Hybrid electric vehicle - Revision history

Red marquis: /* Hybrid fuel (dual mode) */

2010-02-08T09:54:37Z

Hybrid fuel (dual mode)

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	==Hybrid fuel (dual mode)==		==Hybrid fuel (dual mode)==
	In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for ~~[[Ground~~ propulsion~~\|propulsion]]~~, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy input types ("[[fuel]]s") using the same tank and engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are described as [[dual mode]] vehicles:		In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy input types ("[[fuel]]s") using the same tank and engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are described as [[dual mode]] vehicles:
	* Some [[electric trolleybus]]es can switch between an on board [[diesel engine]] and overhead electrical power depending on conditions (see [[dual mode bus]]). In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true plug-in hybrid trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have been announced.		* Some [[electric trolleybus]]es can switch between an on board [[diesel engine]] and overhead electrical power depending on conditions (see [[dual mode bus]]). In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true plug-in hybrid trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have been announced.
	* [[Flexible-fuel vehicle]]s can use a mixture of input fuels (petroleum and [[biofuel]]s) in one tank — typically [[gasoline]] and [[bioethanol]] or [[biobutanol]], though diesel-[[biodiesel]] vehicles would also qualify. [[Liquified petroleum gas]] and [[natural gas]] are very different from each other and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be impossible to build an (LPG-NG) flexible fuel system.		* [[Flexible-fuel vehicle]]s can use a mixture of input fuels (petroleum and [[biofuel]]s) in one tank — typically [[gasoline]] and [[bioethanol]] or [[biobutanol]], though diesel-[[biodiesel]] vehicles would also qualify. [[Liquified petroleum gas]] and [[natural gas]] are very different from each other and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be impossible to build an (LPG-NG) flexible fuel system.

Red marquis: /* Continuously Recharged BEVs */

2010-02-08T09:53:18Z

Continuously Recharged BEVs

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	Given suitable infrastructure, BEVs can be '''recharged'''		Given suitable infrastructure, BEVs can be '''recharged'''
	'''while the user drives'''. The [[BEV]] establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanism ~~(see [[Conduit current collection]])~~. The BEV's batteries are recharged by this process - on the highway - and can then be used normally on other roads.		'''while the user drives'''. The [[BEV]] establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanism. The BEV's batteries are recharged by this process - on the highway - and can then be used normally on other roads.

	This provides the advantage of '''virtually unrestricted highway'''		This provides the advantage of '''virtually unrestricted highway'''
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	highway, this '''reduces the need for expensive battery systems'''.		highway, this '''reduces the need for expensive battery systems'''.

	The technology for such infrastructure is old and well established -		The technology for such infrastructure is old and well established. Electricity and infrastructure costs can be funded by toll revenue, gasoline taxes or other sources.
	~~(see [[Conduit current collection]], [[trams]], [[electric rail]], [[trolley]]s, [[third rail]])~~. Electricity and infrastructure costs can be funded by toll revenue, gasoline taxes or other sources.

	==See also==		==See also==

Red marquis: /* See also */

2010-02-08T09:52:30Z

Red marquis: /* Heavy vehicles */

2010-02-08T09:51:43Z

Heavy vehicles

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	==Heavy vehicles==		==Heavy vehicles==
	Hybrid [[~~power train~~]]s are used for [[diesel-electric]] or [[turbo-electric]] railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile [[hydraulic machinery]], and ships. Some form of heat engine drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump which power one or several electric or hydraulic motors. There are advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements especially when multiple drives - e.g. driven wheels or propellers - are required. There are disadvantages due to the power lost in the double conversion. With large vehicles the advantages often outweigh especially as the relative conversion losses decrease with size. Generally there is no or relatively little energy storage capacity, e.g. auxiliary and emergency batteries and [[hydraulic ~~accumulator]]s~~.		Hybrid [[powertrain]]s are used for [[diesel-electric]] or turbo-electric railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships. Some form of heat engine drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump which power one or several electric or hydraulic motors. There are advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements especially when multiple drives - e.g. driven wheels or propellers - are required. There are disadvantages due to the power lost in the double conversion. With large vehicles the advantages often outweigh especially as the relative conversion losses decrease with size. Generally there is no or relatively little energy storage capacity, e.g. auxiliary and emergency batteries and hydraulic accumulators.

