Motor Racing - Revision history

Red marquis: /* Use of flags */

2010-10-14T10:13:00Z

Use of flags

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:13, 14 October 2010
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	\|The session is stopped. All cars must halt on the track or return to pit lane.		\|The session is stopped. All cars must halt on the track or return to pit lane.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing White.~~svg~~\|border\|White flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing White.png\|border\|White flag]]
	\|Depending on the series, either one lap remains or a slow vehicle is on the track.		\|Depending on the series, either one lap remains or a slow vehicle is on the track.
	\|A slow vehicle is on the track.		\|A slow vehicle is on the track.

Red marquis: /* Drag racing */

2010-10-14T10:12:32Z

Drag racing

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:12, 14 October 2010
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	===Drag racing===		===Drag racing===
	{{Main\|Drag racing}}		{{Main\|Drag racing}}
	In drag racing, the objective is to complete a given straight-line distance, from a standing start, ahead of a vehicle in a parallel lane. This distance is traditionally ¼ mile (400 m), though ⅛ mile (200 m) has become popular since the 1990s. The vehicles may or may not be given the signal to start at the same time, depending on the class of racing. Vehicles range from the everyday car to the purpose-built [[dragster]]. Speeds and elapsed time differ from class to class. Average street cars cover the ¼ mile in 12 to 16 seconds, whereas a [[top fuel dragster]] takes 4.5 seconds or less, reaching speeds of up to ~~{{convert\|~~530\|km/h~~\|0\|abbr=on}}~~. Drag racing was organized as a sport by [[Wally Parks]] in the early 1950s through the [[NHRA]] (National Hot Rod Association). The NHRA was formed to discourage [[street racing]].		In drag racing, the objective is to complete a given straight-line distance, from a standing start, ahead of a vehicle in a parallel lane. This distance is traditionally ¼ mile (400 m), though ⅛ mile (200 m) has become popular since the 1990s. The vehicles may or may not be given the signal to start at the same time, depending on the class of racing. Vehicles range from the everyday car to the purpose-built [[dragster]]. Speeds and elapsed time differ from class to class. Average street cars cover the ¼ mile in 12 to 16 seconds, whereas a [[top fuel dragster]] takes 4.5 seconds or less, reaching speeds of up to 530 km/h (329 mph). Drag racing was organized as a sport by [[Wally Parks]] in the early 1950s through the [[NHRA]] (National Hot Rod Association). The NHRA was formed to discourage [[street racing]].

	When launching, a top fuel dragster will accelerate at 3.4 g (33 m/s²), and when braking parachutes are deployed the deceleration is 4 g (39 m/s²), more than the Space Shuttle experiences. A top fuel car can be heard over 8 miles (13 km) away and can generate a reading from 1.5 to 3.9 on the Richter scale.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://topfuel.nhra.com/blog/nhra-notebook/2007/07/26/22660/ \| title=Herbert's engine thunders to 3.9 on Richter scale \| date=July 26, 2007 \| work=NHRA.com \| accessdate=August 11, 2010}}</ref>		When launching, a top fuel dragster will accelerate at 3.4 g (33 m/s²), and when braking parachutes are deployed the deceleration is 4 g (39 m/s²), more than the Space Shuttle experiences. A top fuel car can be heard over 8 miles (13 km) away and can generate a reading from 1.5 to 3.9 on the Richter scale.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://topfuel.nhra.com/blog/nhra-notebook/2007/07/26/22660/ \| title=Herbert's engine thunders to 3.9 on Richter scale \| date=July 26, 2007 \| work=NHRA.com \| accessdate=August 11, 2010}}</ref>

Red marquis: /* 1910–1950 */

2010-10-14T10:10:58Z

1910–1950

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:10, 14 October 2010
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	===1910–1950===		===1910–1950===
	The 1930s saw the transformation from high-priced road cars into pure racers, with [[Delage]], [[Auto Union]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Delahaye]], and [[Bugatti]] constructing streamlined vehicles with engines producing up to 450 kW (612 hp), aided by multiple-stage [[supercharger\|supercharging]]. From 1928–1930 and again in 1934–1936, the maximum [[weight]] permitted was 750 kg, a rule diametrically opposed to current racing regulations. Extensive use of aluminium alloys was required to achieve light weight, and in the case of the Mercedes, the paint was removed to satisfy the weight limitation, producing the famous [[Silver Arrows]].		The 1930s saw the transformation from high-priced road cars into pure racers, with [[Delage]], [[Auto Union]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Delahaye]], and [[Bugatti]] constructing streamlined vehicles with engines producing up to 450 kW (612 hp), aided by multiple-stage [[supercharger\|supercharging]]. From 1928–1930 and again in 1934–1936, the maximum weight permitted was 750 kg, a rule diametrically opposed to current racing regulations. Extensive use of aluminium alloys was required to achieve light weight, and in the case of the Mercedes, the paint was removed to satisfy the weight limitation, producing the famous [[Silver Arrows]].

