfers to the rear of the vehicle during acceleration, which loads the rear wheels and increases their grip.

	Another advantage of the FR layout is relatively easy access to the engine compartment, as result of the [[longitudinal engine\|longitudinal orientation of the drivetrain]], as compared to the FF layout ([[Front-engine, front-wheel drive layout\|front-engine, front-wheel drive]]). Powerful engines such as the [[Inline-6]] and 90° big-bore [[V8]] are usually too long to fit in a FF [[transverse engine]] ("east-west") layout; the FF configuration can typically accommodate at the maximum an [[Inline-4]] or [[V6]]. This is another reason why luxury/sports cars almost never use the FF layout.		Another advantage of the FR layout is relatively easy access to the engine compartment, as result of the [[longitudinal engine\|longitudinal orientation of the drivetrain]], as compared to the FF layout ([[Front-engine, front-wheel drive layout\|front-engine, front-wheel drive]]). Powerful engines such as the [[Inline-6]] and 90° big-bore [[V8]] are usually too long to fit in a FF [[transverse engine]] ("east-west") layout; the FF configuration can typically accommodate at the maximum an [[Inline-4]] or [[V6]]. This is another reason why luxury/sports cars almost never use the FF layout.
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	* Better braking — the more even weight distribution helps prevent lockup from wheels becoming unloaded under heavy braking.<ref name="family"/>		* Better braking — the more even weight distribution helps prevent lockup from wheels becoming unloaded under heavy braking.<ref name="family"/>
	* Towing — Rear wheel drive puts the wheels which are pulling the load closer to the point where a trailer articulates, helping steering, especially for large loads.<ref name="tow">{{cite news \|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQK/is_5_10/ai_n15393977 \|title=SUVs carry the load \|publisher=Boat/US Magazine \|author=Michael Vatalaro \| year=2005}}</ref>		* Towing — Rear wheel drive puts the wheels which are pulling the load closer to the point where a trailer articulates, helping steering, especially for large loads.<ref name="tow">{{cite news \|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQK/is_5_10/ai_n15393977 \|title=SUVs carry the load \|publisher=Boat/US Magazine \|author=Michael Vatalaro \| year=2005}}</ref>
	* Serviceability — Drivetrain components on a rear-wheel drive vehicle are modular and do not involve packing as many parts into as small a space as does front wheel drive, thus requiring less disassembly or specialized tools in order to service the vehicle.~~{{Fact\|date=February 2007}}~~<!-- Not a [[WP:RS]] <ref name="rwdorg"/> -->		* Serviceability — Drivetrain components on a rear-wheel drive vehicle are modular and do not involve packing as many parts into as small a space as does front wheel drive, thus requiring less disassembly or specialized tools in order to service the vehicle.<!-- Not a [[WP:RS]] <ref name="rwdorg"/> -->
	* Robustness — due to geometry and packaging constraints, the [[universal joints]] attached to the wheel hub have a tendency to wear out much later than the ~~[[constant-velocity joint\|~~CV joints]] typically used in front-wheel drive counterparts. The significantly shorter drive axles on a front-wheel drive car causes the joint to flex through a much wider degree of motion, compounded by additional stress and angles of steering, while the CV joints of a rear wheel drive car regularly see angles and wear of less than half that of front wheel drive vehicles.~~{{Fact\|date=February 2007}}~~<!-- What about MR and RR configurations? -->		* Robustness — due to geometry and packaging constraints, the universal joints attached to the wheel hub have a tendency to wear out much later than the CV joints typically used in front-wheel drive counterparts. The significantly shorter drive axles on a front-wheel drive car causes the joint to flex through a much wider degree of motion, compounded by additional stress and angles of steering, while the CV joints of a rear wheel drive car regularly see angles and wear of less than half that of front wheel drive vehicles.<!-- What about MR and RR configurations? -->
	* Can accommodate more powerful engines as a result of the [[longitudinal engine\|longitudinal orientation of the drivetrain]], such as the [[Inline-6]] and 90° big-bore [[V8]], making the FR a common configuration for luxury and sports cars. These engines are usually too long to fit in a FF [[transverse engine]] ("east-west") layout; the FF configuration can typically accommodate at the maximum an [[Inline-4]] or [[V6]].		* Can accommodate more powerful engines as a result of the [[longitudinal engine\|longitudinal orientation of the drivetrain]], such as the [[Inline-6]] and 90° big-bore [[V8]], making the FR a common configuration for luxury and sports cars. These engines are usually too long to fit in a FF [[transverse engine]] ("east-west") layout; the FF configuration can typically accommodate at the maximum an [[Inline-4]] or [[V6]].

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	* On snow, ice and sand, rear-wheel drive loses its traction advantage to front or all-wheel drive vehicles which have greater weight on the driven wheels. Rear wheel drive cars with [[rear engine]] or [[mid engine]] configuration do not suffer from this, although [[fishtailing]] remains an issue.		* On snow, ice and sand, rear-wheel drive loses its traction advantage to front or all-wheel drive vehicles which have greater weight on the driven wheels. Rear wheel drive cars with [[rear engine]] or [[mid engine]] configuration do not suffer from this, although [[fishtailing]] remains an issue.
