https://wikicars.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Plug-in_hybridPlug-in hybrid - Revision history2026-04-21T15:25:36ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.38.4https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&diff=154651&oldid=prevRed marquis: /* Electricity infrastructure */2010-05-26T03:49:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Electricity infrastructure</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:49, 26 May 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l47">Line 47:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 47:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Electricity infrastructure===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Electricity infrastructure===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PHEV and fully electric cars may allow for more efficient use of existing electric production capacity, much of which sits idle as operating reserve most of the time. This assumes that vehicles are charged primarily during off-peak periods (i.e., at night), or equipped with technology to shut off charging during periods of peak demand. Another advantage of a gridable vehicle is their potential ability to load balance or help the grid during peak loads. By using excess battery capacity to send power back into the grid and then recharge during <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>off peak<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>using cheaper power such vehicles are actually advantageous to utilities as well as their owners. This is accomplished with what is known as V2G or [[Vehicle to Grid]] technology. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PHEV and fully electric cars may allow for more efficient use of existing electric production capacity, much of which sits idle as operating reserve most of the time. This assumes that vehicles are charged primarily during off-peak periods (i.e., at night), or equipped with technology to shut off charging during periods of peak demand. Another advantage of a gridable vehicle is their potential ability to load balance or help the grid during peak loads. By using excess battery capacity to send power back into the grid and then recharge during off peak using cheaper power such vehicles are actually advantageous to utilities as well as their owners. This is accomplished with what is known as V2G or [[Vehicle to Grid]] technology. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even if such vehicles just led to an increase in the use of night time electricity they would even out electricity demand (which is typically higher in the day time) and provide a greater return on capital for electricity infrastructure. Pacific Gas and Electric has shown PHEVs suggesting that they could be used as a source of emergency home power in the event of an electrical power failure. Regulations intended to protect electricians against power other than from grid sources would need to be changed, or regulations requiring consumers to disconnect from the grid when connected to non-grid sources will be required before such backup power solutions would be feasible.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even if such vehicles just led to an increase in the use of night time electricity they would even out electricity demand (which is typically higher in the day time) and provide a greater return on capital for electricity infrastructure. Pacific Gas and Electric has shown PHEVs suggesting that they could be used as a source of emergency home power in the event of an electrical power failure. Regulations intended to protect electricians against power other than from grid sources would need to be changed, or regulations requiring consumers to disconnect from the grid when connected to non-grid sources will be required before such backup power solutions would be feasible.</div></td></tr>
</table>Red marquishttps://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&diff=154650&oldid=prevRed marquis at 03:48, 26 May 20102010-05-26T03:48:28Z<p></p>
<a href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&diff=154650&oldid=154646">Show changes</a>Red marquishttps://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&diff=154646&oldid=prevRed marquis at 03:30, 26 May 20102010-05-26T03:30:28Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:30, 26 May 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''plug-in hybrid''' electric vehicle (PHEV) is any vehicle powered by a combination of [[internal combustion engine]] and [[electric motor]] with storage [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] that can be recharged by connecting the vehicle by plug to an external [[Electricity generation|electrical power source]]. Plug-in hybrids typically have characteristics of both conventional [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid electric vehicles]] and of [[battery electric vehicle]]s. While PHEVs are usually passenger vehicles, plug-in hybrid technology has been implemented or proposed in delivery vans, trucks, buses, military vehicles, and other medium- to heavy-duty vehicles. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''plug-in hybrid''' electric vehicle (PHEV) is any vehicle powered by a combination of [[internal combustion engine]] and [[electric motor]] with storage [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] that can be recharged by connecting the vehicle by plug to an external [[Electricity generation|electrical power source]]. Plug-in hybrids typically have characteristics of both conventional [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid electric vehicles]] and of [[battery electric vehicle]]s. While PHEVs are usually passenger vehicles, plug-in hybrid technology has been implemented or proposed in delivery vans, trucks, buses, military vehicles, and other medium- to heavy-duty vehicles. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cost for electricity to power PHEVs in California is about one fourth the cost of gasoline. If their batteries are charged from [[renewable energy]] such as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Wind power|</del>wind<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>hydropower<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, PHEVs use minimal amounts of [[fossil fuel]] for their [[all-electric range]], and may thereby reduce dependence on [[petroleum]] and mitigate <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>global warming<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>by alleviating the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>greenhouse effect<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>. Plug-in hybrids have been identified as having significant potential as alternative fuel vehicles.