Brewster - Revision history

Red marquis at 14:22, 29 December 2006

2006-12-29T14:22:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:22, 29 December 2006
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Brewster''' is the most significant [[United States\|American]] [[coachbuilder]] in history, and one of the oldest, active from 1810-1937. Their first known bodywork on an automobile was in 1896, on an electric car, and a gasoline powered car in 1905, on a [[Delaunay-Belleville]] chassis. Eventually they would use chassis from a variety of makers. From 1915-1925 and 1934-1935 they produced their own line of opulent and expensive automobiles at their plant in [[Long Island City, Queens\|Long Island City]].		#REDIRECT [[Brewster & Co.]]



	~~==History==~~
	In 1804 '''James Brewster''' became an [[apprentice]] to carriage builder Colonel Charles Chapman when he was 16 years old. He considered pursuing a life of military, achieving Lieutenant in the [[Northampton, Massachusetts\|Northampton]] militia, and ultimately deciding "coachmaker with a competency" sounded better than "General Brewster". James had 30 dollars when he completed his apprenticeship and would head for [[New York City\|New York]] in 1809, but there were delays along the way.

	James was exploring [[New Haven, Connecticut]], and had walked into a carriage manufactory. He became [[journeyman]] under John Cook, who owned a carriage making shop. By 1810, he had finished working under Cook, saved 250 dollars, gotten married, and opened up his own carriage shop, '''Brewster Carriage Co.'''

	~~His coaches were of exceptional quality, and in a few years he would need to expand. James purchased the carriage shop of John, his former employer.~~

	Brewster carriages began to get noticed in the larger cities, and he opened up a showroom and warehouse on [[Broad Street (Manhattan)\|Broad St.]] in New York City. To keep his best workers loyal, James would pay the highest wages, in cash every week. In contrast, other small establishments paid on and off, and not always with cash.

	Later, James would retire, with his sons Henry running the New York branch, which became '''Brewster & Co.''' and the younger James B. keeping up the firm everyday. In 1883, Henry's 17 year old son William joined the company. After traveling about [[Europe]] to see and learn from the finest coachbuilders, William came home with extremely discerning eye, scraping an 'X' on finished body panels that showed imperfection with a pen knife, forcing a complete re-finish. Soon later, he adopted slogan "Carriage Builder for the American Gentleman."

	~~===Esteem===~~
	Brewster & Co. would present the following carriage configurations at the Paris Exposition in 1878: [[Brougham (carriage)\|Brougham]], Lady's Brougham, [[Cabriolet]], [[Landau (car)\|Landau]], Racing [[Sulky]], Road Wagon, [[Park Drag]], American Trotting [[Phaeton (carriage)\|Phaeton]], Lady's Phaeton, T-Cart, Two-Wheeler, a double-suspension [[Victoria (carriage)\|Victoria]], and a Whitechapel Wagon.

	To the surprise of everyone, Brewster won the Gold Award, the highest honor. His was the only American firm to win such at the Exposition. Henry was even personally awarded the [[Légion d'honneur\|Legion of Honor]] by the leader of [[France]], while his employees would receive honors as well.

	Brewster would receive many more honors at the 1893 [[Chicago]] World’s Fair (aka [[World's Columbian Exposition\|Columbian Exposition]], marking the 400th anniversary of Columbus sailing to the New World.)

	~~==Automobiles==~~
	In 1905, Brewster would become importers for Delaunay-Belleville, the most desirable [[France\|French]] car of the time. This would mark their first venture into automobile body building, and beginning their history of providing coachwork for prestigious autos.

	From 1915 Brewster produced its own cars, called the '''Brewster Knight''', recognizable by their oval radiators, patented leather fenders, and featuring the quiet and costly sleeve-valve [[Knight Engine\|Knight engine]], until 1925.

	~~===Rolls-Royce===~~
	Before 1914, most Brewster vehicle sales would be on Delaunay-Bellevilles, along with other French makes. In 1914, Brewster was carefully chosen as sales agents for [[Rolls-Royce Limited\|Rolls-Royce]], Ltd. and would be the main body suppliers for Rolls-Royce in the U.S.