	==Petroleum-electric hybrids==		==Petroleum-electric hybrids==

Red marquis: /* Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles */

2010-02-08T09:50:04Z

Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles

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	Mopeds and electric bicycles are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an [[internal combustion\|internal combustion engine]] or electric motor and the rider's muscles.		Mopeds and electric bicycles are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an [[internal combustion\|internal combustion engine]] or electric motor and the rider's muscles.

	* In a '''parallel hybrid bicycle''' human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this type. See [[Motorized bicycles]], ~~[[Moped\|~~Mopeds]] and <ref>{{cite web \| title=Das Powerbike (German), ISBN 3895951234 \| url=http://gso.gbv.de/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=1&PRS=HOL&HILN=888#888 \| accessdate=february 27 \| accessyear=2007}}</ref> for more information.		* In a '''parallel hybrid bicycle''' human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this type. See Motorized bicycles, Mopeds and <ref>{{cite web \| title=Das Powerbike (German), ISBN 3895951234 \| url=http://gso.gbv.de/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=1&PRS=HOL&HILN=888#888 \| accessdate=february 27 \| accessyear=2007}}</ref> for more information.

	* In a '''series hybrid bicycle''' (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are not yet commercially available. They will become feasible if extremely high-efficiency generators and motors are available at competitive prices, especially for recumbent bicycles and tandems, where problems associated with the complexity of a long chain drive can be avoided. <ref>{{cite web \| title=Velomobile Seminar 1999, ISBN 3-9520694-1-8 \| url=http://www.futurebike.ch/page.asp?DH=2305 \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}} </ref>.		* In a '''series hybrid bicycle''' (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are not yet commercially available. They will become feasible if extremely high-efficiency generators and motors are available at competitive prices, especially for recumbent bicycles and tandems, where problems associated with the complexity of a long chain drive can be avoided. <ref>{{cite web \| title=Velomobile Seminar 1999, ISBN 3-9520694-1-8 \| url=http://www.futurebike.ch/page.asp?DH=2305 \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}} </ref>.

Red marquis at 09:48, 8 February 2010

2010-02-08T09:48:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:48, 8 February 2010
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	A '''hybrid vehicle''' (HV) is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources such as:		A '''hybrid vehicle''' (HV) is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources such as:
	*An on-board [[rechargeable energy storage system]] (RESS) and a fueled power source for vehicle propulsion		*An on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fueled power source for vehicle propulsion
	*Human powered bicycle with battery assist		*Human powered bicycle with battery assist
	*A sail boat with electric power[http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/11/28/heard-of-regenerative-braking-how-about-regenerative-sailing/]		*A sail boat with electric power[http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/11/28/heard-of-regenerative-braking-how-about-regenerative-sailing/]

	The term most commonly refers to a [[petroleum electric hybrid vehicle]], also called '''Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV)''' which use [[internal combustion]] engines and ~~[[electric battery\|~~electric batteries]] to power [[electric ~~motor]]s~~. See also [[Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains\|"Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains"]] and [[List_of_hybrid_vehicles\|"List of hybrid vehicles"]].		The term most commonly refers to a [[petroleum electric hybrid vehicle]], also called '''Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV)''' which use [[internal combustion]] engines and electric batteries to power electric motors. See also [[Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains\|"Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains"]] and [[List_of_hybrid_vehicles\|"List of hybrid vehicles"]].