	* Some rear engine cars (e.g. [[Porsche 911]]) can suffer from reduced steering ability under heavy acceleration, because the engine is outside the wheelbase and at the opposite end of the car from the wheels doing the steering although the engine weight over the rear wheels provides outstanding traction and grip during acceleration.		* Some rear engine cars (e.g. [[Porsche 911]]) can suffer from reduced steering ability under heavy acceleration, because the engine is outside the wheelbase and at the opposite end of the car from the wheels doing the steering although the engine weight over the rear wheels provides outstanding traction and grip during acceleration.
	* Decreased interior space — Though individual designs vary greatly, rear wheel drive vehicles may have: Less front leg room as the transmission tunnel takes up a space between the driver and front passenger, less leg room for center rear passengers (due to the tunnel needed for the drive shaft), often ~~[[2+2 (car body style)\|~~no seat for a center rear passenger]], and sometimes less [[Trunk (automobile)\|boot]] space (since there is also more hardware that must be placed underneath the boot). [[Rear engine]] designs (such as the [[Porsche 911]] and [[Volkswagen Beetle]]) do not inherently take away interior space.		* Decreased interior space — Though individual designs vary greatly, rear wheel drive vehicles may have: Less front leg room as the transmission tunnel takes up a space between the driver and front passenger, less leg room for center rear passengers (due to the tunnel needed for the drive shaft), often no seat for a center rear passenger, and sometimes less [[Trunk (automobile)\|boot]] space (since there is also more hardware that must be placed underneath the boot). [[Rear engine]] designs (such as the [[Porsche 911]] and [[Volkswagen Beetle]]) do not inherently take away interior space.
	* Increased weight — The components of a rear wheel drive vehicle's power train are less complex, but they are larger. The driveshaft adds weight. There is extra sheet metal to form the transmission tunnel. There is a rear [[axle]] or rear half-shafts, which are typically longer than those in a front-wheel drive car. A rear wheel drive car will weigh slightly more than a comparable front wheel drive car (but less than four wheel drive).		* Increased weight — The components of a rear wheel drive vehicle's power train are less complex, but they are larger. The driveshaft adds weight. There is extra sheet metal to form the transmission tunnel. There is a rear [[axle]] or rear half-shafts, which are typically longer than those in a front-wheel drive car. A rear wheel drive car will weigh slightly more than a comparable front wheel drive car (but less than four wheel drive).
	* Improper weight distribution when loaded — A rear wheel drive car's center of gravity is shifted rearward when heavily loaded with passengers or cargo, which may cause unpredictable handling behavior.<ref name="hidden">{{cite web \|url=http://www.saabnet.com/tsn/models/1984/pr2.html \|title=The Hidden Virtues of Front Wheel Drive \|publisher=Saab Automobile}}</ref>		* Improper weight distribution when loaded — A rear wheel drive car's center of gravity is shifted rearward when heavily loaded with passengers or cargo, which may cause unpredictable handling behavior.<ref name="hidden">{{cite web \|url=http://www.saabnet.com/tsn/models/1984/pr2.html \|title=The Hidden Virtues of Front Wheel Drive \|publisher=Saab Automobile}}</ref>
	* Higher initial purchase price — Modern rear wheel drive vehicles are typically more expensive to purchase than comparable front wheel drive vehicles. Part of this can be explained by the added cost of materials and increased complex assembly of FR layouts, as the [[powertrain]] is not one compact unit. However, the difference is more probably explained by ~~[[economy of scale\|~~production volumes]] as most rear-wheel cars are usually in the sports/performance/luxury categories (which tend to be more upscale and/or have more powerful engines), while the FF configuration is typically in mass-produced mainstream cars. Few modern "family" cars have rear-wheel drive as of 2009, so a direct cost comparison is not necessarily possible.		* Higher initial purchase price — Modern rear wheel drive vehicles are typically more expensive to purchase than comparable front wheel drive vehicles. Part of this can be explained by the added cost of materials and increased complex assembly of FR layouts, as the [[powertrain]] is not one compact unit. However, the difference is more probably explained by production volumes as most rear-wheel cars are usually in the sports/performance/luxury categories (which tend to be more upscale and/or have more powerful engines), while the FF configuration is typically in mass-produced mainstream cars. Few modern "family" cars have rear-wheel drive as of 2009, so a direct cost comparison is not necessarily possible.
	* The possibility of a slight loss in the mechanical efficiency of the drivetrain (approximately 17% coastdown losses between engine flywheel and road wheels compared to 15% for front wheel drive — however these losses are highly dependent on the individual transmission).~~{{Fact\|date=March 2008}}~~ Cars with [[rear engine]] or [[mid engine]] configuration and a transverse engine layout do not suffer from this.		* The possibility of a slight loss in the mechanical efficiency of the drivetrain (approximately 17% coastdown losses between engine flywheel and road wheels compared to 15% for front wheel drive — however these losses are highly dependent on the individual transmission). Cars with [[rear engine]] or [[mid engine]] configuration and a transverse engine layout do not suffer from this.
	* The long [[driveshaft]] (on front engine cars) adds to drivetrain elasticity.<ref name="hidden"/> The driveshaft must also be extended for cars with a stretched wheelbase (e.g. limousines, minivans).		* The long [[driveshaft]] (on front engine cars) adds to drivetrain elasticity.<ref name="hidden"/> The driveshaft must also be extended for cars with a stretched wheelbase (e.g. limousines, minivans).