<ref>Simpson, A. (2006) [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40485.pdf "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology"] National Renewable Energy Laboratory conference report CP-540-40485</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cost for electricity to power PHEVs in California is about one fourth the cost of gasoline. If their batteries are charged from [[renewable energy]] such as wind or hydropower, PHEVs use minimal amounts of [[fossil fuel]] for their [[all-electric range]], and may thereby reduce dependence on [[petroleum]] and mitigate global warming by alleviating the greenhouse effect. Plug-in hybrids have been identified as having significant potential as alternative fuel vehicles.<ref>Simpson, A. (2006) [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40485.pdf "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology"] National Renewable Energy Laboratory conference report CP-540-40485</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Plug-in hybrid passenger vehicles are not in mass production as of early 2007, although some manufacturers have indicated that they intend to introduce PHEV production models. Prototypes have been built to demonstrate the technology and to encourage its widespread adaptation. Conversions of production model [[hybrid vehicle]]s may be available from conversion kits and conversion services pending commercial production. Most existing PHEVs are conversions of [[Toyota Prius]] hybrid cars. These prototypes retain the Prius's "idle-off" capability and [[regenerative braking]], among other characteristics, while adding extended electric-only drive capability, and electrical plug charging. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Plug-in hybrid passenger vehicles are not in mass production as of early 2007, although some manufacturers have indicated that they intend to introduce PHEV production models. Prototypes have been built to demonstrate the technology and to encourage its widespread adaptation. Conversions of production model [[hybrid vehicle]]s may be available from conversion kits and conversion services pending commercial production. Most existing PHEVs are conversions of [[Toyota Prius]] hybrid cars. These prototypes retain the Prius's "idle-off" capability and [[regenerative braking]], among other characteristics, while adding extended electric-only drive capability, and electrical plug charging. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l73">Line 73:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 73:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Patent protection on NiMH batteries===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Patent protection on NiMH batteries===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The oil company Chevron invests in key battery technologies and battery manufacturing facilities, through its subsidiary, [http://www.cobasys.com/solutions/technology.htm Cobasys]. According to the website [http://ev1.org ev1.org], during the development of the [[Battery electric vehicle|battery-electric vehicle (BEV)]] [[EV1]], General Motors made a controlling investment in Ovonics's battery development and manufacturing, with particular interest in the patents and trade secrets controlling the manufacturing of large [[Nickel metal hydride battery|nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries]]. This interest was subsequently sold to the oil company Texaco, which was acquired in its entirety by another oil company, Chevron. The book "[http://www.newsociety.com/bookid/3934| Plug-In Hybrids, The Cars That Will Recharge America]" presents the argument that large-format NiMH batteries are commercially viable and ready for mass production, but that Chevron and other oil-related interests are suppressing this technology to forestall the introduction of plug-in hybrids. However, in December, 2006 General Motors announced that they will be using Cobasys NiMH batteries in the upcoming Saturn Aura hybrid model.<ref>Abuelsamid, S. (Dec 5th 2006) [http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/12/05/cobasys-providing-nimh-batteries-for-saturn-aura-hybrid/ "Cobasys providing NiMH batteries for Saturn Aura hybrid"] ''AutoblogGreen''</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The oil company Chevron invests in key battery technologies and battery manufacturing facilities, through its subsidiary, [http://www.cobasys.com/solutions/technology.htm Cobasys]. According to the website [http://ev1.org ev1.org], during the development of the [[Battery electric vehicle|battery-electric vehicle (BEV)]] [[EV1]], General Motors made a controlling investment in Ovonics's battery development and manufacturing, with particular interest in the patents and trade secrets controlling the manufacturing of large [[Nickel metal hydride battery|nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries]]. This interest was subsequently sold to the oil company Texaco, which was acquired in its entirety by another oil company, Chevron. The book "[http://www.newsociety.com/bookid/3934| Plug-In Hybrids, The Cars That Will Recharge America]" presents the argument that large-format NiMH batteries are commercially viable and ready for mass production, but that Chevron and other oil-related interests are suppressing this technology to forestall the introduction of plug-in hybrids. However, in December, 2006 General Motors announced that they will be using Cobasys NiMH batteries in the upcoming Saturn Aura hybrid model.<ref>Abuelsamid, S. (Dec 5th 2006) [http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/12/05/cobasys-providing-nimh-batteries-for-saturn-aura-hybrid/ "Cobasys providing NiMH batteries for Saturn Aura hybrid"] ''AutoblogGreen''</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==References==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{reflist}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></div></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td></tr>