	:''See: [[Grand Prix motor racing]]		:''See: [[Grand Prix motor racing]]

Red marquis: /* The first purpose built racing circuits */

2010-10-14T10:10:24Z

The first purpose built racing circuits

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:10, 14 October 2010
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	The Milwaukee Mile is the oldest motor racing track in the world, with racing being held there since 1903. It was not, however, purpose built for motor racing, starting life as a one-mile (1.6 km) horse racing track in the 19th Century.		The Milwaukee Mile is the oldest motor racing track in the world, with racing being held there since 1903. It was not, however, purpose built for motor racing, starting life as a one-mile (1.6 km) horse racing track in the 19th Century.

	[[Brooklands]] in Surrey, England, was the first purpose built motor racing venue, opening in June, 1907.<ref>{{cite journal \| journal=[[Autocar]] \| volume=127 (nbr 3731) \| author=Sammy Davis \| authorlink=Sammy Davis \| title=How Brooklands started \| page=p. 43 \| date=August 17, 1967}}</ref> It featured a 4.43 km (3 mi) concrete track with high-speed banked corners. Brooklands was also a centre of the aviation industry, with Vickers setting up a factory and aerodrome there during [[World War I]]. The racing circuit was closed in 1939 as war-time aircraft production took over. Damage done to the track during World War II meant the track never reopened for racing.		[[Brooklands]] in Surrey, England, was the first purpose built motor racing venue, opening in June, 1907.<ref>{{cite journal \| journal=[[Autocar]] \| volume=127 (nbr 3731) \| author=Sammy Davis \| authorlink=Sammy Davis \| title=How Brooklands started \| page=p. 43 \| date=August 17, 1967}}</ref> It featured a 4.43 km (3 mi) concrete track with high-speed banked corners. Brooklands was also a centre of the aviation industry, with Vickers setting up a factory and aerodrome there during World War I. The racing circuit was closed in 1939 as war-time aircraft production took over. Damage done to the track during World War II meant the track never reopened for racing.

	Brooklands seems to have been the inspiration for the [[Indianapolis Speedway]], which opened in 1909.		Brooklands seems to have been the inspiration for the [[Indianapolis Speedway]], which opened in 1909.

Red marquis: /* Use of flags */

2010-10-14T10:06:45Z

Use of flags

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:06, 14 October 2010
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	! Displayed from observation post		! Displayed from observation post
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing Green.~~svg\|25px~~\|border\|Green flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing Green.png\|border\|Green flag]]
	\|The session has started or resumed after a full course caution or stop.		\|The session has started or resumed after a full course caution or stop.
	\|End of hazardous section of track.		\|End of hazardous section of track.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing Yellow.~~svg\|25px~~\|border\|Yellow flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing Yellow.png\|border\|Yellow flag]]
	\|Full course caution condition for ovals. On road courses, it means a local area of caution. Depending on the type of racing, either two yellow flags will be used for a full course caution or a sign with 'SC' ([[Safety car]]) will be used as the field follows the [[pace car\|pace/safety car]] on track and no cars may pass.		\|Full course caution condition for ovals. On road courses, it means a local area of caution. Depending on the type of racing, either two yellow flags will be used for a full course caution or a sign with 'SC' ([[Safety car]]) will be used as the field follows the [[pace car\|pace/safety car]] on track and no cars may pass.
	\|Local caution condition — no cars may pass at the particular corner where being displayed. When Stationary indicates hazard off-course, when Waving indicates hazard on-course.		\|Local caution condition — no cars may pass at the particular corner where being displayed. When Stationary indicates hazard off-course, when Waving indicates hazard on-course.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing Oil.~~svg\|25px~~\|Yellow flag with red stripes]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing Oil.png\|Yellow flag with red stripes]]
	\|Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.		\|Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.
	\|Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.		\|Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing Black.~~svg\|25px~~\|border\|Black flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing Black.png\|border\|Black flag]]
	\|The car with the indicated number must pit for consultation.		\|The car with the indicated number must pit for consultation.
	\|The session is halted, all cars on course must return to pit lane. May also be seen combined with a green flag to indicate oil on track, typically referred to as a 'pickle' flag combination.		\|The session is halted, all cars on course must return to pit lane. May also be seen combined with a green flag to indicate oil on track, typically referred to as a 'pickle' flag combination.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing Orange Circle.~~svg\|25px~~\|border\|Meatball flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing Orange Circle.png\|border\|Meatball flag]]
	\|The car with the indicated number has mechanical trouble and must pit.		\|The car with the indicated number has mechanical trouble and must pit.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing Black White.~~svg\|25px~~\|border\|Black and white flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing Black White.png\|border\|Black and white flag]]
	\|The driver of the car with the indicated number has been penalized for misbehaviour.		\|The driver of the car with the indicated number has been penalized for misbehaviour.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing White Cross.~~svg\|25px~~\|border\|White cross flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing White Cross.png\|border\|White cross flag]]
	\|The driver of the car with the indicated number is disqualified or will not be scored until they report to the pits.		\|The driver of the car with the indicated number is disqualified or will not be scored until they report to the pits.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing Blue.~~svg\|25px~~\|border\|Blue flag with yellow stripe]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing Blue.png\|border\|Blue flag with yellow stripe]]
	\|The car should give way to faster traffic. Depending on the series this may be a command or merely advisory.		\|The car should give way to faster traffic. Depending on the series this may be a command or merely advisory.
	\|A car is being advised to give way to faster traffic approaching.		\|A car is being advised to give way to faster traffic approaching.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing Red.~~svg\|25px~~\|border\|Red flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing Red.png\|border\|Red flag]]
	\|The session is stopped. All cars must halt on the track or return to pit lane.		\|The session is stopped. All cars must halt on the track or return to pit lane.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing White.svg~~\|25px~~\|border\|White flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing White.svg\|border\|White flag]]
	\|Depending on the series, either one lap remains or a slow vehicle is on the track.		\|Depending on the series, either one lap remains or a slow vehicle is on the track.
	\|A slow vehicle is on the track.		\|A slow vehicle is on the track.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~File~~:Auto Racing Chequered.~~svg\|25px~~\|border\|Chequered flag]]		\|[[Image:25px-Auto Racing Chequered.png\|border\|Chequered flag]]
	\|The session has concluded.		\|The session has concluded.
	\|}		\|}

