Red marquis at 17:13, 21 August 2009

2009-08-21T17:13:59Z

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A '''gear stick''' (also '''gearstick''', '''gear lever''', '''selection lever''', '''shift stick''' and '''gear shifter''') is the lever used to change [[gear]] in a [[vehicle]], such as an [[automobile]], with [[manual transmission]] or several common forms of [[automatic transmission]] it interfaces with the drivers hand using a [[shift knob]].

The device is used to change gear; in a manual transmission vehicle this will normally be done whilst depressing the [[clutch]] pedal with the left foot to disengage the [[engine]] from the [[drivetrain]] and wheels. Automatic transmission vehicles, and those with [[continuously variable transmission]] gearboxes, do not require a clutch pedal.

An optimized version of the gear stick for manual transmissions available to racers and performance enthusiasts is known as a [[short shifter]].

==Alternative positions==
Gear sticks are most commonly found between the front seats of the vehicle, either on the [[Center console (automobile)|centre console]] (sometimes even quite far up on the [[dashboard]]), the transmission tunnel, or directly on the floor. Some vehicles have a [[column shift]] where the lever is mounted on the [[steering column]] - this arrangement was once almost standard practice in the United States until relatively recently, which had the added benefit of allowing for a full width bench-type front seat. It has since fallen out of favor, although it can still be found widely on US-market [[pick-up truck]]s, vans, and "full-size" US sedans such as the [[Ford Crown Victoria]]. A [[dashboard]] mounted shift was common on certain French models such as the [[Citroen 2CV]] and [[Renault 4]]. The [[Bentley Mark VI]] had its gear lever to the right of the [[right-hand drive]] driver's seat, alongside the driver's door, where it was not unknown for British cars to also have their [[Hand brake|handbrake]]. ([[Left-hand drive]] models received a column shift.)

In some modern [[sports car]]s, the gear lever has been replaced entirely by "paddles", which are a pair of levers, usually operating electrical switches (rather than a mechanical connection to the gearbox), mounted on either side of the steering column, where one increments the gears up, and the other down.

==The gear knob and switches==
The [[gear knob]] or [[shift knob]] or [[gear shift knob]] or [[stick shift knob]] is at the end of the gear stick; it forms the handle of the gear stick. Typically the gear knob includes a diagram of the ''shift pattern'' of the gear selection system; ''i.e.'' the positions to which the gear stick should be moved when selecting a gear. In some older manual transmission vehicles it may incorporate a switch to engage an [[overdrive]]; in some automatic transmission vehicles it may incorporate a switch to engage a special mode such as a sports mode. Both of the above-mentioned switches may also be found on the console or on steering column stalks instead.

Many automatic transmission vehicles have extra controls on the gear stick, or very close by, which modify the choices made by the transmission system depending on engine and road speed; for example, "sports" or "economy" modes which will broadly speaking allow, respectively, for higher and lower revolutions per gear, before changing up.

Some specialist vehicles have controls for other functions on the gear stick. The [[Land Rover Freelander]] introduced a button for that company's [[Hill Descent Control system]] feature, which uses the brakes to simulate the function of a low-ratio gearbox in steep descents.

==Secondary gear levers==
In some traditional [[four-wheel drive]] "off-road" vehicles there can be a second gear lever which engages a [[low-ratio gearbox]], used on tough terrain. Further, similar-looking levers may switch between two- and four-wheel drive, or engage [[differential]] locks; these are not "gear levers," however.

==Shift pattern==
The "shift pattern" refers to the layout of the gears. In a typical manual transmission car, first gear is located forwards, and to the left. In many trucks and some sports cars it is instead in a "dog leg" position, back and to the left. There is usually a spring-loading to return the stick to the central position. Reverse gear is commonly positioned in the best choice of location to avoid accidental engagement.

A typical manual transmission vehicle, with (for example) five forward gears, will thus have seven possible positions: the five forwards gears, reverse gear, and a central "neutral" position. Some vehicles have a special button to prevent accidental engagement of reverse. Others require that the lever be lifted, pressed down, or moved with extra force to engage reverse. In transmissions with reverse directly below fifth, there may be a mechanical lock-out preventing selection of reverse other than from neutral, thus preventing a driver used to a six-speed transmission from engaging reverse while trying to select sixth.

Automatic transmissions traditionally have had a straight pattern beginning at the most forward position with "park" (which locks up the transmission), and running through reverse, neutral, drive (all gears available), and then the lower gears (often three or two more positions, each locking out a successive upper gear), with the rear-most position allowing first gear only. More modern automatic transmissions have employed a "J-gate" (pioneered by [[Jaguar|Jaguar]]) where some gears are on the left-hand "arm", some on the right, and there is a sideways movement at the rear of the pattern.

Some modern gearboxes such as the [[Alfa Romeo]] [[Sportronic]] have a traditional automatic shift pattern to the right, with a special position to the left in which movement of the stick forwards and backwards increments the gears up and down respectively.

== References ==

[http://www.twmperformance.com/short-shifter.html What is a Short Shifter? at twmperformance.com]

[http://www.twmshiftknobs.com/shift-knob.html What is a Shift Knob? at twmshiftknobs.com]

[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Shifter Comparative Diagrams Stock vs Short Shifter]

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Gear stick - Revision history

Red marquis at 17:13, 21 August 2009