</table>Red marquishttps://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&diff=51770&oldid=prevMugen Power: /* History */2007-04-28T21:44:39Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">History</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:44, 28 April 2007</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11">Line 11:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1969, ''[[Popular Science]]'' did an article on the [[General Motors]] XP-883. This prototype was a commuter car with a plug-in hybrid electric drive system. It housed six 12-volt lead acid batteries in the trunk area and had a transverse mounted DC electric motor mounted to a front-wheel drive trans-axle. The gasoline powered engine was connected to the trans-axle via a worm gear.<ref>Popular Science (July, 1969) [http://www.finkbuilt.com/blog/hybrid-car-ready-in-1969 "Hybrid Car Ready in 1969"] pp. 86-7</ref> The car could be plugged into a standard 110 Volt AC outlet for recharging. Although not very fast or a long-ranged, hybrids were off and rolling.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1969, ''[[Popular Science]]'' did an article on the [[General Motors]] XP-883. This prototype was a commuter car with a plug-in hybrid electric drive system. It housed six 12-volt lead acid batteries in the trunk area and had a transverse mounted DC electric motor mounted to a front-wheel drive trans-axle. The gasoline powered engine was connected to the trans-axle via a worm gear.<ref>Popular Science (July, 1969) [http://www.finkbuilt.com/blog/hybrid-car-ready-in-1969 "Hybrid Car Ready in 1969"] pp. 86-7</ref> The car could be plugged into a standard 110 Volt AC outlet for recharging. Although not very fast or a long-ranged, hybrids were off and rolling.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In about 1990, Prof. [[Andrew A. Frank|Andy Frank]] of the [[University of California]] at Davis used student teams to begin building operating prototype Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. His work attracted industry support and funding from [[Nissan]], [[Koyo Seiko]], [[General Motors]], [[Saturn]], [[Ford]], [[Visteon]], [[JATCO]], [[Ovonics]], [[Defense Advanced Research Project Agency]] (DARPA), [[Sacramento Municipal Utility District]], [[Southern California Edison]], U.S. [[Department of Energy]], and others. The UC Davis PHEVs won several DOE/USCAR "Future Car" and "Future Truck" national competitions. In 1994, the [[Esoro H301]] was built in Switzerland.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Esoro (2005) [http://www.esoro.ch/english/content/kernk/nhanst/h301/h.htm "The First Hypercar"] ''www.esoro.ch'' retrieved 2007</ref> </del>Four such prototypes are still on the road.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In about 1990, Prof. [[Andrew A. Frank|Andy Frank]] of the [[University of California]] at Davis used student teams to begin building operating prototype Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. His work attracted industry support and funding from [[Nissan]], [[Koyo Seiko]], [[General Motors]], [[Saturn]], [[Ford]], [[Visteon]], [[JATCO]], [[Ovonics]], [[Defense Advanced Research Project Agency]] (DARPA), [[Sacramento Municipal Utility District]], [[Southern California Edison]], U.S. [[Department of Energy]], and others. The UC Davis PHEVs won several DOE/USCAR "Future Car" and "Future Truck" national competitions. In 1994, the [[Esoro H301]] was built in Switzerland. Four such prototypes are still on the road.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By 2000, the [[Electric Power Research Institute]] (EPRI) sponsored the broad-based [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Alliance]] (HEVA) under the leadership of Bob Graham, to promote and develop Original Equipment Manufacturer commercialization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Alliance members include major automakers, national labs, utilities, and the University of California at Davis. The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Working Group (HEVWG) published its landmark studies and reports on PHEV attractiveness. Dr. Frank received new support from Commission of the European Communities, Southern California Air Quality Management District, Yolo-Solano Air Quality Management District, [[CARB]], and other governmental agencies. In 2001, the U.S. [[Department of Energy]] created the National Center of Hybrid Excellence at UC Davis, with Dr. Frank as Director, and Frank also obtained substantial GM funds to hybridize and plug-in GM's EV1, and EPRI funded Dr. Frank's work. In 2002, entrepreneurs, environmentalists and engineers created the [http://www.calcars.org/ California Cars Initiative], a non-profit PHEV advocacy and technology development group.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By 2000, the [[Electric Power Research Institute]] (EPRI) sponsored the broad-based [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Alliance]] (HEVA) under the leadership of Bob Graham, to promote and develop Original Equipment Manufacturer commercialization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Alliance members include major automakers, national labs, utilities, and the University of California at Davis. The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Working Group (HEVWG) published its landmark studies and reports on PHEV attractiveness. Dr. Frank received new support from Commission of the European Communities, Southern California Air Quality Management District, Yolo-Solano Air Quality Management District, [[CARB]], and other governmental agencies. In 2001, the U.S. [[Department of Energy]] created the National Center of Hybrid Excellence at UC Davis, with Dr. Frank as Director, and Frank also obtained substantial GM funds to hybridize and plug-in GM's EV1, and EPRI funded Dr. Frank's work. In 2002, entrepreneurs, environmentalists and engineers created the [http://www.calcars.org/ California Cars Initiative], a non-profit PHEV advocacy and technology development group.</div></td></tr>
</table>Mugen Powerhttps://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&diff=50502&oldid=prevHybridBoy at 15:54, 19 April 20072007-04-19T15:54:41Z<p></p>
<a href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&diff=50502">Show changes</a>HybridBoy