Red marquis: /* Other categories */

2010-10-14T10:02:32Z

Other categories

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:02, 14 October 2010
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	===Other categories===		===Other categories===
	:''See also [[:Category:Auto racing by type]]		:''See also [[:Category:Auto racing by type]]
	~~{{columns-list\|3\|~~
	*[[Autocross]]		*[[Autocross]]
	*[[Autograss]]		*[[Autograss]]
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	*[[Truck racing]]		*[[Truck racing]]
	*[[Wheelstand Competition]]		*[[Wheelstand Competition]]
	}}

	==Use of flags==		==Use of flags==

Red marquis at 09:58, 14 October 2010

2010-10-14T09:58:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 14 October 2010
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	'''Motor racing''' (also known as '''automobile racing''', '''auto racing''', or '''car racing''') is a [[motorsport]] involving the [[racing]] of [[car]]s. It is one of the world's most watched televised [[sports]].		'''Motor racing''' (also known as '''automobile racing''', '''auto racing''', or '''car racing''') is a [[motorsport]] involving the [[racing]] of [[car]]s. It is one of the world's most watched televised sports.

	==History==		==History==

Red marquis at 09:56, 14 October 2010

2010-10-14T09:56:59Z

New page

'''Motor racing''' (also known as '''automobile racing''', '''auto racing''', or '''car racing''') is a [[motorsport]] involving the [[racing]] of [[car]]s. It is one of the world's most watched televised [[sports]].

==History==
===The beginning of racing===
Racing began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles. The first race ever organized was on April 28, 1887 by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometers from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne. It was won by [[Georges Bouton]] of the [[De Dion-Bouton]] company, in a car he had constructed with [[Jules-Albert de Dion|Albert, the Comte de Dion]], but as he was the only competitor to show up it is rather difficult to call it a race.

====Paris-Rouen. World's first motor-race====

On July 22, 1894, the Parisian magazine ''Le Petit Journal'' organised what is considered to be the world's first car race from Paris to Rouen. Sporting events were a tried and tested form of publicity stunt and circulation booster. Pierre Giffard, the paper's editor, promoted it as a ''Competition for Horeseless Carriages'' (Concours des Voitures sans Chevaux) that were ''not dangerous, easy to drive, and cheap during the journey''. Thus it blurred the distinctions between a reliability trial, a general event and a race, but the main prize was for the first across the finish line in Rouen. 102 people paid the 10 franc entrance fee.<ref name="8W">{{cite web | url=http://forix.autosport.com/8w/bdb.html | title=The cradle of motorsport | author=Rémi Paolozzi | date=May 28, 2003 | work=Welcome to Who? What? Where? When? Why? on the World Wide Web | publisher=Forix, Autosport, 8W}}</ref>

69 cars started the 50 km (31 mi) selection event that would show which entrants would be allowed to start the main event, the 127 km (79 mi) race from Paris to Rouen. The entrants ranged from serious manufacturers like [[Peugeot]], [[Panhard]] or [[De Dion-Bouton|De Dion]] to amateur owners, and only 25 were selected for the main race.<ref name="8W"/>

The race started from Porte Maillot and went through the Bois de Boulogne. Count [[Jules-Albert de Dion]] was first into Rouen after 6 hours and 48 minutes at an average speed of 19 km/h. He finished 3’30” ahead of [[Georges Lemaître]] ([[Peugeot]]), followed by [[Doriot]] (Peugeot) at 16’30”, [[René Panhard]] ([[Panhard]]) at 33’30’’ and [[Émile Levassor]] (Panhard) at 55’30”. The official winners were Peugeot and Panhard as cars were judged on their speed, handling and safety characteristics, and De Dion's steam car needed a stoker which was forbidden.<ref name="8W"/>

===Early races===
In 1895, the [[Paris-Bordeaux-Paris Trial]] was held and this was the first real race as all competitors started together. The winner was [[Émile Levassor]] in his [[Panhard-Levassor]] 1205cc model. He completed the course (1,178 km or 732 miles) in 48 hours and 47 minutes, finishing nearly six hours before the runner-up.

