Manual Transmission - Revision history

Red marquis at 19:02, 27 September 2009

2009-09-27T19:02:47Z

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	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[automatic transmission\|Automatic Transmission]]		* [[automatic transmission\|Automatic Transmission]]

			[[Category:Transmissions]]

Red marquis at 20:08, 24 August 2009

2009-08-24T20:08:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:08, 24 August 2009
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	A '''manual transmission''' (also known as a '''stick shift''', '''straight drive''', or '''standard transmission''') is a type of [[Transmission (mechanics)\|transmission]] used in [[automotive]] applications. Manual transmissions often feature a [[driving\|driver]]-operated [[clutch]] and a movable [[gear]] selector, although some do not. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any gear at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on ~~[[motorcycle]]s~~ and some types of race cars, only allow the driver to select the next-highest or next-lowest [[gear ratio]]. This second type of transmission is sometimes called a '''sequential manual transmission'''.		A '''manual transmission''' (also known as a '''stick shift''', '''straight drive''', or '''standard transmission''') is a type of [[Transmission (mechanics)\|transmission]] used in [[automotive]] applications. Manual transmissions often feature a [[driving\|driver]]-operated [[clutch]] and a movable [[gear]] selector, although some do not. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any gear at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on motorcycles and some types of race cars, only allow the driver to select the next-highest or next-lowest [[gear ratio]]. This second type of transmission is sometimes called a '''sequential manual transmission'''.

	Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by engaging pairs of gears inside the transmission. Conversely, [[automatic transmission]]s feature clutch packs to select gear ratio. Transmissions that employ clutch packs but allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called [[semi-automatic transmission]]s.		Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by engaging pairs of gears inside the transmission. Conversely, [[automatic transmission]]s feature clutch packs to select gear ratio. Transmissions that employ clutch packs but allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called [[semi-automatic transmission]]s.

72.219.200.134: The term "slushbox" refers to an automatic transmission not a manual

2008-02-22T14:17:06Z

The term "slushbox" refers to an automatic transmission not a manual

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:17, 22 February 2008
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	A '''manual transmission''' (also known as a '''stick shift''', '''straight drive''', ~~'''slush box''',~~ or '''standard transmission''') is a type of [[Transmission (mechanics)\|transmission]] used in [[automotive]] applications. Manual transmissions often feature a [[driving\|driver]]-operated [[clutch]] and a movable [[gear]] selector, although some do not. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any gear at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on [[motorcycle]]s and some types of race cars, only allow the driver to select the next-highest or next-lowest [[gear ratio]]. This second type of transmission is sometimes called a '''sequential manual transmission'''.		A '''manual transmission''' (also known as a '''stick shift''', '''straight drive''', or '''standard transmission''') is a type of [[Transmission (mechanics)\|transmission]] used in [[automotive]] applications. Manual transmissions often feature a [[driving\|driver]]-operated [[clutch]] and a movable [[gear]] selector, although some do not. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any gear at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on [[motorcycle]]s and some types of race cars, only allow the driver to select the next-highest or next-lowest [[gear ratio]]. This second type of transmission is sometimes called a '''sequential manual transmission'''.

	Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by engaging pairs of gears inside the transmission. Conversely, [[automatic transmission]]s feature clutch packs to select gear ratio. Transmissions that employ clutch packs but allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called [[semi-automatic transmission]]s.		Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by engaging pairs of gears inside the transmission. Conversely, [[automatic transmission]]s feature clutch packs to select gear ratio. Transmissions that employ clutch packs but allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called [[semi-automatic transmission]]s.

