Odometer - Revision history

Red marquis: /* China */

2008-05-27T09:08:46Z

China

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:08, 27 May 2008
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	===China===		===China===
	~~[[Image:Han dynasty odometer cart.jpg\|thumb\|right\|220px\|A [[Han Dynasty]] stone rubbing of a horse-drawn odometer cart.]]~~
	The odometer was also later invented in [[ancient China]], possibly by the profuse inventor and early scientist [[Zhang Heng]] ([[78]]–[[139]] AD) of the [[Han Dynasty]] ([[202 BC\|202]] BC–[[220]] AD). Zhang Heng is often accredited with the invention of the first odometer device in China, an achievement alongside earlier contemporaries Archimedes and Heron of Alexandria from the Hellenized West. By the 3rd century (during the [[Three Kingdoms]] Period), the Chinese had termed the device as the 'jì lĭ gŭ chē' (記里鼓車) , or '[[li (unit)\|li]]-recording drum carriage' (Note: the modern measurement of li = 500 m/1640 ft).<ref name="needham volume 4 281">Needham, Volume 4, 281.</ref> Chinese texts of the 3rd century tell of the mechanical carriage's functions, and as one li is traversed, a mechanical-driven wooden figure strikes a drum, and when ten li is traversed, another wooden figure would strike a gong or a bell with its mechanical-operated arm.<ref name="needham volume 4 281"/>

	~~Despite its association with~~ Zhang Heng ~~or even~~ the ~~later [[Ma Jun]]~~ (c. ~~200–265), there~~ is ~~evidence to suggest that~~ the invention of the odometer ~~was a gradual process~~ in ~~Han Dynasty~~ China ~~that centered around the ''huang men'' court people (ie. eunuchs~~, ~~palace officials, attendants~~ and ~~familiars, actors, acrobats, etc~~.) ~~that would follow~~ the ~~musical procession of~~ the ~~royal~~ 'drum~~-chariot~~'.<ref name="needham volume 4 ~~283~~">Needham, Volume 4, ~~283~~.</ref> ~~The historian [[Joseph Needham]] asserts that it is no surprise this social group would have been responsible for such a device, since there is already other evidence~~ of ~~their craftsmenship with mechanical toys to delight the emperor and~~ the ~~court. There is speculation that some time in the 1st~~ century ~~BC (during~~ the ~~Western Han Dynasty)~~, ~~the beating of drums~~ and ~~gongs were mechanically~~-driven ~~by working automatically off the rotation of the road-wheels.<ref name="needham volume 4 283"/> This might have actually been the design of one Loxia Hong (c. 110 BC)~~, ~~yet by 125 AD the~~ mechanical ~~odometer carriage in China was already known (depicted in a mural of the Xiao Tang Shan Tomb)~~.<ref name="needham volume 4 ~~283~~"/>		The odometer was also later invented in ancient China, possibly by the profuse inventor and early scientist Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) of the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD). Zhang Heng is often accredited with the invention of the first odometer device in China, an achievement alongside earlier contemporaries Archimedes and Heron of Alexandria from the Hellenized West. By the 3rd century (during the Three Kingdoms Period), the Chinese had termed the device as the 'jì lĭ gŭ chē' (記里鼓車) , or 'li-recording drum carriage' (Note: the modern measurement of li = 500 m/1640 ft).<ref name="needham volume 4 281">Needham, Volume 4, 281.</ref> Chinese texts of the 3rd century tell of the mechanical carriage's functions, and as one li is traversed, a mechanical-driven wooden figure strikes a drum, and when ten li is traversed, another wooden figure would strike a gong or a bell with its mechanical-operated arm.<ref name="needham volume 4 281"/>

