Gasoline direct injection - Revision history

Red marquis: /* Later systems */

2009-08-21T09:08:36Z

Later systems

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:08, 21 August 2009
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	In '''1999''', [[Renault]] introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence),<ref>[http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/car-reviews/car-and-driving/renault-megane-cabriolet-2004314.html "Yahoo Cars - Renault Megane Cabriolet 1997-2003"]</ref> first on the [[Renault Megane\|Megane]] and later on the [[Renault Laguna\|Laguna]]. Rather than following the [[lean burn]] approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of [[exhaust gas recirculation]] to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Autozine Technical School"]</ref> Later gasoline direct injection engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance as well as increased fuel efficiency. [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], [[Hyundai Motors\|Hyundai]] and [[Volvo]] licensed Mitsubishi's GDI technology in 1999, with Hyundai building the first GDI [[V8 engine\|V8]].<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail794.html "Mitsubishi Motors and PSA Peugeot Citroen Reach Agreement on GDI Engine Technical Cooperation"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, January 12, 1999</ref><ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail771.html "Mitsubishi Motors Supplies Hyundai Motor Co. with GDI Technology for New V8 GDI Engine"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 28, 1999</ref> Although other companies have since developed gasoline direct injection engines, the acronym 'GDI' (with an uppercase final "I") remains a registered trademark of Mitsubishi Motors.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/products/detail545.html "GDI-ASG Pistachio"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 28, 1999</ref>		In '''1999''', [[Renault]] introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence),<ref>[http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/car-reviews/car-and-driving/renault-megane-cabriolet-2004314.html "Yahoo Cars - Renault Megane Cabriolet 1997-2003"]</ref> first on the [[Renault Megane\|Megane]] and later on the [[Renault Laguna\|Laguna]]. Rather than following the [[lean burn]] approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of [[exhaust gas recirculation]] to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Autozine Technical School"]</ref> Later gasoline direct injection engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance as well as increased fuel efficiency. [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], [[Hyundai Motors\|Hyundai]] and [[Volvo]] licensed Mitsubishi's GDI technology in 1999, with Hyundai building the first GDI [[V8 engine\|V8]].<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail794.html "Mitsubishi Motors and PSA Peugeot Citroen Reach Agreement on GDI Engine Technical Cooperation"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, January 12, 1999</ref><ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail771.html "Mitsubishi Motors Supplies Hyundai Motor Co. with GDI Technology for New V8 GDI Engine"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 28, 1999</ref> Although other companies have since developed gasoline direct injection engines, the acronym 'GDI' (with an uppercase final "I") remains a registered trademark of Mitsubishi Motors.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/products/detail545.html "GDI-ASG Pistachio"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 28, 1999</ref>

	In '''2000''', the [[Volkswagen Group]] introduced its gasoline direct injection engine in the [[Volkswagen Lupo]], a 1.4 litre inline-four unit, under the product name "Fuel Stratified Injection" ('''FSI'''). The technology was adapted from Audi's [[24 Hours of Le Mans\|Le Mans]] [[Le Mans Prototype\|prototype race car]] [[Audi R8 (race car)\|R8]]. Volkswagen Group marques use direct injection in its [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 TFSI 125-200kW\|2.0 L FSI]] [[turbocharged]] and naturally-aspirated four-cylinder engines. Later, a [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 FSI 110kW\|2.0 litre inline-four]] unit was introduced in the model year 2003 [[Audi A4]]. All new petrol engines from the mainstream marques of Volkswagen Group now use this FSI technology.~~{{Citation needed\|date=July 2009}}~~ PSA Peugeot Citroën introduced its first GDi (HPi) engine in 2000 in the [[Citroën C5]] and [[Peugeot 406]]. It was a 2.0-liter 16-valve [[PSA EW/DW engine#DW10\|EW10 D]] unit with 140 hp, the system was licensed from Mitsubishi.<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com"/>		In '''2000''', the [[Volkswagen Group]] introduced its gasoline direct injection engine in the [[Volkswagen Lupo]], a 1.4 litre inline-four unit, under the product name "Fuel Stratified Injection" ('''FSI'''). The technology was adapted from Audi's [[24 Hours of Le Mans\|Le Mans]] [[Le Mans Prototype\|prototype race car]] [[Audi R8 (race car)\|R8]]. Volkswagen Group marques use direct injection in its [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 TFSI 125-200kW\|2.0 L FSI]] [[turbocharged]] and naturally-aspirated four-cylinder engines. Later, a [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 FSI 110kW\|2.0 litre inline-four]] unit was introduced in the model year 2003 [[Audi A4]]. All new petrol engines from the mainstream marques of Volkswagen Group now use this FSI technology. PSA Peugeot Citroën introduced its first GDi (HPi) engine in 2000 in the [[Citroën C5]] and [[Peugeot 406]]. It was a 2.0-liter 16-valve [[PSA EW/DW engine#DW10\|EW10 D]] unit with 140 hp, the system was licensed from Mitsubishi.<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com"/>

	In '''2001''', [[Ford Motor Company\|Ford]] introduced its first European Ford engine to use direct injection technology, badged [[Ford Duratec#Duratec SCi\|SCi]] (Smart Charge injection) for Direct-Injection-Spark-Ignition (DISI).<ref name="SCi">[http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=13048 Ford of Europe showcases most extensive range ever at the 2002 Paris Show], Media.ford.com, 2002-09-26.</ref> The range will include some turbocharged derivatives, including the 1.1-litre, three-cylinder turbocharged unit showcased at the 2002 Geneva Show.<ref name="SCi" /> This new 1.8-litre Duratec SCi naturally aspirated engine will make its production debut in the [[Ford Mondeo]] in 2003.<ref name="SCi" />		In '''2001''', [[Ford Motor Company\|Ford]] introduced its first European Ford engine to use direct injection technology, badged [[Ford Duratec#Duratec SCi\|SCi]] (Smart Charge injection) for Direct-Injection-Spark-Ignition (DISI).<ref name="SCi">[http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=13048 Ford of Europe showcases most extensive range ever at the 2002 Paris Show], Media.ford.com, 2002-09-26.</ref> The range will include some turbocharged derivatives, including the 1.1-litre, three-cylinder turbocharged unit showcased at the 2002 Geneva Show.<ref name="SCi" /> This new 1.8-litre Duratec SCi naturally aspirated engine will make its production debut in the [[Ford Mondeo]] in 2003.<ref name="SCi" />