Red marquis: /* Maintenance */

2007-11-09T02:51:23Z

Maintenance

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:51, 9 November 2007
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	==Maintenance==		==Maintenance==
	Because clutches use changes in [[friction]] to modulate the transfer of torque between engine and transmission, they are subject to wear in everyday use. A very good clutch, when used by an expert driver, can last hundreds of thousands of ~~[[kilometre]]s~~. Weak clutches, downshifting, inexperienced drivers, and aggressive driving can lead to more frequent repair or replacement.		Because clutches use changes in friction to modulate the transfer of torque between engine and transmission, they are subject to wear in everyday use. A very good clutch, when used by an expert driver, can last hundreds of thousands of kilometres. Weak clutches, downshifting, inexperienced drivers, and aggressive driving can lead to more frequent repair or replacement.

	Manual transmissions are lubricated with gear oil, which must be changed periodically in some cars, although not as frequently as the automatic transmission fluid in a vehicle so equipped. (Some manufacturers specify that changing the gear oil is never necessary except after transmission work or to rectify a leak.)		Manual transmissions are lubricated with gear oil, which must be changed periodically in some cars, although not as frequently as the automatic transmission fluid in a vehicle so equipped. (Some manufacturers specify that changing the gear oil is never necessary except after transmission work or to rectify a leak.)

	Gear oil has a characteristic aroma, due to the addition of [[molybdenum disulfide]] compounds, to lubricate the large degree of [[sliding friction]] seen by the teeth due to their [[helical cut]], which in turn is done to eliminate the characteristic whine of [[straight cut gear]]s. Some manufacturers, however, such as [[Honda]], do not use this additive in their gear lube, specifying regular [[motor oil]] until recently, and now their own brand of gear lube which seems to be an enhanced version of [[motor oil]]. On motorcyles with "wet" clutches (clutch is bathed in engine oil), there is usually nothing separating the lower part of the engine from the transmission, so the same oil lubricates both the engine and transmission.		Gear oil has a characteristic aroma, due to the addition of molybdenum disulfide compounds, to lubricate the large degree of sliding friction seen by the teeth due to their [[helical cut]], which in turn is done to eliminate the characteristic whine of [[straight cut gear]]s. Some manufacturers, however, such as [[Honda]], do not use this additive in their gear lube, specifying regular [[motor oil]] until recently, and now their own brand of gear lube which seems to be an enhanced version of [[motor oil]]. On motorcyles with "wet" clutches (clutch is bathed in engine oil), there is usually nothing separating the lower part of the engine from the transmission, so the same oil lubricates both the engine and transmission.

	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[automatic transmission\|Automatic Transmission]]		* [[automatic transmission\|Automatic Transmission]]

Red marquis: /* Synchronized transmission */

2007-11-09T02:50:06Z

Synchronized transmission

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	Most modern cars are fitted with a synchronised gear box, although it is entirely possible to construct a constant mesh gearbox without synchromesh, as found in motorcycle for example. In a constant mesh gearbox, the gears of the different transmission speeds are always in mesh and rotating, but the gears are not directly rotationally connected to the shafts on which they rotate. Instead, the gears can freely rotate or be locked to the shaft on which they are carried. The locking mechanism for any individual gear consists of a collar on the shaft which is able to slide sideways so that teeth or "dogs" on its inner surface bridge two circular rings with teeth on their outer circumference; one attached to the gear, one to the shaft. (One collar typically serves for two gears; sliding in one direction selects one transmission speed, in the other direction selects the other) When the rings are bridged by the collar, that particular gear is rotationally locked to the shaft and determines the output speed of the transmission. In a synchromesh gearbox, to correctly match the speed of the gear to that of the shaft as the gear is engaged, the collar initially applies a force to a cone-shaped brass clutch which is attached to the gear, which brings the speeds to match prior to the collar locking into place. The collar is prevented from bridging the locking rings when the speeds are mismatched by synchro rings (also called blocker rings or balk rings, the latter being spelled "baulk" in the UK). The gearshift lever manipulates the collars using a set of [[linkage]]s, so arranged so that only one collar may be permitted to lock only one gear at any one time; when "shifting gears", the locking collar from one gear is disengaged and that of another engaged. In a modern gearbox, the action of all of these components is so smooth and fast it is hardly noticed.		Most modern cars are fitted with a synchronised gear box, although it is entirely possible to construct a constant mesh gearbox without synchromesh, as found in motorcycle for example. In a constant mesh gearbox, the gears of the different transmission speeds are always in mesh and rotating, but the gears are not directly rotationally connected to the shafts on which they rotate. Instead, the gears can freely rotate or be locked to the shaft on which they are carried. The locking mechanism for any individual gear consists of a collar on the shaft which is able to slide sideways so that teeth or "dogs" on its inner surface bridge two circular rings with teeth on their outer circumference; one attached to the gear, one to the shaft. (One collar typically serves for two gears; sliding in one direction selects one transmission speed, in the other direction selects the other) When the rings are bridged by the collar, that particular gear is rotationally locked to the shaft and determines the output speed of the transmission. In a synchromesh gearbox, to correctly match the speed of the gear to that of the shaft as the gear is engaged, the collar initially applies a force to a cone-shaped brass clutch which is attached to the gear, which brings the speeds to match prior to the collar locking into place. The collar is prevented from bridging the locking rings when the speeds are mismatched by synchro rings (also called blocker rings or balk rings, the latter being spelled "baulk" in the UK). The gearshift lever manipulates the collars using a set of [[linkage]]s, so arranged so that only one collar may be permitted to lock only one gear at any one time; when "shifting gears", the locking collar from one gear is disengaged and that of another engaged. In a modern gearbox, the action of all of these components is so smooth and fast it is hardly noticed.