The first regular auto racing venue was Nice, France, run in late March, 1897, as a "Speed Week." To fill out the schedule, most types of racing events were invented here, including the first hill climb (Nice – La Turbie) and a sprint that was, in spirit, the first drag race.

An international competition, between nations rather than individuals, began with the [[Gordon Bennett Cup in auto racing]].

The first auto race in the United States took place in Chicago, Illinois on November 28, 1895. The 54.36 mile (87.48 km) course ran from the South side of the city, north along the lakefront to Evanston, Illinois, and back again. [[Duryea brothers|Frank Duryea]] won the race in 10 hours and 23 minutes, beating three petrol-fueled motorcars.<ref>[http://www.historicracing.com/index.cfm?OTDother=8&fullText=1681&selMonth=10& Profile of Frank Duryea], Historic Racing</ref>

===City to city racing===

With auto construction and racing dominated by France, the French automobile club ACF staged a number of major international races, usually from or to Paris, connecting with another major city, in France or elsewhere in Europe.

These very successful races ended in 1903 when [[Marcel Renault]] was involved in a fatal accident near Angoulême in the Paris-Madrid race. Nine fatalities caused the French government to stop the race in Bordeaux and ban open-road racing.

===The first purpose built racing circuits===
The Milwaukee Mile is the oldest motor racing track in the world, with racing being held there since 1903. It was not, however, purpose built for motor racing, starting life as a one-mile (1.6 km) horse racing track in the 19th Century.

[[Brooklands]] in Surrey, England, was the first purpose built motor racing venue, opening in June, 1907.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=[[Autocar]] | volume=127 (nbr 3731) | author=Sammy Davis | authorlink=Sammy Davis | title=How Brooklands started | page=p. 43 | date=August 17, 1967}}</ref> It featured a 4.43 km (3 mi) concrete track with high-speed banked corners. Brooklands was also a centre of the aviation industry, with Vickers setting up a factory and aerodrome there during [[World War I]]. The racing circuit was closed in 1939 as war-time aircraft production took over. Damage done to the track during World War II meant the track never reopened for racing.

Brooklands seems to have been the inspiration for the [[Indianapolis Speedway]], which opened in 1909.

Competition gradually spread to other parts of the British Empire. The first competition in India was held in 1905 by the Motor Union of Western India and it ran from Delhi to Mumbai, (Delhi-Bombay trials 1905) a distance of 810 miles in an attempt to expose India to the automobile and test its suitability for Indian conditions. Lord Curzon, the Viceroy, gave his consent to the event. <ref> [http://www.fmsci.in/main/history.html] </ref> <ref> [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=WnrVAAAAMAAJ&q=delhi+bombay+trials+1905&dq=delhi+bombay+trials+1905&source=bl&ots=FJ-6Nhj5GJ&sig=yjq_zK8y3wMZjH1yRyzy-BKDp6Q&hl=en&ei=2h1uTJfDCYLInAf66L2mCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAkQ6AEwAQ] </ref>

===1910–1950===
The 1930s saw the transformation from high-priced road cars into pure racers, with [[Delage]], [[Auto Union]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Delahaye]], and [[Bugatti]] constructing streamlined vehicles with engines producing up to 450 kW (612 hp), aided by multiple-stage [[supercharger|supercharging]]. From 1928–1930 and again in 1934–1936, the maximum [[weight]] permitted was 750 kg, a rule diametrically opposed to current racing regulations. Extensive use of aluminium alloys was required to achieve light weight, and in the case of the Mercedes, the paint was removed to satisfy the weight limitation, producing the famous [[Silver Arrows]].

:''See: [[Grand Prix motor racing]]

==Categories==
===Single-seater racing===
{{Main|Open wheel car}}

The best-known variety of single-seater racing, [[Formula One]], involves an annual World Championship for drivers and constructors.

In single-seater ([[open-wheel]]) the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front and rear to produce downforce and enhance adhesion to the track. In Europe and Asia, open wheeled racing is commonly referred to as "Formula", with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the "Formula" terminology is not followed (with the exception of F1). The sport is usually arranged to follow an "international" format (such as F1), a "regional" format (such as the Formula 3 Euro Series), or a "domestic", or country-specific format (such as the German Formula 3 championship, or the British Formula Ford).A formula 1 champion is Michael Schumacher who won 7 world championships.

In North America, the cars used in the [[American Championship Car Racing|National Championship]] (currently the [[IndyCar Series]], and previously [[Champ Car|CART]]) have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than [[F1 cars]], with more restrictions on technology aimed at controlling costs.

The other major international single-seater racing series is [[GP2 Series|GP2]] (formerly known as [[Formula 3000]] and [[Formula Two]]). Regional series include [[Formula Nippon]] and [[Formula V6 Asia]] (specifically in Asia), [[Formula Renault 3.5]] (also known as the World Series by Renault, succession series of [[World Series by Nissan]]), [[Formula Three]], [[Formula Palmer Audi]] and [[Formula Atlantic]]. In 2009, the [[FIA Formula Two Championship]] brought about the revival of the F2 series. Domestic, or country-specific series include Formula Three, Formula Renault, [[Formula Ford]] with the leading introductory series being [[Formula BMW]].