Red marquis: /* Later systems */

2009-08-21T09:06:05Z

Later systems

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:06, 21 August 2009
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	It was not until '''1996''' that gasoline direct injection reappeared in the automotive market. [[Mitsubishi Motors\|Mitsubishi]] was the first with a '''GDI''' engine in the Japanese market with its [[Mitsubishi Galant\|Galant/Legnum]]'s ''[[Mitsubishi 4G9 engine#4G93\|4G93]]'' 1.8 L [[inline-four]].<ref>[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/about_us/technology/environment/e/gdi.html "Latest MMC technologies and near-future goals: GDI - The pursuit of a high-efficiency engine"], Mitsubishi Motors website</ref> It was subsequently brought to Europe in 1997 in the [[Mitsubishi Carisma\|Carisma]],<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail329.html "European Launch for GDI CARISMA"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, August 29, 1997</ref> although Europe's then high-sulphur unleaded fuel led to emissions problems, and [[fuel efficiency]] was less than expected.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Direct Injection Petrol engine - Mitsubishi GDI"], Mark Wan, AutoZine Technical School</ref> It also developed the first six cylinder GDI powerplant, the ''[[Mitsubishi 6G7 engine\|6G74]]'' 3.5 L [[V6]], in 1997.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail215.html "Mitsubishi Motors Adds World First V6 3.5-liter GDI Engine to Ultra-efficiency GDI Series"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 16, 1997</ref> Mitsubishi applied this technology widely, producing over one million GDI engines in four families by 2001.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail443.html "GDI1 engine production tops 1,000,000 unit mark"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 11, 2001</ref>		It was not until '''1996''' that gasoline direct injection reappeared in the automotive market. [[Mitsubishi Motors\|Mitsubishi]] was the first with a '''GDI''' engine in the Japanese market with its [[Mitsubishi Galant\|Galant/Legnum]]'s ''[[Mitsubishi 4G9 engine#4G93\|4G93]]'' 1.8 L [[inline-four]].<ref>[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/about_us/technology/environment/e/gdi.html "Latest MMC technologies and near-future goals: GDI - The pursuit of a high-efficiency engine"], Mitsubishi Motors website</ref> It was subsequently brought to Europe in 1997 in the [[Mitsubishi Carisma\|Carisma]],<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail329.html "European Launch for GDI CARISMA"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, August 29, 1997</ref> although Europe's then high-sulphur unleaded fuel led to emissions problems, and [[fuel efficiency]] was less than expected.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Direct Injection Petrol engine - Mitsubishi GDI"], Mark Wan, AutoZine Technical School</ref> It also developed the first six cylinder GDI powerplant, the ''[[Mitsubishi 6G7 engine\|6G74]]'' 3.5 L [[V6]], in 1997.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail215.html "Mitsubishi Motors Adds World First V6 3.5-liter GDI Engine to Ultra-efficiency GDI Series"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 16, 1997</ref> Mitsubishi applied this technology widely, producing over one million GDI engines in four families by 2001.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail443.html "GDI1 engine production tops 1,000,000 unit mark"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 11, 2001</ref>

	In '''1998''', [[Toyota]]'s D4 direct injection system first appeared on various Japanese market vehicles equipped with the [[Toyota SZ engine\|''SZ'']] and [[Toyota NZ engine\|''NZ'']] engines.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/environmental_rep/00/pdf/c30_39.pdf \|title=30_39-Jfl/'Ý,,v \|format=PDF \|date= \|accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://alflash.com.ua/d4e.htm \|title=D4English \|publisher=Alflash.com.ua \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|author=Visnic, Bill \|url=http://wardsautoworld.com/ar/auto_directinjection_coming_masses/ \|title=Direct-injection coming for the masses \|publisher=Wardsautoworld.com \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref>~~{{Verify source\|date=July 2009}}~~ Toyota later introduced its D4 system to European markets with the ''[[Toyota AZ engine\|1AZ-FSE]]'' engine found in the 2001 [[Toyota Avensis\|Avensis]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fleetnews.co.uk/RoadTests/story/Avensis-22-D-4D-/11409 \|title=Toyota Avensis review \| Road test and facts \|publisher=Fleetnews.co.uk \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref> and US markets in 2005 with the ''[[Toyota GR engine#3GR-FSE\|3GR-FSE]]'' engine found in the [[Lexus gs#Third generation .282005-present.29\|Lexus GS 300]]. Toyota's ''[[Toyota GR engine\|2GR-FSE]]'' V6 uses a more advanced direct injection system, which combines both direct and indirect injection using two fuel injectors per cylinder, a traditional port fuel injector (low pressure) and a direct fuel injector (high pressure).<ref>http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/environment/powertrain/engine/</ref> This system known as D-4S or D4 Superior first appeared in the US with the launch of the [[Lexus IS#Second generation .282006-present.29\|Lexus IS 350]].		In '''1998''', [[Toyota]]'s D4 direct injection system first appeared on various Japanese market vehicles equipped with the [[Toyota SZ engine\|''SZ'']] and [[Toyota NZ engine\|''NZ'']] engines.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/environmental_rep/00/pdf/c30_39.pdf \|title=30_39-Jfl/'Ý,,v \|format=PDF \|date= \|accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://alflash.com.ua/d4e.htm \|title=D4English \|publisher=Alflash.com.ua \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|author=Visnic, Bill \|url=http://wardsautoworld.com/ar/auto_directinjection_coming_masses/ \|title=Direct-injection coming for the masses \|publisher=Wardsautoworld.com \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref> Toyota later introduced its D4 system to European markets with the ''[[Toyota AZ engine\|1AZ-FSE]]'' engine found in the 2001 [[Toyota Avensis\|Avensis]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fleetnews.co.uk/RoadTests/story/Avensis-22-D-4D-/11409 \|title=Toyota Avensis review \| Road test and facts \|publisher=Fleetnews.co.uk \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref> and US markets in 2005 with the ''[[Toyota GR engine#3GR-FSE\|3GR-FSE]]'' engine found in the [[Lexus gs#Third generation .282005-present.29\|Lexus GS 300]]. Toyota's ''[[Toyota GR engine\|2GR-FSE]]'' V6 uses a more advanced direct injection system, which combines both direct and indirect injection using two fuel injectors per cylinder, a traditional port fuel injector (low pressure) and a direct fuel injector (high pressure).<ref>http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/environment/powertrain/engine/</ref> This system known as D-4S or D4 Superior first appeared in the US with the launch of the [[Lexus IS#Second generation .282006-present.29\|Lexus IS 350]].