	By 1925, Brewster's car had few sales, trading with Europe had resumed, and '''[[Rolls-Royce of America]]''' was expanding and gaining bargaining power against Brewster. Executives from Rolls-Royce of America and Brewster met, and decided on the purchase of Brewster & Co. and their debt. Rolls-Royce would have cars fitted with temporary seats and protection, and driven from their Massachusetts plant to the Brewster building in Long Island City to have bodies installed. The Rolls-Royce showrooms would soon offer 28 standardized body styles, deliver cars to customers quicker, and for a lower price. Customers would be able to purchase models directly from the showroom as well.

	After Rolls-Royce of America folded, from 1931 to 1934 Rolls-Royce Phantom II chassis were shipped directly from Britain to Brewster's large facility in Long Island City by Brewster, as well as by dealers and individuals.

	~~===The Ford deal and the End===~~
	By this time in the [[Great Depression]], there was strong sentiment against the wealthy (and the archetypal Brewster-bodied Rolls-Royce) and Brewster was not selling well. In 1934 employee J.S. Inskip, who had taken control of operations to save Brewster from the Depression, purchased 135 [[Ford Motor Company\|Ford]] V8 roadster chassis and designed a body for it, identified by its swoopy fenders and a '''heart-shaped''' grille. Stylish and sold for only $3,500, it was a hit at the 1934 New York Auto Show. The bodies were worth more than the chassis. These cars were registered as Brewsters and sold at Rolls-Royce showrooms, and were not branded as Fords. [[Edsel Ford]] acquired the first shipped example, which was the third Ford Brewster ever built. It is one of Edsel Ford's few personal cars and still survives today in remarkable condition, unrestored. Inskip marketed the car to [[New York City\|New York]] celebrities (see ''Notable Owners''), with whom it became popular.

	The Ford Brewster project was initially profitable. Soon Brewster was taking losses and her bondholders and directors would claim something needed to be done. They insisted on closing down the firm and in July 1935, bankruptcy proceedings were instituted.

	~~On August 18, 1937, the company was sold at public auction.~~

	~~==Fame==~~
	''"You're the top! You're a Ritz hot toddy. You're the top! You're a Brewster body."'' The coachbuilder was immortalized in the [[Cole Porter]] song, "[[You're the Top]]" and is the only American to ever win the Gold Metal at the Paris International Exposition, a gathering of Europe's finest coachbuilders.

	The manager of New York's National Horse Show, Edward King, was once asked whether he considered Brewster to be the [[Tiffany & Co.\|Tiffany]] of carriage manufacturers: ''"My opinion is that Tiffany was the Brewster of jewelers." '' (indeed Tiffany was the younger company.)

	~~Colonel Paul Downing for American Heritage Magazine, wrote in 1956:~~
	''"However, it is doubtful that it can honestly be said that America took her place in the world of really fashionable carriages until the firm of Brewster & Company of Broome Street took the lead. It became a saying in the trade that a new style was of no value until it was established by Brewster."''


	~~===Notes===~~
	*Brewster kept records of all family crests and colors of its customers. The [[Astor family\|Astor's]] was a blue, [[J. P. Morgan\|J. P. Morgan's]] dark green, and the [[Vanderbilt family\|Vanderbilt's]] had a shade of maroon. These reserved colors would sometimes make it difficult for new customers to choose a body color.
	*Brewster formulated a secret '''oil-based finish''', which required much less maintenance than varnishes used at the time. Other firms tried and failed to duplicate it.
	*The company would build its own cars after the sinking of the [[RMS Lusitania\|Lusitania]]. They were smaller than the chassis it normally built upon, for navigating the streets of Manhattan. They cost as much as "a [[Packard]] Twin Six limousine plus a fleet of five [[Ford Model T\|Model T]] [[Ford]] roadsters"
	*In response to [[chauffeur]]s regarding glaring street lights at night, Brewster styled a windshield with a four pane design after much research. Although it wasn't patented, it became known as a '''"Brewster windshield"''' and was widely copied by body builders and production automobiles.
	*Brewster was unique among coachbuilders, because they often sold complete cars, as well as building their own.
	*The Brewster and Co. Aircraft Division was founded in 1924, and did not fare well during the Depression. It did produce a scout bomber (XSBA-1), and won a [[United States Navy\|Navy]] contract to build carrier fighters.
	*Brewster has also made speedboat hulls.
	*Brewster made children’s pony carts as well as coaches designed to hold 20 or more people.
	*The Brewster-bodied Ford chassis Town Car with heart-shaped grill is the only classic Ford designated by the [[Classic Car Club of America]].
	*Many automotive engineers and designers had their start at Brewster. The designer and engineer of '''[[Pierce-Arrow\|Pierce-Arrow's]]''' cast-aluminum bodies from 1904-1920, James Way, first worked at Brewster. Head of '''[[Lincoln (automobile)\|Lincoln's]]''' coachbuilding division Henry Crecelius Sr. was persuaded to work there by Edsel Ford, from Brewster. Raymond '''[[Dietrich Inc.\|Dietrich]]''' started at Brewster as a draftsman before being fired for secret designing for other makes. Harry Lonschein founded '''[[Rollston]]''' after starting out at Brewster.