Single seater racing is not limited merely to professional teams and drivers. There is a large amateur 'club racing' scene catering for those who want to race single seaters against similar people all over the world. In the UK the major club series are the [[Monoposto Racing Club]], BRSCC F3 (Formerly ClubF3, formerly ARP F3), Formula Vee and Club Formula Ford. Each series caters for a section of the 'market', with some primarily providing low cost racing whilst others aim for an authentic experience using the same regulations as the professional series (BRSCC F3).

There are other categories of single-seater racing, including [[kart racing]], which employs a small, low-cost machine on small tracks. Many of the current top drivers began their careers in karts. [[Formula Ford]] once represented a popular first open-wheel category for up-and-coming drivers stepping up from karts and now the [[Formula BMW]] series is the preferred option as it has introduced an aero package and slicks, allowing the junior drivers to gain experience in a race car with dynamics closer F1. The [[Star Mazda Series]] is another entry level series.

Students at colleges and universities can also take part in single seater racing through the [[Formula SAE]] competition, which involves designing and building a single seater car in a multidisciplinary team, and racing it at the competition. This also develops other soft skills such as teamwork whilst promoting motorsport and engineering.

In 2006, producer [[Todd Baker]] was responsible for creating the world's first all-female Formula racing team. The group was an assemblage of drivers from different racing disciplines, and formed for an MTV reality pilot which was shot at [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca]].

In December, 2005 the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] gave approval to [[Superleague Formula]] racing which debuted in 2008 whereby the racing teams are owned and run by prominent sports clubs such as [[AC Milan]] and [[Liverpool F.C.]].

After 25 years away from the sport, former [[Formula 2]] champion [[Jonathan Palmer]] reopened the F2 category again, most drivers have graduated from the [[Formula Palmer Audi]] series. The category is officially registered as the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] Formula Two championship. Most rounds have two races and are support races to the [[FIA World Touring Car Championship]].

===Touring car racing===
{{Main|Touring car racing}}

Touring car racing is a style of road racing that is run with production derived race cars. It often features full-contact racing due to the small speed differentials and large grids.

The major touring car championships conducted worldwide are the [[V8 Supercars]] (Australia), [[British Touring Car Championship]], [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]] (DTM), and the [[World Touring Car Championship]]. The European Touring Cup is a one day event open to [[Super 2000]] specification touring cars from Europe's many national championships.

The [[Sports Car Club of America]]'s [[SPEED World Challenge]] Touring Car and GT championships are dominant in North America. America's historic [[Trans-Am Series]] is undergoing a period of transition, but is still the longest-running road racing series in the U.S. The [[National Auto Sport Association]] also provides a venue for amateurs to compete in home-built factory derived vehicles on various local circuits.

===Sports car racing===
{{Main|Sports car racing}}

In [[sports car racing]], production derived versions of [[sports cars]] also known as grand tourers (GTs), and purpose built [[sports prototype]] cars compete within their respective classes on closed circuits. The main global championship series for GT car racing is the [[FIA GT1 World Championship]]. There is also the [[FIA GT2 European Championship]] and the [[FIA GT3 European Championship]] as well as the less powerful [[GT4 European championship]]. Other major GT championships include the Japanese [[Super GT]] championship and the [[International GT open]] for GT2 and GT3 cars. There are also national GT championships using mainly GT3 and GT4 cars featuring professional and amateur drivers alike.

Sports prototypes, unlike GT cars, do not rely on road legal cars as a base. They are closed wheel and often closed cockpit purpose built race cars intended mainly for endurance racing. They have much lower weight and more down force compared to GT cars making them much faster. They are raced in the 24 hours of Le Mans and in the (European) [[Le Mans series]], Asian Le Mans series and the American Le Mans series [[ALMS]]. These cars are referred to as [[Le Mans Prototype|LMP]] (Le Mans prototype) cars with LMP1 being run mainly by manufacturers and the slightly less powerful LMP2 cars run by privateer teams.

These races are often conducted over long distances, at least 1,000 km (621 mi), and cars are driven by teams of two or more drivers, switching every few hours. Due to the performance difference between production-based sports cars and purpose-built sports prototypes, one race usually involves several racing classes each fighting for their own championship. Another prototype and GT racing championship exists in the United States, which began in 2000, the [[Grand American Road Racing Association|Grand-Am]], sanctions its own endurance series the [[Rolex Sports Car Series]] which consists of slower and lower cost race cars compared to LMP and FIA GT cars.

Famous sports car races include the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], the [[24 Hours of Daytona]], [[Spa 24 Hours|24 Hours of Spa]]-Franchorchamps, the [[12 Hours of Sebring]], and the 1,000-mile (1,600 km) [[Petit Le Mans]] at [[Road Atlanta]]. There is also the [[24 Hours Nürburgring| 24 Hours of the Nürburgring]] on the infamous Nordschleife track and the [[Dubai 24 Hour]] which is aimed at GT3 and below cars with a mixture of professional and pro-am drivers.

===Production car racing===
Production car racing or known in the US as showroom stock, is an economical and rules restricted version of touring car racing, mainly to restrict costs.