	In '''1999''', [[Renault]] introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence),<ref>[http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/car-reviews/car-and-driving/renault-megane-cabriolet-2004314.html "Yahoo Cars - Renault Megane Cabriolet 1997-2003"]</ref> first on the [[Renault Megane\|Megane]] and later on the [[Renault Laguna\|Laguna]]. Rather than following the [[lean burn]] approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of [[exhaust gas recirculation]] to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Autozine Technical School"]</ref> Later gasoline direct injection engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance as well as increased fuel efficiency. [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], [[Hyundai Motors\|Hyundai]] and [[Volvo]] licensed Mitsubishi's GDI technology in 1999, with Hyundai building the first GDI [[V8 engine\|V8]].<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail794.html "Mitsubishi Motors and PSA Peugeot Citroen Reach Agreement on GDI Engine Technical Cooperation"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, January 12, 1999</ref><ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail771.html "Mitsubishi Motors Supplies Hyundai Motor Co. with GDI Technology for New V8 GDI Engine"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 28, 1999</ref> Although other companies have since developed gasoline direct injection engines, the acronym 'GDI' (with an uppercase final "I") remains a registered trademark of Mitsubishi Motors.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/products/detail545.html "GDI-ASG Pistachio"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 28, 1999</ref>		In '''1999''', [[Renault]] introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence),<ref>[http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/car-reviews/car-and-driving/renault-megane-cabriolet-2004314.html "Yahoo Cars - Renault Megane Cabriolet 1997-2003"]</ref> first on the [[Renault Megane\|Megane]] and later on the [[Renault Laguna\|Laguna]]. Rather than following the [[lean burn]] approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of [[exhaust gas recirculation]] to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Autozine Technical School"]</ref> Later gasoline direct injection engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance as well as increased fuel efficiency. [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], [[Hyundai Motors\|Hyundai]] and [[Volvo]] licensed Mitsubishi's GDI technology in 1999, with Hyundai building the first GDI [[V8 engine\|V8]].<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail794.html "Mitsubishi Motors and PSA Peugeot Citroen Reach Agreement on GDI Engine Technical Cooperation"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, January 12, 1999</ref><ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail771.html "Mitsubishi Motors Supplies Hyundai Motor Co. with GDI Technology for New V8 GDI Engine"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 28, 1999</ref> Although other companies have since developed gasoline direct injection engines, the acronym 'GDI' (with an uppercase final "I") remains a registered trademark of Mitsubishi Motors.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/products/detail545.html "GDI-ASG Pistachio"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 28, 1999</ref>

Red marquis at 09:04, 21 August 2009

2009-08-21T09:04:33Z

Show changes

Red marquis: /* In two-stroke engines */

2009-08-21T09:00:39Z

In two-stroke engines

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:00, 21 August 2009
Line 54:		Line 54:
	== In two-stroke engines ==		== In two-stroke engines ==

	The benefits of [[Two-stroke engine#Direct injection\|direct injection]] are even more pronounced in ~~[[Two-stroke engine\|~~two-stroke]] engines, because it eliminates much of the ~~[[Two-stroke engine#Nonpoint source pollution\|~~pollution]] they cause. In conventional two-strokes, the exhaust and intake ports are both open at the same time, at the bottom of the piston stroke. A large portion of the fuel/air mixture entering the cylinder from the crankcase through the intake ports goes directly out, unburned, through the exhaust port. With direct injection, only air comes from the crankcase, and fuel is not injected until the piston rises and all ports are closed.		The benefits of [[Two-stroke engine#Direct injection\|direct injection]] are even more pronounced in two-stroke engines, because it eliminates much of the pollution they cause. In conventional two-strokes, the exhaust and intake ports are both open at the same time, at the bottom of the piston stroke. A large portion of the fuel/air mixture entering the cylinder from the crankcase through the intake ports goes directly out, unburned, through the exhaust port. With direct injection, only air comes from the crankcase, and fuel is not injected until the piston rises and all ports are closed.

	Two types of GDi are used in two-strokes: low-pressure air-assisted, and high pressure. The former, developed by Orbital Engine Corporation of Australia (now Orbital Corporation) injects a mixture of fuel and compressed air into the combustion chamber. When the air expands it atomizes the fuel into 8-micrometre droplets, very small relative to the 20 to 30-micrometre fuel droplets in other direct injection systems. The Orbital system is used in motor scooters manufactured by Aprilia, Piaggio, Peugeot and Kymco, in outboard motors manufactured by Mercury and Tohatsu, and in personal watercraft manufactured by Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP).		Two types of GDi are used in two-strokes: low-pressure air-assisted, and high pressure. The former, developed by Orbital Engine Corporation of Australia (now Orbital Corporation) injects a mixture of fuel and compressed air into the combustion chamber. When the air expands it atomizes the fuel into 8-micrometre droplets, very small relative to the 20 to 30-micrometre fuel droplets in other direct injection systems. The Orbital system is used in motor scooters manufactured by Aprilia, Piaggio, Peugeot and Kymco, in outboard motors manufactured by Mercury and Tohatsu, and in personal watercraft manufactured by Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP).