	~~''Notable Owners:''~~
	*[[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] - Brewster's second gasoline auto chassis, a [[Panhard\|Panhard et Levassor]]
	*[[John D. Rockefeller]], Sr. - His [[Crane-Simplex]] had two Brewster bodies, for summer and winter. It is one of the last remaining [[Rockefeller Family]] cars.
	*[[John D. Rockefeller, Jr.]] - Also owned a Crane-Simplex.
	*[[Vincent Astor]]
	*[[Edsel Ford]] - Purchased the first Brewster-bodied Ford available, it was the only one made with the standard Ford grille instead of the Brewster heart-shaped grille, and had the standard Brewster dash rather than the Ford dash which was usually installed.
	~~''Entertainers/Ford Brewster owners:''~~
	*[[Al Jolson]] - A known enthusiast of the new Brewster, owned four and two-seat convertibles
	*[[Cole Porter]]
	*[[Lily Pons]]
	*[[Gertrude Lawrence]]
	*[[Fred Waring]]
	*[[Victor Moore]]

	~~[[Category:Coachbuilders]]~~
	~~[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States]]~~
	~~[[Category:Knight engine powered cars]]~~
	~~[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]~~
	~~[[Category:Companies established in 1810~~]]

Red marquis at 14:21, 29 December 2006

2006-12-29T14:21:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:21, 29 December 2006
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Brewster''' is the most significant [[United States\|American]] [[coachbuilder]] in history, and one of the oldest, active from 1810-1937. Their first known bodywork on an automobile was in 1896, on an electric car, and a gasoline powered car in 1905, on a [[Delaunay-Belleville]] chassis. Eventually they would use chassis from a variety of makers. From 1915-1925 and 1934-1935 they produced their own line of opulent and expensive automobiles at their plant in [[Long Island City, Queens\|Long Island City]].		'''Brewster''' is the most significant [[United States\|American]] [[coachbuilder]] in history, and one of the oldest, active from 1810-1937. Their first known bodywork on an automobile was in 1896, on an electric car, and a gasoline powered car in 1905, on a [[Delaunay-Belleville]] chassis. Eventually they would use chassis from a variety of makers. From 1915-1925 and 1934-1935 they produced their own line of opulent and expensive automobiles at their plant in [[Long Island City, Queens\|Long Island City]].
	~~[[Image:Coupe546564.jpg\|right\|300px\|''A Brewster Convertible Coupe'']]~~

Red marquis at 14:21, 29 December 2006

2006-12-29T14:21:23Z

New page

'''Brewster''' is the most significant [[United States|American]] [[coachbuilder]] in history, and one of the oldest, active from 1810-1937. Their first known bodywork on an automobile was in 1896, on an electric car, and a gasoline powered car in 1905, on a [[Delaunay-Belleville]] chassis. Eventually they would use chassis from a variety of makers. From 1915-1925 and 1934-1935 they produced their own line of opulent and expensive automobiles at their plant in [[Long Island City, Queens|Long Island City]].
[[Image:Coupe546564.jpg|right|300px|''A Brewster Convertible Coupe'']]

==History==
In 1804 '''James Brewster''' became an [[apprentice]] to carriage builder Colonel Charles Chapman when he was 16 years old. He considered pursuing a life of military, achieving Lieutenant in the [[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]] militia, and ultimately deciding "coachmaker with a competency" sounded better than "General Brewster". James had 30 dollars when he completed his apprenticeship and would head for [[New York City|New York]] in 1809, but there were delays along the way.

James was exploring [[New Haven, Connecticut]], and had walked into a carriage manufactory. He became [[journeyman]] under John Cook, who owned a carriage making shop. By 1810, he had finished working under Cook, saved 250 dollars, gotten married, and opened up his own carriage shop, '''Brewster Carriage Co.'''