Many series follow the [[Group N]] regulation with a few exceptions. There are several different series that are run all over the world, most notably, Japan's Super Taikyu and [[International Motor Sports Association|IMSA]]'s Firehawk Series which ran between the 1980s to 1990s all over the United States.

===One-make racing===
{{See also|One-Design}}
One-make, or single marque, championships often employ production-based cars from a single manufacturer or even a single model from a manufacturer's range. There are numerous notable one-make formulae from various countries and regions, some of which – such as the [[Porsche Supercup]] and, previously, [[International Race of Champions|IROC]] – have fostered many distinct national championships. Single marque series are often found at club level, to which the production-based cars, limited modifications, and close parity in performance are very well suited. Some of the better-known single-make series are the [[Radical European Masters]], [http://www.minichallenge.co.uk John Cooper Mini Challenge], and [[Renault Clio Cup|Clio Cup]], and at a more modest budget, [[Ginetta Cars|Ginettas]], [[Caterham Racing|Caterhams]], [[Kumho BMW Championship|BMWs]], and [[MaX5 Racing Championship|MX5s]]. There are also single-chassis [[Open wheel car|single seater]] formulae, such as [[Formula Ford]], [[Formula Renault]], [[Formula BMW]], and [[Formula Vee]], usually as "feeder" series for "senior" race formula (in the fashion of farm teams).

===Stock car racing===

{{Main|Stock car racing}}

In North America, [[stock car racing]] is the most popular form of [[auto racing]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sports.espn.go.com/rpm/news/story?seriesId=2&id=3099978&campaign=rss&source=ESPNHeadlines | title=Addition of IndyCar champ Hornish will give Penske third Cup team | date=November 8, 2007 | work=ESPN Racing | accessdate=February 8, 2009}}</ref> Primarily raced on [[Oval track racing|oval tracks]], stock cars resemble production cars but are in fact purpose-built racing machines which are built to tight specifications.

The largest stock car racing governing body is [[NASCAR]] (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing). NASCAR's premier series is the [[Sprint Cup Series]], its most famous races being the [[Daytona 500]], [[Coca-Cola 600]], and the [[Brickyard 400]]. NASCAR also runs several feeder series, including the [[Nationwide Series]], and [[Camping World Truck Series]] (a [[pickup truck]] racing series). The series conduct races across the entire continental United States. The [[NASCAR Canadian Tire Series]] conducts races across Canada and the [[NASCAR Corona Series]] conducts races across Mexico.

NASCAR also governs several smaller regional series, such as the [[Whelen Modified Tour]]. Modified cars are best described as hybrids of stock cars and open-wheel cars. They are heavily altered from stock, with powerful engines, large tires, tubular chassis and light bodies.

There are also other stock car governing bodies, such as [[Automobile Racing Club of America]] and [[United Speed Alliance Racing]].

In the UK, [[British Stock car racing]] is also referred to as "Short Circuit Racing". This takes place on shale or tarmac tracks – usually around 1/4 mile in length. The governing bodies for the sport are the Oval Racing Council (ORC) and BriSCA. Both bodies are made up of individual stadium promoters. There are around 35 tracks in the UK and upwards of 7000 active drivers. The sport is split into three basic "divisions" – distinguished by the rules regarding car-contact during racing. The most famous championship is the [[British Stock Car Association|BriSCA]] [[Formula One]] stock cars. Full contact formulas include Bangers, Bombers and Rookie Bangers – and racing features Demolitions Derbies, Figure of Eight racing and Oval Racing

Semi Contact Formulas include BriSCA F1, F2 and Superstox – where bumpers are used tactically.

Non-contact formulas include National Hot Rods, Stock Rods and Lightning Rods.

UK Stock car racing started in the 1950s and grew rapidly through the 60s and 70s.

===Rallying===
{{Main|Rallying}}

[[Rallying]] at international and most national championship levels involves two classes of [[Homologation (motorsport)|homologated]] road legal production based car; [[Group N]] Production cars and more modified [[Group A]] cars. Cars compete on (closed) public roads or off-road areas run on a point-to-point format where participants and their co-drivers "rally" to a set of points, leaving in regular intervals from start points. A rally is typically conducted over a number of "special stages" of any terrain, which entrants are often allowed to scout beforehand at reduced speeds compiling detailed shorthand descriptions of the track or road as they go. These detailed descriptions are known as "pace notes." During the actual rally, the co-driver reads the pace notes aloud (using an in-helmet intercom system) to the driver, enabling them to complete each stage as quickly as possible. Competition is based on lowest total elapsed time over the course of an event's special stages, including penalties.

The top series is the [[World Rally Championship]] (WRC), but there also regional championships and many countries have their own national championships. Some famous rallies include the [[Monte Carlo Rally]], [[Rally Argentina]], [[Rally Finland]] and [[Rally GB]]. Another famous event (actually best described as a "[[rally raid]]") is the [[Paris-Dakar Rally]]. There are also many smaller, club level, [[categories of rallies]] which are popular with amateurs, making up the "grass roots" of motor sports. Cars at this level may not comply fully with the requirements of [[group A]] or [[group N]] [[Homologationn (motorsport)|homologation]].
Rallying is the most widely used motor sport around the world as it can race on any circuit type. As well as the [[World Rally Championship|WRC]] other major rally events include the [[British Rally Championship]], [[Intercontinental Rally Challenge]], [[African Rally Championship]], [[Asia-Pacific Rally Championship]] and endurance rally events like the [[Dakar Rally]].