	In the early 1990s, Ficht GmbH of Kirchseeon, Germany developed a high-pressure direct injector for use with [[two stroke]] engines. This injector was unique in that it did not require a high pressure pump but was still capable of generating enough pressure to inject into a closed combustion chamber. [[Outboard Marine Corporation]] (OMC) licensed the technology in 1995 and introduced it on a production outboard engine in 1996.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17331018.html "OMC and Ficht announce strategic alliance"], PR Newswire, July 24, 1995</ref><ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18530797.html " OMC Ficht fuel injection engines hit the market"], PR Newswire, July 31, 1996</ref> OMC purchased a controlling interest in Ficht in 1998.<ref>"Marriage Made in Boat Heaven", ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', December 26, 1998</ref>		In the early 1990s, Ficht GmbH of Kirchseeon, Germany developed a high-pressure direct injector for use with two stroke engines. This injector was unique in that it did not require a high pressure pump but was still capable of generating enough pressure to inject into a closed combustion chamber. Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC) licensed the technology in 1995 and introduced it on a production outboard engine in 1996.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17331018.html "OMC and Ficht announce strategic alliance"], PR Newswire, July 24, 1995</ref><ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18530797.html " OMC Ficht fuel injection engines hit the market"], PR Newswire, July 31, 1996</ref> OMC purchased a controlling interest in Ficht in 1998.<ref>"Marriage Made in Boat Heaven", ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', December 26, 1998</ref>
	Beset by extensive warranty claims for its Ficht outboards and prior and concurrent management-financial problems,		Beset by extensive warranty claims for its Ficht outboards and prior and concurrent management-financial problems,
	OMC declared bankruptcy in December 2000 and the engine manufacturing portion and brands (Evinrude Outboard Motors and Johnson Outboards), including the Ficht technology, were purchased by BRP in 2001.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-8397410.html "Canadian, German Companies Buy Assets of Waukegan, Ill., Boating Company"], ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', March 26, 2001</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQK/is_2_6/ai_71766946 OMC Bankruptcy Sets Consumers Adrift \| Boat/US Magazine \| Find Articles at BNET.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>		OMC declared bankruptcy in December 2000 and the engine manufacturing portion and brands (Evinrude Outboard Motors and Johnson Outboards), including the Ficht technology, were purchased by BRP in 2001.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-8397410.html "Canadian, German Companies Buy Assets of Waukegan, Ill., Boating Company"], ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', March 26, 2001</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQK/is_2_6/ai_71766946 OMC Bankruptcy Sets Consumers Adrift \| Boat/US Magazine \| Find Articles at BNET.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Red marquis: /* In two-stroke engines */

2009-08-21T08:59:40Z

In two-stroke engines

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:59, 21 August 2009
Line 56:		Line 56:
	The benefits of [[Two-stroke engine#Direct injection\|direct injection]] are even more pronounced in [[Two-stroke engine\|two-stroke]] engines, because it eliminates much of the [[Two-stroke engine#Nonpoint source pollution\|pollution]] they cause. In conventional two-strokes, the exhaust and intake ports are both open at the same time, at the bottom of the piston stroke. A large portion of the fuel/air mixture entering the cylinder from the crankcase through the intake ports goes directly out, unburned, through the exhaust port. With direct injection, only air comes from the crankcase, and fuel is not injected until the piston rises and all ports are closed.		The benefits of [[Two-stroke engine#Direct injection\|direct injection]] are even more pronounced in [[Two-stroke engine\|two-stroke]] engines, because it eliminates much of the [[Two-stroke engine#Nonpoint source pollution\|pollution]] they cause. In conventional two-strokes, the exhaust and intake ports are both open at the same time, at the bottom of the piston stroke. A large portion of the fuel/air mixture entering the cylinder from the crankcase through the intake ports goes directly out, unburned, through the exhaust port. With direct injection, only air comes from the crankcase, and fuel is not injected until the piston rises and all ports are closed.

	Two types of GDi are used in two-strokes: low-pressure air-assisted, and high pressure. The former, developed by Orbital Engine Corporation of Australia (now Orbital Corporation) injects a mixture of fuel and compressed air into the combustion chamber. When the air expands it atomizes the fuel into 8-[[micrometre]] droplets, very small relative to the 20 to 30-micrometre fuel droplets in other direct injection systems. The Orbital system is used in ~~[[Scooter (motorcycle)\|~~motor scooters]] manufactured by Aprilia, Piaggio, Peugeot and Kymco, in outboard motors manufactured by Mercury and Tohatsu, and in personal watercraft manufactured by [[Bombardier Recreational Products]] (BRP).		Two types of GDi are used in two-strokes: low-pressure air-assisted, and high pressure. The former, developed by Orbital Engine Corporation of Australia (now Orbital Corporation) injects a mixture of fuel and compressed air into the combustion chamber. When the air expands it atomizes the fuel into 8-micrometre droplets, very small relative to the 20 to 30-micrometre fuel droplets in other direct injection systems. The Orbital system is used in motor scooters manufactured by Aprilia, Piaggio, Peugeot and Kymco, in outboard motors manufactured by Mercury and Tohatsu, and in personal watercraft manufactured by Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP).