His coaches were of exceptional quality, and in a few years he would need to expand. James purchased the carriage shop of John, his former employer.

Brewster carriages began to get noticed in the larger cities, and he opened up a showroom and warehouse on [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad St.]] in New York City. To keep his best workers loyal, James would pay the highest wages, in cash every week. In contrast, other small establishments paid on and off, and not always with cash.

Later, James would retire, with his sons Henry running the New York branch, which became '''Brewster & Co.''' and the younger James B. keeping up the firm everyday. In 1883, Henry's 17 year old son William joined the company. After traveling about [[Europe]] to see and learn from the finest coachbuilders, William came home with extremely discerning eye, scraping an 'X' on finished body panels that showed imperfection with a pen knife, forcing a complete re-finish. Soon later, he adopted slogan "Carriage Builder for the American Gentleman."

===Esteem===
Brewster & Co. would present the following carriage configurations at the Paris Exposition in 1878: [[Brougham (carriage)|Brougham]], Lady's Brougham, [[Cabriolet]], [[Landau (car)|Landau]], Racing [[Sulky]], Road Wagon, [[Park Drag]], American Trotting [[Phaeton (carriage)|Phaeton]], Lady's Phaeton, T-Cart, Two-Wheeler, a double-suspension [[Victoria (carriage)|Victoria]], and a Whitechapel Wagon.

To the surprise of everyone, Brewster won the Gold Award, the highest honor. His was the only American firm to win such at the Exposition. Henry was even personally awarded the [[Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honor]] by the leader of [[France]], while his employees would receive honors as well.

Brewster would receive many more honors at the 1893 [[Chicago]] World’s Fair (aka [[World's Columbian Exposition|Columbian Exposition]], marking the 400th anniversary of Columbus sailing to the New World.)

==Automobiles==
In 1905, Brewster would become importers for Delaunay-Belleville, the most desirable [[France|French]] car of the time. This would mark their first venture into automobile body building, and beginning their history of providing coachwork for prestigious autos.

From 1915 Brewster produced its own cars, called the '''Brewster Knight''', recognizable by their oval radiators, patented leather fenders, and featuring the quiet and costly sleeve-valve [[Knight Engine|Knight engine]], until 1925.

===Rolls-Royce===
Before 1914, most Brewster vehicle sales would be on Delaunay-Bellevilles, along with other French makes. In 1914, Brewster was carefully chosen as sales agents for [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]], Ltd. and would be the main body suppliers for Rolls-Royce in the U.S.

By 1925, Brewster's car had few sales, trading with Europe had resumed, and '''[[Rolls-Royce of America]]''' was expanding and gaining bargaining power against Brewster. Executives from Rolls-Royce of America and Brewster met, and decided on the purchase of Brewster & Co. and their debt. Rolls-Royce would have cars fitted with temporary seats and protection, and driven from their Massachusetts plant to the Brewster building in Long Island City to have bodies installed. The Rolls-Royce showrooms would soon offer 28 standardized body styles, deliver cars to customers quicker, and for a lower price. Customers would be able to purchase models directly from the showroom as well.

After Rolls-Royce of America folded, from 1931 to 1934 Rolls-Royce Phantom II chassis were shipped directly from Britain to Brewster's large facility in Long Island City by Brewster, as well as by dealers and individuals.

===The Ford deal and the End===
By this time in the [[Great Depression]], there was strong sentiment against the wealthy (and the archetypal Brewster-bodied Rolls-Royce) and Brewster was not selling well. In 1934 employee J.S. Inskip, who had taken control of operations to save Brewster from the Depression, purchased 135 [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8 roadster chassis and designed a body for it, identified by its swoopy fenders and a '''heart-shaped''' grille. Stylish and sold for only $3,500, it was a hit at the 1934 New York Auto Show. The bodies were worth more than the chassis. These cars were registered as Brewsters and sold at Rolls-Royce showrooms, and were not branded as Fords. [[Edsel Ford]] acquired the first shipped example, which was the third Ford Brewster ever built. It is one of Edsel Ford's few personal cars and still survives today in remarkable condition, unrestored. Inskip marketed the car to [[New York City|New York]] celebrities (see ''Notable Owners''), with whom it became popular.