	The first synchronized transmission system was introduced by [[Cadillac (automobile)\|Cadillac]] in [[1929]]. The modern cone system was developed by [[Porsche]] and introduced in the [[1952]] [[Porsche 356]]; cone synchronizers were called "Porsche-type" for many years after this. In the early [[1950s]] only the second-third shift was synchromesh in most cars, requiring only a single synchro and a simple linkage; drivers' manuals in cars suggested that if the driver needed to shift from second to first, it was best to come to a complete stop then shift into first and start up again. With continuing sophistication of mechanical development, however, fully synchromesh transmissions with three speeds, then four speeds, five speeds, six speeds and so on became universal by the [[1960s]]. Reverse gear, however, is usually not synchromesh, as there is only one reverse gear in the normal automotive transmission and changing gears in reverse is not required.		The first synchronized transmission system was introduced by [[Cadillac (automobile)\|Cadillac]] in 1929. The modern cone system was developed by [[Porsche]] and introduced in the 1952 [[Porsche 356]]; cone synchronizers were called "Porsche-type" for many years after this. In the early 1950s only the second-third shift was synchromesh in most cars, requiring only a single synchro and a simple linkage; drivers' manuals in cars suggested that if the driver needed to shift from second to first, it was best to come to a complete stop then shift into first and start up again. With continuing sophistication of mechanical development, however, fully synchromesh transmissions with three speeds, then four speeds, five speeds, six speeds and so on became universal by the 1960s. Reverse gear, however, is usually not synchromesh, as there is only one reverse gear in the normal automotive transmission and changing gears in reverse is not required.