	In the early 1990s, Ficht GmbH of [[Kirchseeon]], [[Germany]] developed a high-pressure direct injector for use with [[two stroke]] engines. This injector was unique in that it did not require a high pressure pump but was still capable of generating enough pressure to inject into a closed combustion chamber. [[Outboard Marine Corporation]] (OMC) licensed the technology in 1995 and introduced it on a production outboard engine in 1996.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17331018.html "OMC and Ficht announce strategic alliance"], PR Newswire, July 24, 1995</ref><ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18530797.html " OMC Ficht fuel injection engines hit the market"], PR Newswire, July 31, 1996</ref> OMC purchased a controlling interest in Ficht in 1998.<ref>"Marriage Made in Boat Heaven", ''[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]]'', December 26, 1998</ref>		In the early 1990s, Ficht GmbH of Kirchseeon, Germany developed a high-pressure direct injector for use with [[two stroke]] engines. This injector was unique in that it did not require a high pressure pump but was still capable of generating enough pressure to inject into a closed combustion chamber. [[Outboard Marine Corporation]] (OMC) licensed the technology in 1995 and introduced it on a production outboard engine in 1996.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17331018.html "OMC and Ficht announce strategic alliance"], PR Newswire, July 24, 1995</ref><ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18530797.html " OMC Ficht fuel injection engines hit the market"], PR Newswire, July 31, 1996</ref> OMC purchased a controlling interest in Ficht in 1998.<ref>"Marriage Made in Boat Heaven", ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', December 26, 1998</ref>
	Beset by extensive warranty claims for its Ficht outboards and prior and concurrent management-financial problems,		Beset by extensive warranty claims for its Ficht outboards and prior and concurrent management-financial problems,
	OMC declared bankruptcy in December 2000 and the engine manufacturing portion and brands ([[Evinrude Outboard Motors]] and [[Johnson Outboards]]), including the Ficht technology, were purchased by BRP in 2001.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-8397410.html "Canadian, German Companies Buy Assets of Waukegan, Ill., Boating Company"], ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'', March 26, 2001</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQK/is_2_6/ai_71766946 OMC Bankruptcy Sets Consumers Adrift \| Boat/US Magazine \| Find Articles at BNET.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>		OMC declared bankruptcy in December 2000 and the engine manufacturing portion and brands (Evinrude Outboard Motors and Johnson Outboards), including the Ficht technology, were purchased by BRP in 2001.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-8397410.html "Canadian, German Companies Buy Assets of Waukegan, Ill., Boating Company"], ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', March 26, 2001</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQK/is_2_6/ai_71766946 OMC Bankruptcy Sets Consumers Adrift \| Boat/US Magazine \| Find Articles at BNET.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

	Evinrude introduced the E-Tec system, an improvement to the Ficht fuel injection, in 2003, based on U.S. [[patent]] 6,398,511. In 2004, Evinrude received the EPA Clean Air Excellence Award for their outboards utilizing the E-Tec system.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/air/caaac/2004awar.html "2004 Clean Air Excellence Awards Recipients"], EPA website, 2004</ref> The E-Tec system has recently also been adapted for use in performance two-stroke snowmobiles.		Evinrude introduced the E-Tec system, an improvement to the Ficht fuel injection, in 2003, based on U.S. patent 6,398,511. In 2004, Evinrude received the EPA Clean Air Excellence Award for their outboards utilizing the E-Tec system.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/air/caaac/2004awar.html "2004 Clean Air Excellence Awards Recipients"], EPA website, 2004</ref> The E-Tec system has recently also been adapted for use in performance two-stroke snowmobiles.

	Yamaha also has a high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) system for two-stroke outboards. It differs from the Ficht/E-Tec and Orbital direct injection systems because it uses a separate, belt driven, high pressure, mechanical fuel pump to generate the pressure necessary for injection in a closed chamber. This is similar to most current [[four-stroke cycle\|4-stroke]] automotive designs.		Yamaha also has a high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) system for two-stroke outboards. It differs from the Ficht/E-Tec and Orbital direct injection systems because it uses a separate, belt driven, high pressure, mechanical fuel pump to generate the pressure necessary for injection in a closed chamber. This is similar to most current [[four-stroke cycle\|4-stroke]] automotive designs.

	~~[[Envirofit\|~~EnviroFit]], a non-profit corporation sponsored by [[Colorado State University]], has developed direct injection retrofit kits for [[two-stroke~~]] [[~~motorcycles]] in a project to reduce [[air pollution]] in [[Southeast Asia]], using technology developed by [[Orbital Corporation ~~Limited\|Orbital Corporation]]~~ of [[Australia]].<ref>[http://www.envirofit.org/media/display.php?id=1 Envirofit works to retrofit the Philippines]</ref>		EnviroFit, a non-profit corporation sponsored by Colorado State University, has developed direct injection retrofit kits for two-stroke motorcycles in a project to reduce air pollution in Southeast Asia, using technology developed by Orbital Corporation of Australia.<ref>[http://www.envirofit.org/media/display.php?id=1 Envirofit works to retrofit the Philippines]</ref>
	The [[World Health Organization]] says air pollution in Southeast Asia and the Pacific causes 537,000 premature deaths each year. The 100-million two-stroke taxis and motorcycles in that part of the world are a major cause.<ref>[http://www.ernasia.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=313&Itemid=75 Ernasia project - Asian City Air Pollution Data Are Released<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5267 Retrofitting Engines Reduces Pollution, Increases Incomes \| Worldwatch Institute<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>		The World Health Organization says air pollution in Southeast Asia and the Pacific causes 537,000 premature deaths each year. The 100-million two-stroke taxis and motorcycles in that part of the world are a major cause.<ref>[http://www.ernasia.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=313&Itemid=75 Ernasia project - Asian City Air Pollution Data Are Released<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5267 Retrofitting Engines Reduces Pollution, Increases Incomes \| Worldwatch Institute<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