	The odomoter was used also in subsequent periods of Chinese history. In the historical text of the ''Jin Shu'' (635 AD), the oldest part of the compiled text, the book known as the ''Cui Bao'' (c. 300 AD), recorded the use of the odometer, providing description (and interestingly enough attributing it to the Western Han era, from ~~[[202 BC\|~~202~~]] BC–[[9]]~~ AD).<ref name="needham volume 4 282">Needham, Volume 4, 282.</ref> The passage in the ''Jin Shu'' expanded upon this, explaining that it took a similar form to the mechanical device of the South Pointing Chariot invented by Ma Jun (200-265, see also differential gear). As recorded in the ''Song Shi'' of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), the odometer and South Pointing Chariot were combined into one wheeled device by engineers of the 9th century, 11th century, and 12th century (refer to South Pointing Chariot). The ''Sun Tzu Suan Ching'' (Master Sun's Mathematical Manual), dated from the 3rd century to 5th century, presented a mathematical problem for students involving the odometer. It involved a given distance between two cities, the small distance needed for one rotation of the carriage's wheel, and the posed question of how many rotations the wheels would have in all if the carriage was to travel between point A and B.<ref name="needham volume 4 282"/>		Despite its association with Zhang Heng or even the later Ma Jun (c. 200–265), there is evidence to suggest that the invention of the odometer was a gradual process in Han Dynasty China that centered around the ''huang men'' court people (ie. eunuchs, palace officials, attendants and familiars, actors, acrobats, etc.) that would follow the musical procession of the royal 'drum-chariot'.<ref name="needham volume 4 283">Needham, Volume 4, 283.</ref> The historian Joseph Needham asserts that it is no surprise this social group would have been responsible for such a device, since there is already other evidence of their craftsmenship with mechanical toys to delight the emperor and the court. There is speculation that some time in the 1st century BC (during the Western Han Dynasty), the beating of drums and gongs were mechanically-driven by working automatically off the rotation of the road-wheels.<ref name="needham volume 4 283"/> This might have actually been the design of one Loxia Hong (c. 110 BC), yet by 125 AD the mechanical odometer carriage in China was already known (depicted in a mural of the Xiao Tang Shan Tomb).<ref name="needham volume 4 283"/>

			The odomoter was used also in subsequent periods of Chinese history. In the historical text of the ''Jin Shu'' (635 AD), the oldest part of the compiled text, the book known as the ''Cui Bao'' (c. 300 AD), recorded the use of the odometer, providing description (and interestingly enough attributing it to the Western Han era, from 202 BC–9 AD).<ref name="needham volume 4 282">Needham, Volume 4, 282.</ref> The passage in the ''Jin Shu'' expanded upon this, explaining that it took a similar form to the mechanical device of the South Pointing Chariot invented by Ma Jun (200-265, see also differential gear). As recorded in the ''Song Shi'' of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), the odometer and South Pointing Chariot were combined into one wheeled device by engineers of the 9th century, 11th century, and 12th century (refer to South Pointing Chariot). The ''Sun Tzu Suan Ching'' (Master Sun's Mathematical Manual), dated from the 3rd century to 5th century, presented a mathematical problem for students involving the odometer. It involved a given distance between two cities, the small distance needed for one rotation of the carriage's wheel, and the posed question of how many rotations the wheels would have in all if the carriage was to travel between point A and B.<ref name="needham volume 4 282"/>

	====In full description====		====In full description====

Red marquis: /* History */

2008-05-27T09:05:54Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:05, 27 May 2008
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	===Western world===		===Western world===
	Possibly the first evidence for the use of an odometer can be found in the works of [[Pliny ~~the Elder\|Pliny]]~~ (NH 6. 61-62) and [[Strabo]] (11.8.9). Both authors list the distances of routes traveled by [[Alexander the Great]] (r. 336-323 BC) as measured by his ~~[[bematist]]s~~ Diognetus and Baeton. However, the high precision of the bematists's measurements rather indicates the use of a mechanical device. For example, the section between the cities Hecatompylos and Alexandria Areion, which later became a part of the silk road, was given by Alexander's bematists as 529 English miles long, that is with a deviation of 0.4% from the actual distance (531 English miles). From the nine surviving bematists' measurements in Pliny's ''Naturalis Historia'' eight show a deviation of less than 5% from the actual distance. Three of them even less than 1%. Since these minor discrepancies can be adequately explained by slight changes in the tracks of roads during the last 2300 years, the overall accuracy of the measurements implies that the bematists already must have used a sophisticated device for measuring distances, although there is no direct mentioning of such a device.		Possibly the first evidence for the use of an odometer can be found in the works of Pliny (NH 6. 61-62) and Strabo (11.8.9). Both authors list the distances of routes traveled by Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC) as measured by his bematists Diognetus and Baeton. However, the high precision of the bematists's measurements rather indicates the use of a mechanical device. For example, the section between the cities Hecatompylos and Alexandria Areion, which later became a part of the silk road, was given by Alexander's bematists as 529 English miles long, that is with a deviation of 0.4% from the actual distance (531 English miles). From the nine surviving bematists' measurements in Pliny's ''Naturalis Historia'' eight show a deviation of less than 5% from the actual distance. Three of them even less than 1%. Since these minor discrepancies can be adequately explained by slight changes in the tracks of roads during the last 2300 years, the overall accuracy of the measurements implies that the bematists already must have used a sophisticated device for measuring distances, although there is no direct mentioning of such a device.