	==History==		==History==

Red marquis at 09:47, 8 February 2010

2010-02-08T09:47:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:47, 8 February 2010
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	A '''hybrid vehicle''' (HV) is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources such as:		A '''hybrid vehicle''' (HV) is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources such as:
	*An on-board [[rechargeable energy storage system]] (RESS) and a fueled power source for vehicle ~~[[Ground~~ propulsion~~\|propulsion]]~~		*An on-board [[rechargeable energy storage system]] (RESS) and a fueled power source for vehicle propulsion
	*Human powered bicycle with battery assist		*Human powered bicycle with battery assist
	*A sail boat with electric power[http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/11/28/heard-of-regenerative-braking-how-about-regenerative-sailing/]		*A sail boat with electric power[http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/11/28/heard-of-regenerative-braking-how-about-regenerative-sailing/]
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	==Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles==		==Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles==
	~~[[Moped]]s~~ and ~~[[Motorized bicycles\|~~electric bicycles]] are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an [[internal combustion\|internal combustion engine]] or [[electric motor]] and the rider's muscles.		Mopeds and electric bicycles are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an [[internal combustion\|internal combustion engine]] or electric motor and the rider's muscles.

	* In a '''parallel hybrid bicycle''' human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this type. See [[Motorized bicycles]], [[Moped\|Mopeds]] and <ref>{{cite web \| title=Das Powerbike (German), ISBN 3895951234 \| url=http://gso.gbv.de/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=1&PRS=HOL&HILN=888#888 \| accessdate=february 27 \| accessyear=2007}}</ref> for more information.		* In a '''parallel hybrid bicycle''' human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this type. See [[Motorized bicycles]], [[Moped\|Mopeds]] and <ref>{{cite web \| title=Das Powerbike (German), ISBN 3895951234 \| url=http://gso.gbv.de/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=1&PRS=HOL&HILN=888#888 \| accessdate=february 27 \| accessyear=2007}}</ref> for more information.

	* In a '''series hybrid bicycle''' (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a [[chainless bicycle]] but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are not yet commercially available. They will become feasible if extremely high-efficiency generators and motors are available at competitive prices, especially for recumbent bicycles and tandems, where problems associated with the complexity of a long chain drive can be avoided. <ref>{{cite web \| title=Velomobile Seminar 1999, ISBN 3-9520694-1-8 \| url=http://www.futurebike.ch/page.asp?DH=2305 \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}} </ref>.		* In a '''series hybrid bicycle''' (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are not yet commercially available. They will become feasible if extremely high-efficiency generators and motors are available at competitive prices, especially for recumbent bicycles and tandems, where problems associated with the complexity of a long chain drive can be avoided. <ref>{{cite web \| title=Velomobile Seminar 1999, ISBN 3-9520694-1-8 \| url=http://www.futurebike.ch/page.asp?DH=2305 \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}} </ref>.

	::The first known prototype and publication of a SH bicycle is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the [http://www.mcn.org/a/omni/ELiteBro95.htm Electrilite] SH lightweight vehicle which used power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Müller designed a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built a SH bicycle and in 1998 mounted the system onto a [[Leitra]] tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). In 1999 Harald Kutzke described his concept of the "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. Until 2005 Fuchs and colleagues built several prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles. [http://mypage.bluewin.ch/fuchsbau/Fuchs2006.pdf]		::The first known prototype and publication of a SH bicycle is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the [http://www.mcn.org/a/omni/ELiteBro95.htm Electrilite] SH lightweight vehicle which used power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Müller designed a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built a SH bicycle and in 1998 mounted the system onto a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). In 1999 Harald Kutzke described his concept of the "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. Until 2005 Fuchs and colleagues built several prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles. [http://mypage.bluewin.ch/fuchsbau/Fuchs2006.pdf]

	==Heavy vehicles==		==Heavy vehicles==

Red marquis at 11:09, 29 October 2008

2008-10-29T11:09:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:09, 29 October 2008
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	* [[Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]		* [[Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]
	* [[Tribrid vehicle]]		* [[Tribrid vehicle]]