===Targa Racing (Targa Rally)===
{{Main|Rallying}}

'''Targa''' is a tarmac-based road [[rally racing|rally]] which is run all around the world. This began with the [[Targa Florio]]. There are many races including [[Targa Tasmania]] held on the Australian island state of Tasmania run annually since 1992. The event takes its name from the [[Targa Florio]], a former motoring event held on the island of Sicily. The competition concept is drawn directly from the best features of the Mille Miglia, the Coupe des Alpes and the Tour de Corse. Other events around the world include the [[Targa Newfoundland]] based in Canada, [[Targa West]] based in Western Australia, [[Targa New Zealand]] and other smaller events.

===Drag racing===
{{Main|Drag racing}}
In drag racing, the objective is to complete a given straight-line distance, from a standing start, ahead of a vehicle in a parallel lane. This distance is traditionally ¼ mile (400 m), though ⅛ mile (200 m) has become popular since the 1990s. The vehicles may or may not be given the signal to start at the same time, depending on the class of racing. Vehicles range from the everyday car to the purpose-built [[dragster]]. Speeds and elapsed time differ from class to class. Average street cars cover the ¼ mile in 12 to 16 seconds, whereas a [[top fuel dragster]] takes 4.5 seconds or less, reaching speeds of up to {{convert|530|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Drag racing was organized as a sport by [[Wally Parks]] in the early 1950s through the [[NHRA]] (National Hot Rod Association). The NHRA was formed to discourage [[street racing]].

When launching, a top fuel dragster will accelerate at 3.4 g (33 m/s²), and when braking parachutes are deployed the deceleration is 4 g (39 m/s²), more than the Space Shuttle experiences. A top fuel car can be heard over 8 miles (13 km) away and can generate a reading from 1.5 to 3.9 on the Richter scale.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://topfuel.nhra.com/blog/nhra-notebook/2007/07/26/22660/ | title=Herbert's engine thunders to 3.9 on Richter scale | date=July 26, 2007 | work=NHRA.com | accessdate=August 11, 2010}}</ref>


Drag racing is two cars head-to-head, the winner proceeding to the next round. Professional classes are all first to the finish line wins. Sportsman racing is handicapped (slower car getting a [[Head start (positioning)|head start]]) using an index (a lowest e.t. allowed), and cars running under (quicker than) their index "break out" and lose. The slowest cars, bracket racers, are also handicapped, but rather than an index, they use a "dial-in". Bracket racing has been viewed as the main cause of the loss of public interest in drag racing. People do not understand why the slower car wins or why somebody needs to hit the brakes to avoid going too fast. Many local tracks have also complained that bracket racers will also go out of their way to spend as little as possible while at the track by bringing their own food, beverages, fuel, and supplies; thus, making it more difficult for tracks to make money on these events. This causes gate prices to rise and tracks losing interest in having such events.

===Off-road racing===
{{Main|Off-road racing}}
In [[off-road racing]], various classes of specially modified vehicles, including cars, compete in races through off-road environments. In North America these races often take place in the desert, such as the famous [[Baja 1000]].
In Europe, "offroad" refers to events such as autocross or rallycross, while desert races and rally-raids such as the [[Paris-Dakar Rally|Paris-Dakar]], [[Master Rallye]] or European "bajas" are called "cross-country rallies."

===Kart racing===
{{Main|Kart racing}}

Although often seen as the entry point for serious racers into the sport, [[kart racing]], or karting, can be an economical way for amateurs to try racing and is also a fully fledged international sport in its own right. A large proportion of professional racing drivers began in karts, often from a very young age, such as [[Michael Schumacher]] and [[Fernando Alonso]]. Several former motorcycle champions have also taken up the sport, notably [[Wayne Rainey]], who was paralysed in a racing accident and now races a hand-controlled kart. As one of the cheapest ways to go racing, karting is seeing its popularity grow worldwide.

Despite their diminutive size, karting's most powerful class, [[superkart]], can have a power-to-weight ratio of 440 hp/tonne.

===Historical racing===
{{Main|Historic motorsport}}

As modern motor racing is centered on modern technology with a lots of corporate sponsors and politics involved, [[historical racing]] tends to be the opposite. Because it is based on a particular era it is more hobbyist oriented, reducing corporate sponsorship and politics. Events are regulated to only allow cars of a certain era to participate. The only modern equipment used is related to safety and timing. A historical event can be of various different motorsport disciplines. Notably some of the most famous events of them all are the [[Goodwood Festival of Speed]] and [[Goodwood Revival]] in Britain and [[Monterey Historic]] in the United States. Championships range from "grass root" [[Austin Seven]] racing to the [[FIA Thoroughbred Grand Prix Championship]] for classic [[Formula One]] chassis.