	An odometer for measuring distance was first described by [[Vitruvius]] around 27 and [[23 BC]]. The actual invention ''may'' have been by [[Archimedes of Syracuse]] during the [[First Punic War]]. [[Hero of Alexandria]] describes a similar device in chapter 34 of his ''Dioptra''. The machine was also used in the time of Roman Emperor [[Commodus]] (c. 192 AD), although after this point in time there seems to be a gap between its use in Roman times and that of the 15th century in Western Europe.<ref name="needham volume 4 285">Needham, Volume 4, 285.</ref>		An odometer for measuring distance was first described by Vitruvius around 27 and 23 BC. The actual invention ''may'' have been by Archimedes of Syracuse during the First Punic War. Hero of Alexandria describes a similar device in chapter 34 of his ''Dioptra''. The machine was also used in the time of Roman Emperor Commodus (c. 192 AD), although after this point in time there seems to be a gap between its use in Roman times and that of the 15th century in Western Europe.<ref name="needham volume 4 285">Needham, Volume 4, 285.</ref>

	The odometer of Vitruvius was based on chariot wheels of 4 feet (1.2 m) diameter turning 400 times in one Roman [[mile]] (about 1400 m). For each revolution a pin on the axle engaged a 400 tooth cogwheel thus turning it one complete revolution per mile. This engaged another gear with holes along the circumference, where pebbles (''[[calculus]]'') were located, that were to drop one by one into a box. The distance travelled would thus be given simply by counting the number of pebbles. Whether this instrument was ever built at the time is disputed. [[Leonardo da Vinci]] tried to build it according to the description but failed. Later, [[Ben Franklin]] invented his own version. Benjamin Franklin invented a simple odometer when he was going on trips in carriages. He wanted to know how far he was going, and the speed he was travelling.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/inventor.html\|title=Benjamin Franklin and His Inventions\|publisher=[[Franklin Institute]]\|accessdate=2007-01-29}}</ref>		The odometer of Vitruvius was based on chariot wheels of 4 feet (1.2 m) diameter turning 400 times in one Roman mile (about 1400 m). For each revolution a pin on the axle engaged a 400 tooth cogwheel thus turning it one complete revolution per mile. This engaged another gear with holes along the circumference, where pebbles (''calculus'') were located, that were to drop one by one into a box. The distance travelled would thus be given simply by counting the number of pebbles. Whether this instrument was ever built at the time is disputed. Leonardo da Vinci tried to build it according to the description but failed. Later, Ben Franklin invented his own version. Benjamin Franklin invented a simple odometer when he was going on trips in carriages. He wanted to know how far he was going, and the speed he was travelling.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/inventor.html\|title=Benjamin Franklin and His Inventions\|publisher=Franklin Institute\|accessdate=2007-01-29}}</ref>

	===China===		===China===
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	Despite its association with Zhang Heng or even the later [[Ma Jun]] (c. 200–265), there is evidence to suggest that the invention of the odometer was a gradual process in Han Dynasty China that centered around the ''huang men'' court people (ie. eunuchs, palace officials, attendants and familiars, actors, acrobats, etc.) that would follow the musical procession of the royal 'drum-chariot'.<ref name="needham volume 4 283">Needham, Volume 4, 283.</ref> The historian [[Joseph Needham]] asserts that it is no surprise this social group would have been responsible for such a device, since there is already other evidence of their craftsmenship with mechanical toys to delight the emperor and the court. There is speculation that some time in the 1st century BC (during the Western Han Dynasty), the beating of drums and gongs were mechanically-driven by working automatically off the rotation of the road-wheels.<ref name="needham volume 4 283"/> This might have actually been the design of one Loxia Hong (c. 110 BC), yet by 125 AD the mechanical odometer carriage in China was already known (depicted in a mural of the Xiao Tang Shan Tomb).<ref name="needham volume 4 283"/>		Despite its association with Zhang Heng or even the later [[Ma Jun]] (c. 200–265), there is evidence to suggest that the invention of the odometer was a gradual process in Han Dynasty China that centered around the ''huang men'' court people (ie. eunuchs, palace officials, attendants and familiars, actors, acrobats, etc.) that would follow the musical procession of the royal 'drum-chariot'.<ref name="needham volume 4 283">Needham, Volume 4, 283.</ref> The historian [[Joseph Needham]] asserts that it is no surprise this social group would have been responsible for such a device, since there is already other evidence of their craftsmenship with mechanical toys to delight the emperor and the court. There is speculation that some time in the 1st century BC (during the Western Han Dynasty), the beating of drums and gongs were mechanically-driven by working automatically off the rotation of the road-wheels.<ref name="needham volume 4 283"/> This might have actually been the design of one Loxia Hong (c. 110 BC), yet by 125 AD the mechanical odometer carriage in China was already known (depicted in a mural of the Xiao Tang Shan Tomb).<ref name="needham volume 4 283"/>