	==Future==		==Future==

Red marquis at 08:54, 21 August 2009

2009-08-21T08:54:08Z

Show changes

188.40.249.178: CDZOZIHRGVvw

2009-08-21T04:02:41Z

CDZOZIHRGVvw

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:02, 21 August 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~As a final note I continue to practice the techniques I learned in all the guides I purchased~~.; http://www.~~danosgarden~~.com/~~2009_08_18_ambien~~.html ~~ambien zvru~~; http://www.~~bcdhotties~~.com/~~tramadol-prices~~.html ~~tramadol rtkpa~~; http://www.~~affinitycapitalmanagement~~.com/~~phenterminepills~~.~~htm phentermine 8494~~; http://www.~~prachienarain~~.~~com~~/~~prozac~~.html ~~prozac 14538~~; http://www.~~prachienarain~~.com/~~cialis~~.html ~~cialis 3113~~; http://www.~~eradicateperplexity~~.com/~~ambien~~.html ~~ambien >:-))~~;		This includes OTC products like Accutane and antibiotics.; http://www.eradicateperplexity.com/zoloft.html zoloft 135695; http://www.danosgarden.com/2009_08_18_levitra.html levitra :[[; http://www.danosgarden.com/2009_08_18_prednisone.html prednisone knzvyv; http://www.waycrossmainstreet.org/zoloft_online.html zoloft oylt; http://www.danosgarden.com/2009_08_18_doxycycline.html doxycycline pcedtq; http://www.bcdhotties.com/levitra-prices.html levitra 7060;

202.3.217.125: DfKupzMQ

2009-08-20T21:55:01Z

DfKupzMQ

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:55, 20 August 2009
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	~~2qO94g <~~a ~~href="~~http://~~ydpltsusnhva~~.com/~~">ydpltsusnhva<~~/~~a>, [url=~~http://~~arbbzcnzohrv~~.com/~~]arbbzcnzohrv[~~/~~url], [link=~~http://~~uqtlmglmyjhf~~.com/~~]uqtlmglmyjhf[/link],~~ http://~~zokpicptigmv~~.com/		As a final note I continue to practice the techniques I learned in all the guides I purchased.; http://www.danosgarden.com/2009_08_18_ambien.html ambien zvru; http://www.bcdhotties.com/tramadol-prices.html tramadol rtkpa; http://www.affinitycapitalmanagement.com/phenterminepills.htm phentermine 8494; http://www.prachienarain.com/prozac.html prozac 14538; http://www.prachienarain.com/cialis.html cialis 3113; http://www.eradicateperplexity.com/ambien.html ambien >:-));

190.177.7.213: KVWLJlIZPA

2009-08-19T08:46:46Z

KVWLJlIZPA

New page

2qO94g <a href="http://ydpltsusnhva.com/">ydpltsusnhva</a>, [url=http://arbbzcnzohrv.com/]arbbzcnzohrv[/url], [link=http://uqtlmglmyjhf.com/]uqtlmglmyjhf[/link], http://zokpicptigmv.com/

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:08, 21 August 2009
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	In '''1999''', [[Renault]] introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence),<ref>[http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/car-reviews/car-and-driving/renault-megane-cabriolet-2004314.html "Yahoo Cars - Renault Megane Cabriolet 1997-2003"]</ref> first on the [[Renault Megane\|Megane]] and later on the [[Renault Laguna\|Laguna]]. Rather than following the [[lean burn]] approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of [[exhaust gas recirculation]] to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Autozine Technical School"]</ref> Later gasoline direct injection engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance as well as increased fuel efficiency. [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], [[Hyundai Motors\|Hyundai]] and [[Volvo]] licensed Mitsubishi's GDI technology in 1999, with Hyundai building the first GDI [[V8 engine\|V8]].<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail794.html "Mitsubishi Motors and PSA Peugeot Citroen Reach Agreement on GDI Engine Technical Cooperation"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, January 12, 1999</ref><ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail771.html "Mitsubishi Motors Supplies Hyundai Motor Co. with GDI Technology for New V8 GDI Engine"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 28, 1999</ref> Although other companies have since developed gasoline direct injection engines, the acronym 'GDI' (with an uppercase final "I") remains a registered trademark of Mitsubishi Motors.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/products/detail545.html "GDI-ASG Pistachio"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 28, 1999</ref>		In '''1999''', [[Renault]] introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence),<ref>[http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/car-reviews/car-and-driving/renault-megane-cabriolet-2004314.html "Yahoo Cars - Renault Megane Cabriolet 1997-2003"]</ref> first on the [[Renault Megane\|Megane]] and later on the [[Renault Laguna\|Laguna]]. Rather than following the [[lean burn]] approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of [[exhaust gas recirculation]] to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Autozine Technical School"]</ref> Later gasoline direct injection engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance as well as increased fuel efficiency. [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], [[Hyundai Motors\|Hyundai]] and [[Volvo]] licensed Mitsubishi's GDI technology in 1999, with Hyundai building the first GDI [[V8 engine\|V8]].<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail794.html "Mitsubishi Motors and PSA Peugeot Citroen Reach Agreement on GDI Engine Technical Cooperation"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, January 12, 1999</ref><ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail771.html "Mitsubishi Motors Supplies Hyundai Motor Co. with GDI Technology for New V8 GDI Engine"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 28, 1999</ref> Although other companies have since developed gasoline direct injection engines, the acronym 'GDI' (with an uppercase final "I") remains a registered trademark of Mitsubishi Motors.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/products/detail545.html "GDI-ASG Pistachio"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 28, 1999</ref>