The Ford Brewster project was initially profitable. Soon Brewster was taking losses and her bondholders and directors would claim something needed to be done. They insisted on closing down the firm and in July 1935, bankruptcy proceedings were instituted.

On August 18, 1937, the company was sold at public auction.

==Fame==
''"You're the top! You're a Ritz hot toddy. You're the top! You're a Brewster body."'' The coachbuilder was immortalized in the [[Cole Porter]] song, "[[You're the Top]]" and is the only American to ever win the Gold Metal at the Paris International Exposition, a gathering of Europe's finest coachbuilders.

The manager of New York's National Horse Show, Edward King, was once asked whether he considered Brewster to be the [[Tiffany & Co.|Tiffany]] of carriage manufacturers: ''"My opinion is that Tiffany was the Brewster of jewelers." '' (indeed Tiffany was the younger company.)

Colonel Paul Downing for American Heritage Magazine, wrote in 1956:
''"However, it is doubtful that it can honestly be said that America took her place in the world of really fashionable carriages until the firm of Brewster & Company of Broome Street took the lead. It became a saying in the trade that a new style was of no value until it was established by Brewster."''

===Notes===
*Brewster kept records of all family crests and colors of its customers. The [[Astor family|Astor's]] was a blue, [[J. P. Morgan|J. P. Morgan's]] dark green, and the [[Vanderbilt family|Vanderbilt's]] had a shade of maroon. These reserved colors would sometimes make it difficult for new customers to choose a body color.
*Brewster formulated a secret '''oil-based finish''', which required much less maintenance than varnishes used at the time. Other firms tried and failed to duplicate it.
*The company would build its own cars after the sinking of the [[RMS Lusitania|Lusitania]]. They were smaller than the chassis it normally built upon, for navigating the streets of Manhattan. They cost as much as "a [[Packard]] Twin Six limousine plus a fleet of five [[Ford Model T|Model T]] [[Ford]] roadsters"
*In response to [[chauffeur]]s regarding glaring street lights at night, Brewster styled a windshield with a four pane design after much research. Although it wasn't patented, it became known as a '''"Brewster windshield"''' and was widely copied by body builders and production automobiles.
*Brewster was unique among coachbuilders, because they often sold complete cars, as well as building their own.
*The Brewster and Co. Aircraft Division was founded in 1924, and did not fare well during the Depression. It did produce a scout bomber (XSBA-1), and won a [[United States Navy|Navy]] contract to build carrier fighters.
*Brewster has also made speedboat hulls.
*Brewster made children’s pony carts as well as coaches designed to hold 20 or more people.
*The Brewster-bodied Ford chassis Town Car with heart-shaped grill is the only classic Ford designated by the [[Classic Car Club of America]].
*Many automotive engineers and designers had their start at Brewster. The designer and engineer of '''[[Pierce-Arrow|Pierce-Arrow's]]''' cast-aluminum bodies from 1904-1920, James Way, first worked at Brewster. Head of '''[[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln's]]''' coachbuilding division Henry Crecelius Sr. was persuaded to work there by Edsel Ford, from Brewster. Raymond '''[[Dietrich Inc.|Dietrich]]''' started at Brewster as a draftsman before being fired for secret designing for other makes. Harry Lonschein founded '''[[Rollston]]''' after starting out at Brewster.

''Notable Owners:''
*[[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] - Brewster's second gasoline auto chassis, a [[Panhard|Panhard et Levassor]]
*[[John D. Rockefeller]], Sr. - His [[Crane-Simplex]] had two Brewster bodies, for summer and winter. It is one of the last remaining [[Rockefeller Family]] cars.
*[[John D. Rockefeller, Jr.]] - Also owned a Crane-Simplex.
*[[Vincent Astor]]
*[[Edsel Ford]] - Purchased the first Brewster-bodied Ford available, it was the only one made with the standard Ford grille instead of the Brewster heart-shaped grille, and had the standard Brewster dash rather than the Ford dash which was usually installed.
''Entertainers/Ford Brewster owners:''
*[[Al Jolson]] - A known enthusiast of the new Brewster, owned four and two-seat convertibles
*[[Cole Porter]]
*[[Lily Pons]]
*[[Gertrude Lawrence]]
*[[Fred Waring]]
*[[Victor Moore]]

[[Category:Coachbuilders]]
[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Knight engine powered cars]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1810]]