	The odomoter was used also in subsequent periods of Chinese history. In the historical text of the ''Jin Shu'' (635 AD), the oldest part of the compiled text, the book known as the ''Cui Bao'' (c. 300 AD), recorded the use of the odometer, providing description (and interestingly enough attributing it to the Western Han era, from [[202 BC\|202]] BC–[[9]] AD).<ref name="needham volume 4 282">Needham, Volume 4, 282.</ref> The passage in the ''Jin Shu'' expanded upon this, explaining that it took a similar form to the mechanical device of the [[South Pointing Chariot]] invented by [[Ma Jun]] ([[200~~]]–[[~~265]], see also [[differential]] gear). As recorded in the ''Song Shi'' of the [[Song Dynasty]] ([[960]]-[[1279]] AD), the odometer and South Pointing Chariot were combined into one wheeled device by engineers of the 9th century, 11th century, and 12th century (refer to [[South Pointing Chariot]]). The ''Sun Tzu Suan Ching'' (Master Sun's Mathematical Manual), dated from the 3rd century to 5th century, presented a mathematical problem for students involving the odometer. It involved a given distance between two cities, the small distance needed for one rotation of the carriage's wheel, and the posed question of how many rotations the wheels would have in all if the carriage was to travel between point A and B.<ref name="needham volume 4 282"/>		The odomoter was used also in subsequent periods of Chinese history. In the historical text of the ''Jin Shu'' (635 AD), the oldest part of the compiled text, the book known as the ''Cui Bao'' (c. 300 AD), recorded the use of the odometer, providing description (and interestingly enough attributing it to the Western Han era, from [[202 BC\|202]] BC–[[9]] AD).<ref name="needham volume 4 282">Needham, Volume 4, 282.</ref> The passage in the ''Jin Shu'' expanded upon this, explaining that it took a similar form to the mechanical device of the South Pointing Chariot invented by Ma Jun (200-265, see also differential gear). As recorded in the ''Song Shi'' of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), the odometer and South Pointing Chariot were combined into one wheeled device by engineers of the 9th century, 11th century, and 12th century (refer to South Pointing Chariot). The ''Sun Tzu Suan Ching'' (Master Sun's Mathematical Manual), dated from the 3rd century to 5th century, presented a mathematical problem for students involving the odometer. It involved a given distance between two cities, the small distance needed for one rotation of the carriage's wheel, and the posed question of how many rotations the wheels would have in all if the carriage was to travel between point A and B.<ref name="needham volume 4 282"/>

	====In full description====		====In full description====

	The historical text of the ''Song Shi'' (1345 AD), recording the people and events of the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]] (~~[[960]]–[[1279]]~~), also mentioned the odometer used in that period. However, unlike written sources of earlier periods, it provided a much more thoroughly detailed description of the device that harkens back to its ancient form ([[Wade-Giles]] spelling):		The historical text of the ''Song Shi'' (1345 AD), recording the people and events of the Chinese Song Dynasty (960–1279), also mentioned the odometer used in that period. However, unlike written sources of earlier periods, it provided a much more thoroughly detailed description of the device that harkens back to its ancient form (Wade-Giles spelling):

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	What follows is a long dissertation made by the Chief Chamberlain [[Lu Daolong]] on the ranging measurements and sizes of wheels and gears, along with a concluding description at the end of how the device ultimately functions:		What follows is a long dissertation made by the Chief Chamberlain Lu Daolong on the ranging measurements and sizes of wheels and gears, along with a concluding description at the end of how the device ultimately functions:

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
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	===Modern History===		===Modern History===

	In modern times, Andre Sleeswyk was able to make a working model of an odometer using gears similar to the [[Antikythera mechanism]] as opposed to the traditional cogwheel.		In modern times, Andre Sleeswyk was able to make a working model of an odometer using gears similar to the [Antikythera mechanism as opposed to the traditional cogwheel.

	The odometer as used in modern systems, where a separate gear controls each digit, was invented by [[William Clayton ~~(Latter Day Saints)\|William Clayton]]~~ with help from [[Orson Pratt]]. Clayton, a [[Mormon Pioneer]], developed the odometer (dubbed the "roadometer") to keep track of wheel revolutions on the pioneer wagons. The odometer had at least two gears, including one which turned every quarter-mile and one which turned every ten miles.		The odometer as used in modern systems, where a separate gear controls each digit, was invented by William Clayton with help from Orson Pratt. Clayton, a Mormon Pioneer, developed the odometer (dubbed the "roadometer") to keep track of wheel revolutions on the pioneer wagons. The odometer had at least two gears, including one which turned every quarter-mile and one which turned every ten miles.

	== Law ==		== Law ==

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2008-05-27T08:13:51Z

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