While there are several professional teams and drivers in historical racing, this branch of [[auto sport]] tends to be contested by wealthy car owners and is thus more amateur and laid back in its approach.

===Other categories===
:''See also [[:Category:Auto racing by type]]
{{columns-list|3|
*[[Autocross]]
*[[Autograss]]
*[[Banger racing]]
*[[Board track racing]]
*[[Demolition derby]]
*[[Dirt speedway racing]]
*[[Dirt track racing]]
*[[Drifting (motorsport)]]
*[[Folkrace]]
*[[High Performance Drivers Education]]
*[[Hillclimbing]]
*[[Ice racing]]
*[[Legends car racing]]
*[[Midget car racing]]
*[[Mini sprint|Mini Sprint]]
*[[Monster truck]]
*[[Pickup truck racing]]
*[[Rallycross]]
*[[Road racing]]
*[[Short track motor racing]]
*[[Autocross|Slalom]]
*[[Solar car racing]]
*[[Sprint car racing]]
*[[Sprinting]]
*[[Time Attack]]
*[[Truck racing]]
*[[Wheelstand Competition]]
}}

==Use of flags==
{{Main|Racing flags}}

In many types of auto races, particularly those held on closed courses, flags are displayed to indicate the general status of the track and to communicate instructions to competitors. While individual series have different rules, and the flags have changed from the first years (e.g., red used to start a race), these are generally accepted.

{| class="wikitable"
! Flag
! Displayed from start tower
! Displayed from observation post
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing Green.svg|25px|border|Green flag]]
|The session has started or resumed after a full course caution or stop.
|End of hazardous section of track.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing Yellow.svg|25px|border|Yellow flag]]
|Full course caution condition for ovals. On road courses, it means a local area of caution. Depending on the type of racing, either two yellow flags will be used for a full course caution or a sign with 'SC' ([[Safety car]]) will be used as the field follows the [[pace car|pace/safety car]] on track and no cars may pass.
|Local caution condition — no cars may pass at the particular corner where being displayed. When Stationary indicates hazard off-course, when Waving indicates hazard on-course.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing Oil.svg|25px|Yellow flag with red stripes]]
|Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.
|Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing Black.svg|25px|border|Black flag]]
|The car with the indicated number must pit for consultation.
|The session is halted, all cars on course must return to pit lane. May also be seen combined with a green flag to indicate oil on track, typically referred to as a 'pickle' flag combination.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing Orange Circle.svg|25px|border|Meatball flag]]
|The car with the indicated number has mechanical trouble and must pit.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing Black White.svg|25px|border|Black and white flag]]
|The driver of the car with the indicated number has been penalized for misbehaviour.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing White Cross.svg|25px|border|White cross flag]]
|The driver of the car with the indicated number is disqualified or will not be scored until they report to the pits.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing Blue.svg|25px|border|Blue flag with yellow stripe]]
|The car should give way to faster traffic. Depending on the series this may be a command or merely advisory.
|A car is being advised to give way to faster traffic approaching.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing Red.svg|25px|border|Red flag]]
|The session is stopped. All cars must halt on the track or return to pit lane.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing White.svg|25px|border|White flag]]
|Depending on the series, either one lap remains or a slow vehicle is on the track.
|A slow vehicle is on the track.
|-
|[[File:Auto Racing Chequered.svg|25px|border|Chequered flag]]
|The session has concluded.
|}

==Accidents==
For the worst accident in racing history see [[1955 Le Mans disaster]]. (''See also [[Deaths in motorsports]]'')

==Racing car setup==
{{Main|Racing setup}}
In auto racing, the [[racing setup]] or car setup is the set of adjustments made to the vehicle to optimize its behaviour (performance, [[Car handling|handling]], reliability, etc.). Adjustments can occur in [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspensions]], brakes, [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]], engines, tires, and many others.

==See Also==
* [[List of auto racing tracks]]
* [[Motorcycle racing]]
* [[Race track]]
* [[Racing video game]]

{{Class of Auto racing}}

{{24-hour races}}

==External links==
===Sanctioning bodies===
* [http://www.msauk.org/ Motor Sports Association (MSA UK)]
* [http://www.americanlemans.com/ American Le Mans Series (ALMS)]
* [http://www.indycar.com/ Indy Racing League (IRL)]
* [http://www.wrc.com/ World Rally Championship (WRC)]
* [http://www.FIA.com Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)]
* [http://www.grandamerican.com Grand American Road Racing Association]
* [http://www.ihra.com International Hot Rod Association (IHRA)]
* [http://www.imsaracing.net/ International Motor Sports Association (IMSA)]
* [http://www.nasaproracing.com National Auto Sport Association]
* [http://www.nascar.com/ National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR)]
* [http://www.nhra.com National Hot Rod Association (NHRA)]
* [http://www.score-international.com/ SCORE International Off-Road Racing]
* [http://www.scca.org/ Sports Car Club of America (SCCA)]
* [http://www.usacracing.com/ United States Auto Club (USAC)]
* [http://www.formula1.com/ Formula One (F1)]
* [http://www.cams.com.au/ Confederation of Australian Motorsport (CAMS)]

[[Category:Auto racing|*]]