	==Internals==		==Internals==

Red marquis: /* Gear Variety */

2007-11-09T02:49:04Z

Gear Variety

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	===Design Variations===		===Design Variations===
	====Gear Variety====		====Gear Variety====
	Manual transmissions are often equipped with 4, 5, or 6 forward gears. Nearly all have exactly one reverse gear. In three or four speed transmissions, in most cases, the topmost gear is "direct", ''i.e.'' a 1:1 ratio. For five speed or higher transmissions, the highest gear is usually an [[overdrive (mechanics)\|overdrive]] gear, with a ratio of less than 1:1. Older cars were generally equipped with 3-speed transmissions, or 4-speed transmissions for high performance models and 5-speeds for the most sophisticated of automobiles; in the [[1970s]], 5-speed transmissions began to appear in low priced mass market automobiles and even compact pickup trucks, pioneered by [[Toyota]] (who advertised the fact by giving each model the suffix ''SR5'' as it acquired the fifth speed). Today, mass market automotive manual transmissions are essentially all 5-speeds, with 6-speed transmissions beginning to emerge in high performance vehicles in the early [[1990s]], and recently beginning to be offered on some high-efficiency and conventional passenger cars.		Manual transmissions are often equipped with 4, 5, or 6 forward gears. Nearly all have exactly one reverse gear. In three or four speed transmissions, in most cases, the topmost gear is "direct", ''i.e.'' a 1:1 ratio. For five speed or higher transmissions, the highest gear is usually an [[overdrive (mechanics)\|overdrive]] gear, with a ratio of less than 1:1. Older cars were generally equipped with 3-speed transmissions, or 4-speed transmissions for high performance models and 5-speeds for the most sophisticated of automobiles; in the 1970s, 5-speed transmissions began to appear in low priced mass market automobiles and even compact pickup trucks, pioneered by [[Toyota]] (who advertised the fact by giving each model the suffix ''SR5'' as it acquired the fifth speed). Today, mass market automotive manual transmissions are essentially all 5-speeds, with 6-speed transmissions beginning to emerge in high performance vehicles in the early 1990s, and recently beginning to be offered on some high-efficiency and conventional passenger cars.

	====External Overdrive====		====External Overdrive====

Red marquis: /* Column-mounted shifter */

2007-11-09T02:47:29Z

Column-mounted shifter

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	[[Image:Manual Layout 3.PNG]]		[[Image:Manual Layout 3.PNG]]

	The 3-speed shift pattern is typical of American cars, trucks, and vans produced with manual transmissions until the 1950s and 1960s. This pattern is not "[[intuitive]]", as the shifter has to be moved forward (into R) to make the car go backward (and ''[[vice-versa]]'').		The 3-speed shift pattern is typical of American cars, trucks, and vans produced with manual transmissions until the 1950s and 1960s. This pattern is not "intuitive", as the shifter has to be moved forward (into R) to make the car go backward (and ''vice-versa'').

	First gear in a 3-speed is often called "low," while third is usually called "high." There is, of course, no overdrive.		First gear in a 3-speed is often called "low," while third is usually called "high." There is, of course, no overdrive.

68.43.94.12 at 21:28, 8 November 2007

2007-11-08T21:28:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 8 November 2007
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	A '''manual transmission''' (also known as a '''stick shift''', '''straight drive''', or '''standard transmission''') is a type of [[Transmission (mechanics)\|transmission]] used in [[automotive]] applications. Manual transmissions often feature a [[driving\|driver]]-operated [[clutch]] and a movable [[gear]] selector, although some do not. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any gear at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on [[motorcycle]]s and some types of race cars, only allow the driver to select the next-highest or next-lowest [[gear ratio]]. This second type of transmission is sometimes called a '''sequential manual transmission'''.		A '''manual transmission''' (also known as a '''stick shift''', '''straight drive''', '''slush box''', or '''standard transmission''') is a type of [[Transmission (mechanics)\|transmission]] used in [[automotive]] applications. Manual transmissions often feature a [[driving\|driver]]-operated [[clutch]] and a movable [[gear]] selector, although some do not. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any gear at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on [[motorcycle]]s and some types of race cars, only allow the driver to select the next-highest or next-lowest [[gear ratio]]. This second type of transmission is sometimes called a '''sequential manual transmission'''.

	Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by engaging pairs of gears inside the transmission. Conversely, [[automatic transmission]]s feature clutch packs to select gear ratio. Transmissions that employ clutch packs but allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called [[semi-automatic transmission]]s.		Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by engaging pairs of gears inside the transmission. Conversely, [[automatic transmission]]s feature clutch packs to select gear ratio. Transmissions that employ clutch packs but allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called [[semi-automatic transmission]]s.