	In '''2000''', the [[Volkswagen Group]] introduced its gasoline direct injection engine in the [[Volkswagen Lupo]], a 1.4 litre inline-four unit, under the product name "Fuel Stratified Injection" ('''FSI'''). The technology was adapted from Audi's [[24 Hours of Le Mans\|Le Mans]] [[Le Mans Prototype\|prototype race car]] [[Audi R8 (race car)\|R8]]. Volkswagen Group marques use direct injection in its [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 TFSI 125-200kW\|2.0 L FSI]] [[turbocharged]] and naturally-aspirated four-cylinder engines. Later, a [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 FSI 110kW\|2.0 litre inline-four]] unit was introduced in the model year 2003 [[Audi A4]]. All new petrol engines from the mainstream marques of Volkswagen Group now use this FSI technology.~~{{Citation needed\|date=July 2009}}~~ PSA Peugeot Citroën introduced its first GDi (HPi) engine in 2000 in the [[Citroën C5]] and [[Peugeot 406]]. It was a 2.0-liter 16-valve [[PSA EW/DW engine#DW10\|EW10 D]] unit with 140 hp, the system was licensed from Mitsubishi.<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com"/>		In '''2000''', the [[Volkswagen Group]] introduced its gasoline direct injection engine in the [[Volkswagen Lupo]], a 1.4 litre inline-four unit, under the product name "Fuel Stratified Injection" ('''FSI'''). The technology was adapted from Audi's [[24 Hours of Le Mans\|Le Mans]] [[Le Mans Prototype\|prototype race car]] [[Audi R8 (race car)\|R8]]. Volkswagen Group marques use direct injection in its [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 TFSI 125-200kW\|2.0 L FSI]] [[turbocharged]] and naturally-aspirated four-cylinder engines. Later, a [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 FSI 110kW\|2.0 litre inline-four]] unit was introduced in the model year 2003 [[Audi A4]]. All new petrol engines from the mainstream marques of Volkswagen Group now use this FSI technology. PSA Peugeot Citroën introduced its first GDi (HPi) engine in 2000 in the [[Citroën C5]] and [[Peugeot 406]]. It was a 2.0-liter 16-valve [[PSA EW/DW engine#DW10\|EW10 D]] unit with 140 hp, the system was licensed from Mitsubishi.<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com"/>

	In '''2001''', [[Ford Motor Company\|Ford]] introduced its first European Ford engine to use direct injection technology, badged [[Ford Duratec#Duratec SCi\|SCi]] (Smart Charge injection) for Direct-Injection-Spark-Ignition (DISI).<ref name="SCi">[http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=13048 Ford of Europe showcases most extensive range ever at the 2002 Paris Show], Media.ford.com, 2002-09-26.</ref> The range will include some turbocharged derivatives, including the 1.1-litre, three-cylinder turbocharged unit showcased at the 2002 Geneva Show.<ref name="SCi" /> This new 1.8-litre Duratec SCi naturally aspirated engine will make its production debut in the [[Ford Mondeo]] in 2003.<ref name="SCi" />		In '''2001''', [[Ford Motor Company\|Ford]] introduced its first European Ford engine to use direct injection technology, badged [[Ford Duratec#Duratec SCi\|SCi]] (Smart Charge injection) for Direct-Injection-Spark-Ignition (DISI).<ref name="SCi">[http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=13048 Ford of Europe showcases most extensive range ever at the 2002 Paris Show], Media.ford.com, 2002-09-26.</ref> The range will include some turbocharged derivatives, including the 1.1-litre, three-cylinder turbocharged unit showcased at the 2002 Geneva Show.<ref name="SCi" /> This new 1.8-litre Duratec SCi naturally aspirated engine will make its production debut in the [[Ford Mondeo]] in 2003.<ref name="SCi" />

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:06, 21 August 2009
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	It was not until '''1996''' that gasoline direct injection reappeared in the automotive market. [[Mitsubishi Motors\|Mitsubishi]] was the first with a '''GDI''' engine in the Japanese market with its [[Mitsubishi Galant\|Galant/Legnum]]'s ''[[Mitsubishi 4G9 engine#4G93\|4G93]]'' 1.8 L [[inline-four]].<ref>[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/about_us/technology/environment/e/gdi.html "Latest MMC technologies and near-future goals: GDI - The pursuit of a high-efficiency engine"], Mitsubishi Motors website</ref> It was subsequently brought to Europe in 1997 in the [[Mitsubishi Carisma\|Carisma]],<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail329.html "European Launch for GDI CARISMA"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, August 29, 1997</ref> although Europe's then high-sulphur unleaded fuel led to emissions problems, and [[fuel efficiency]] was less than expected.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Direct Injection Petrol engine - Mitsubishi GDI"], Mark Wan, AutoZine Technical School</ref> It also developed the first six cylinder GDI powerplant, the ''[[Mitsubishi 6G7 engine\|6G74]]'' 3.5 L [[V6]], in 1997.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail215.html "Mitsubishi Motors Adds World First V6 3.5-liter GDI Engine to Ultra-efficiency GDI Series"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 16, 1997</ref> Mitsubishi applied this technology widely, producing over one million GDI engines in four families by 2001.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail443.html "GDI1 engine production tops 1,000,000 unit mark"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 11, 2001</ref>		It was not until '''1996''' that gasoline direct injection reappeared in the automotive market. [[Mitsubishi Motors\|Mitsubishi]] was the first with a '''GDI''' engine in the Japanese market with its [[Mitsubishi Galant\|Galant/Legnum]]'s ''[[Mitsubishi 4G9 engine#4G93\|4G93]]'' 1.8 L [[inline-four]].<ref>[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/about_us/technology/environment/e/gdi.html "Latest MMC technologies and near-future goals: GDI - The pursuit of a high-efficiency engine"], Mitsubishi Motors website</ref> It was subsequently brought to Europe in 1997 in the [[Mitsubishi Carisma\|Carisma]],<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail329.html "European Launch for GDI CARISMA"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, August 29, 1997</ref> although Europe's then high-sulphur unleaded fuel led to emissions problems, and [[fuel efficiency]] was less than expected.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Direct Injection Petrol engine - Mitsubishi GDI"], Mark Wan, AutoZine Technical School</ref> It also developed the first six cylinder GDI powerplant, the ''[[Mitsubishi 6G7 engine\|6G74]]'' 3.5 L [[V6]], in 1997.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail215.html "Mitsubishi Motors Adds World First V6 3.5-liter GDI Engine to Ultra-efficiency GDI Series"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 16, 1997</ref> Mitsubishi applied this technology widely, producing over one million GDI engines in four families by 2001.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail443.html "GDI1 engine production tops 1,000,000 unit mark"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 11, 2001</ref>