	~~{{Portal\|Energy}}~~
	~~{{Portal\|Ecology}}~~



	==External links==		==External links==
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	[[Category:Alternative propulsion]]		[[Category:Alternative propulsion]]
	[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]		[[Category:Hybrid vehicles]]
	[[Category:~~Engines~~]]		[[Category:Engine technology]]
	[[Category:Electric vehicles]]		[[Category:Electric vehicles]]

Red marquis: /* References */

2008-10-29T11:09:25Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:09, 29 October 2008
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	{{Portal\|Ecology}}		{{Portal\|Ecology}}

	~~==References==~~
	~~<div class="references-small">~~
	~~<references/>~~
	~~</div>~~

	==External links==		==External links==

Red marquis: /* See also */

2007-08-10T06:34:59Z

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	* [[Alternative propulsion]]		* [[Alternative propulsion]]
	* [[Bivalent (engine)]]		* [[Bivalent (engine)]]
	* [[Diesel-electric~~]] and [[diesel-electric locomotive~~]]		* [[Diesel-electric]]
	* [[Electric vehicle]]		* [[Electric vehicle]]
	* [[:Category:Hybrid buses\|Hybrid buses]]		* [[:Category:Hybrid buses\|Hybrid buses]]
	* [[:Category:Hybrid trucks\|Hybrid trucks]]		* [[:Category:Hybrid trucks\|Hybrid trucks]]
	* [[Hybrid Locomotive\|Hybrid Locomotive]]
	* [[Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains]]		* [[Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains]]
	* [[List of hybrid vehicles]]		* [[List of hybrid vehicles]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 8 February 2010
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	Mopeds and electric bicycles are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an [[internal combustion\|internal combustion engine]] or electric motor and the rider's muscles.		Mopeds and electric bicycles are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an [[internal combustion\|internal combustion engine]] or electric motor and the rider's muscles.

	* In a '''parallel hybrid bicycle''' human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this type. See [[Motorized bicycles]], ~~[[Moped\|~~Mopeds]] and <ref>{{cite web \| title=Das Powerbike (German), ISBN 3895951234 \| url=http://gso.gbv.de/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=1&PRS=HOL&HILN=888#888 \| accessdate=february 27 \| accessyear=2007}}</ref> for more information.		* In a '''parallel hybrid bicycle''' human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this type. See Motorized bicycles, Mopeds and <ref>{{cite web \| title=Das Powerbike (German), ISBN 3895951234 \| url=http://gso.gbv.de/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=1&PRS=HOL&HILN=888#888 \| accessdate=february 27 \| accessyear=2007}}</ref> for more information.

	* In a '''series hybrid bicycle''' (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are not yet commercially available. They will become feasible if extremely high-efficiency generators and motors are available at competitive prices, especially for recumbent bicycles and tandems, where problems associated with the complexity of a long chain drive can be avoided. <ref>{{cite web \| title=Velomobile Seminar 1999, ISBN 3-9520694-1-8 \| url=http://www.futurebike.ch/page.asp?DH=2305 \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}} </ref>.		* In a '''series hybrid bicycle''' (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are not yet commercially available. They will become feasible if extremely high-efficiency generators and motors are available at competitive prices, especially for recumbent bicycles and tandems, where problems associated with the complexity of a long chain drive can be avoided. <ref>{{cite web \| title=Velomobile Seminar 1999, ISBN 3-9520694-1-8 \| url=http://www.futurebike.ch/page.asp?DH=2305 \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}} </ref>.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:34, 10 August 2007
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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Energy}}~~
	~~{{Portal\|Ecology}}~~

	* [[Alternative propulsion]]		* [[Alternative propulsion]]
	* [[Bivalent (engine)]]		* [[Bivalent (engine)]]
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	* [[Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]		* [[Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]
	* [[Tribrid vehicle]]		* [[Tribrid vehicle]]

			{{Portal\|Energy}}
			{{Portal\|Ecology}}

	==References==		==References==