60.224.45.82: /* Disadvantages */

2006-11-03T21:53:07Z

Disadvantages

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:53, 3 November 2006
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	===Disadvantages===		===Disadvantages===
	* Manual transmissions require more driver interaction than automatic transmissions. Whether this is a disadvantage is debatable since ~~in most countries it's considered a good thing to have as much~~ interaction with the car ~~as possible~~. It's much more difficult for the driver to fidget in a manual transmission car, for instance by eating, drinking beverages, or talking on a cellular phone without a headset. During gear shifts, two hands are required. One stays on the wheel, and the other operates the gear lever. The hand on the wheel is absolutely required during turns, and tight turns are accompanied by gear changes. If the hand leaves the wheel, the steering will begin to straighten. In general, the more demanding the driving situation, the more difficult it is for the manual driver to do anything but operate the vehicle. The driver of an automatic transmission can engage in distracting activities in any situation, such as sharp turns through intersections or stop-and-go traffic.		* Manual transmissions require more driver interaction than automatic transmissions. Whether this is a disadvantage is debatable since many consider interaction with the car a good thing. It's much more difficult for the driver to fidget in a manual transmission car, for instance by eating, drinking beverages, or talking on a cellular phone without a headset. During gear shifts, two hands are required. One stays on the wheel, and the other operates the gear lever. The hand on the wheel is absolutely required during turns, and tight turns are accompanied by gear changes. If the hand leaves the wheel, the steering will begin to straighten. In general, the more demanding the driving situation, the more difficult it is for the manual driver to do anything but operate the vehicle. The driver of an automatic transmission can engage in distracting activities in any situation, such as sharp turns through intersections or stop-and-go traffic.

	* A driver may inadvertently shift into the wrong gear with a manual transmission, potentially causing damage to the engine and transmission as well as compromising safety.		* A driver may inadvertently shift into the wrong gear with a manual transmission, potentially causing damage to the engine and transmission as well as compromising safety.

PNiddy at 15:50, 12 July 2006

2006-07-12T15:50:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:50, 12 July 2006
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	~~[[Image:Gearbox diagram.JPG\|thumb\|right\|400px\|Inside of a manual gearbox]]~~
	A '''manual transmission''' (also known as a '''stick shift''', '''straight drive''', or '''standard transmission''') is a type of [[Transmission (mechanics)\|transmission]] used in [[automotive]] applications. Manual transmissions often feature a [[driving\|driver]]-operated [[clutch]] and a movable [[gear]] selector, although some do not. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any gear at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on [[motorcycle]]s and some types of race cars, only allow the driver to select the next-highest or next-lowest [[gear ratio]]. This second type of transmission is sometimes called a '''sequential manual transmission'''.		A '''manual transmission''' (also known as a '''stick shift''', '''straight drive''', or '''standard transmission''') is a type of [[Transmission (mechanics)\|transmission]] used in [[automotive]] applications. Manual transmissions often feature a [[driving\|driver]]-operated [[clutch]] and a movable [[gear]] selector, although some do not. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any gear at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on [[motorcycle]]s and some types of race cars, only allow the driver to select the next-highest or next-lowest [[gear ratio]]. This second type of transmission is sometimes called a '''sequential manual transmission'''.

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	Manual transmissions come in two basic types: simple unsynchronized systems, where gears are spinning freely and their relative speeds must be synchronized by the operator to avoid noisy and damaging "clashing" and "grinding" when trying to mesh the rotating teeth; and synchronized systems, which eliminate this necessity while changing gears.		Manual transmissions come in two basic types: simple unsynchronized systems, where gears are spinning freely and their relative speeds must be synchronized by the operator to avoid noisy and damaging "clashing" and "grinding" when trying to mesh the rotating teeth; and synchronized systems, which eliminate this necessity while changing gears.
			[[Image:Gearbox diagram.JPG\|thumb\|right\|400px\|Inside of a manual gearbox]]

	==Unsynchronized transmission==		==Unsynchronized transmission==