	In '''1998''', [[Toyota]]'s D4 direct injection system first appeared on various Japanese market vehicles equipped with the [[Toyota SZ engine\|''SZ'']] and [[Toyota NZ engine\|''NZ'']] engines.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/environmental_rep/00/pdf/c30_39.pdf \|title=30_39-Jfl/'Ý,,v \|format=PDF \|date= \|accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://alflash.com.ua/d4e.htm \|title=D4English \|publisher=Alflash.com.ua \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|author=Visnic, Bill \|url=http://wardsautoworld.com/ar/auto_directinjection_coming_masses/ \|title=Direct-injection coming for the masses \|publisher=Wardsautoworld.com \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref>~~{{Verify source\|date=July 2009}}~~ Toyota later introduced its D4 system to European markets with the ''[[Toyota AZ engine\|1AZ-FSE]]'' engine found in the 2001 [[Toyota Avensis\|Avensis]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fleetnews.co.uk/RoadTests/story/Avensis-22-D-4D-/11409 \|title=Toyota Avensis review \| Road test and facts \|publisher=Fleetnews.co.uk \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref> and US markets in 2005 with the ''[[Toyota GR engine#3GR-FSE\|3GR-FSE]]'' engine found in the [[Lexus gs#Third generation .282005-present.29\|Lexus GS 300]]. Toyota's ''[[Toyota GR engine\|2GR-FSE]]'' V6 uses a more advanced direct injection system, which combines both direct and indirect injection using two fuel injectors per cylinder, a traditional port fuel injector (low pressure) and a direct fuel injector (high pressure).<ref>http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/environment/powertrain/engine/</ref> This system known as D-4S or D4 Superior first appeared in the US with the launch of the [[Lexus IS#Second generation .282006-present.29\|Lexus IS 350]].		In '''1998''', [[Toyota]]'s D4 direct injection system first appeared on various Japanese market vehicles equipped with the [[Toyota SZ engine\|''SZ'']] and [[Toyota NZ engine\|''NZ'']] engines.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/environmental_rep/00/pdf/c30_39.pdf \|title=30_39-Jfl/'Ý,,v \|format=PDF \|date= \|accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://alflash.com.ua/d4e.htm \|title=D4English \|publisher=Alflash.com.ua \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|author=Visnic, Bill \|url=http://wardsautoworld.com/ar/auto_directinjection_coming_masses/ \|title=Direct-injection coming for the masses \|publisher=Wardsautoworld.com \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref> Toyota later introduced its D4 system to European markets with the ''[[Toyota AZ engine\|1AZ-FSE]]'' engine found in the 2001 [[Toyota Avensis\|Avensis]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fleetnews.co.uk/RoadTests/story/Avensis-22-D-4D-/11409 \|title=Toyota Avensis review \| Road test and facts \|publisher=Fleetnews.co.uk \|date= \|accessdate=2009-05-16}}</ref> and US markets in 2005 with the ''[[Toyota GR engine#3GR-FSE\|3GR-FSE]]'' engine found in the [[Lexus gs#Third generation .282005-present.29\|Lexus GS 300]]. Toyota's ''[[Toyota GR engine\|2GR-FSE]]'' V6 uses a more advanced direct injection system, which combines both direct and indirect injection using two fuel injectors per cylinder, a traditional port fuel injector (low pressure) and a direct fuel injector (high pressure).<ref>http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/environment/powertrain/engine/</ref> This system known as D-4S or D4 Superior first appeared in the US with the launch of the [[Lexus IS#Second generation .282006-present.29\|Lexus IS 350]].

	In '''1999''', [[Renault]] introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence),<ref>[http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/car-reviews/car-and-driving/renault-megane-cabriolet-2004314.html "Yahoo Cars - Renault Megane Cabriolet 1997-2003"]</ref> first on the [[Renault Megane\|Megane]] and later on the [[Renault Laguna\|Laguna]]. Rather than following the [[lean burn]] approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of [[exhaust gas recirculation]] to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Autozine Technical School"]</ref> Later gasoline direct injection engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance as well as increased fuel efficiency. [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], [[Hyundai Motors\|Hyundai]] and [[Volvo]] licensed Mitsubishi's GDI technology in 1999, with Hyundai building the first GDI [[V8 engine\|V8]].<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail794.html "Mitsubishi Motors and PSA Peugeot Citroen Reach Agreement on GDI Engine Technical Cooperation"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, January 12, 1999</ref><ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail771.html "Mitsubishi Motors Supplies Hyundai Motor Co. with GDI Technology for New V8 GDI Engine"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 28, 1999</ref> Although other companies have since developed gasoline direct injection engines, the acronym 'GDI' (with an uppercase final "I") remains a registered trademark of Mitsubishi Motors.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/products/detail545.html "GDI-ASG Pistachio"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 28, 1999</ref>		In '''1999''', [[Renault]] introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence),<ref>[http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/car-reviews/car-and-driving/renault-megane-cabriolet-2004314.html "Yahoo Cars - Renault Megane Cabriolet 1997-2003"]</ref> first on the [[Renault Megane\|Megane]] and later on the [[Renault Laguna\|Laguna]]. Rather than following the [[lean burn]] approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of [[exhaust gas recirculation]] to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.<ref>[http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/petrol1.htm "Autozine Technical School"]</ref> Later gasoline direct injection engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance as well as increased fuel efficiency. [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], [[Hyundai Motors\|Hyundai]] and [[Volvo]] licensed Mitsubishi's GDI technology in 1999, with Hyundai building the first GDI [[V8 engine\|V8]].<ref name="media.mitsubishi-motors.com">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail794.html "Mitsubishi Motors and PSA Peugeot Citroen Reach Agreement on GDI Engine Technical Cooperation"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, January 12, 1999</ref><ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail771.html "Mitsubishi Motors Supplies Hyundai Motor Co. with GDI Technology for New V8 GDI Engine"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, April 28, 1999</ref> Although other companies have since developed gasoline direct injection engines, the acronym 'GDI' (with an uppercase final "I") remains a registered trademark of Mitsubishi Motors.<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/products/detail545.html "GDI-ASG Pistachio"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 28, 1999</ref>