Red marquis at 16:11, 25 December 2010

2010-12-25T16:11:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:11, 25 December 2010
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	In most applications of steam power today, the piston engine has been replaced by the more efficient [[steam turbine]].		In most applications of steam power today, the piston engine has been replaced by the more efficient [[steam turbine]].

			==See Also==

			{{Piston engine configurations}}

	==References==		==References==

Red marquis: /* Notes */

2008-12-24T09:33:12Z

Notes

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:33, 24 December 2008
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	In most applications of steam power today, the piston engine has been replaced by the more efficient [[steam turbine]].		In most applications of steam power today, the piston engine has been replaced by the more efficient [[steam turbine]].

	~~==Notes==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	==References==		==References==

Red marquis at 09:32, 24 December 2008

2008-12-24T09:32:28Z

New page

A '''reciprocating engine''', also often known as a '''piston engine''', is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are the [[internal combustion engine]] used extensively in motor vehicles, the [[steam engine]] which was the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution and the niche application Stirling engine.

==Common features in all types==
There may be one or more pistons. Each piston is inside a [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]], into which a gas is introduced, either already hot and under pressure ([[steam engine]]), or heated inside the cylinder either by [[ignition system|ignition]] of a fuel air mixture ([[internal combustion engine]]) or by contact with a hot heat exchanger in the cylinder (stirling engine). The hot gases expand, pushing the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. The piston is returned to the cylinder top ([[Top dead centre|Top Dead Centre]]) either by a [[flywheel]] or the power from other pistons connected to the same shaft. In most types the expanded or "exhausted" gases are removed from the cylinder by this [[Stroke (engines)|stroke]]. The exception is the Stirling engine, which repeatedly heats and cools the same sealed quantity of gas.

In some designs the piston may be powered in both directions in the cylinder in which case it is said to be [[Steam_power#Double-acting_pistons|double acting]].

In all types the linear movement of the piston is converted to a rotating movement via a [[connecting rod]] and a [[crankshaft]] or by a swashplate. A [[flywheel]] is often used to ensure smooth rotation. The more cylinders a reciprocating engine has, generally, the more vibration-free (smoothly) it can operate. The power of a reciprocating engine is proportional to the volume of the combined pistons' displacement.

A seal needs to be made between the sliding [[piston]] and the walls of the [[Cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] so that the high pressure gas above the piston does not leak past it and reduce the efficiency of the engine. This seal is provided by one or more [[piston ring]]s. These are rings made of a hard metal which are sprung into a circular groove in the piston head. The rings fit tightly in the groove and press against the cyinder wall to form a seal.

It is common for such engines to be classified by the number and alignment of cylinders and the total volume of [[Engine displacement|displacement]] of gas by the pistons moving in the cylinders usually measured in cubic centimetres (cm³ or cc) or litres (l) or (L) (US:liter). For example for internal combustion engines, single and two-cylinder designs are common in smaller vehicles such as motorcycles, while [[automobiles]] typically have between four and eight, and locomotives, and ships may have a dozen cylinders or more. Cylinder capacities may range from 10 cm³ or less in model engines up to several thousand cubic centimetres in ships' engines.

The [[compression ratio]] is a measure of the performance in an internal-combustion engine or a Stirling Engine. It is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder, when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, and the volume when the piston is at the top of its stroke.

Cylinders may be aligned [[Straight engine|in line]], in a [[V engine|V]] configuration, [[Flat engine|horizontally opposite]] each other , or [[Radial engine|radially]] around the crankshaft. [[Opposed piston engine]]s put 2 pistons working at opposite ends of the same cylinder and this has been extended into triangular arrangements such as the Napier Deltic. Some designs have set the cylinders in motion around the shaft, see the [[Rotary engine]].

In steam engines and internal combustion engines valves are required to allow the entry and exit of gasses at the correct time in the piston's cycle. These are worked by cams or cranks driven by the shaft of the engine. Early designs used the [[D slide valve]] but this has been largely superseded by [[Piston valve]] or [[Poppet valve]] designs.

Internal combustion engines operate through a sequence of strokes which admit and remove gases to and from the cylinder. These operations are repeated cyclically and an engine is said to be [[Two-stroke cycle|2-stroke]], [[Four-stroke cycle|4-stroke]] or [[Six stroke engine|6-stroke]] depending on the number of strokes it takes to complete a cycle.

In some steam engines the cylinders may be of varying size with the smallest bore cylinder working the highest pressure steam. This is then fed through one or more, increasingly larger bore cylinders successively, to extract power from the steam at increasingly lower pressures. These engines are called [[Steam engine#Compounding|Compound engines]].

==History==
The earliest known examples of rotary to reciprocating motion were the [[crankshaft]]-driven saqiya [[chain pump]], and the waterwheel-powered preciprocating piston [[pump]] which were both engineered by the Arab inventor, Al-Jazari, in 1206.<ref>Ahmad Y Hassan. [http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%202.htm The Origin of the Suction Pump - Al-Jazari 1206 A.D.]</ref> In one of his [[piston]]-[[pump]] engines, the rotary motion of the waterwheel was converted into a reciprocating action to drive a pair of piston pumps that provided fountains for the kings of the Turkish Artuqid dynasty.

The reciprocating engine developed in Europe during the 18th century, first as the atmospheric engine then later as the [[steam engine]]. These were followed by the [[Stirling engine]] and [[internal combustion engine]] in the 19th century. Today the most common form of reciprocating engine is the internal combustion engine running on the combustion of [[petrol]], [[diesel]] or [[LPG|natural gas]] and used to power [[motor vehicle]]s.

One of the most advanced reciprocating engines ever made was the 28-cylinder, 3,500 hp (2610 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-4360 "Wasp Major" radial engine which powered the last generation of large piston-engined planes before the jet engine and turboprop took over from 1944 onward. It had a total engine capacity of 71.5 litres (2.52 cu ft).

The largest reciprocating engine in production at present, but not the largest ever built, is the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine of 2006 built by Japan’s Diesel United, Ltd. It is used to power the largest modern container ships such as the Emma Mærsk. <ref>[http://gcaptain.com/maritime/blog/the-wartsila-sulzer-super-engine/ The Wartsila-Sulzer Super Engine] at gCaptain , September 10th, 2007. Accessed June 2008</ref> It is five stories high (13.5 m/44 ft), 27 metres (89 ft) long, and weighs over 2,300 metric tons (2,500 short tons) in its largest 14 cylinders version producing more than 84.42MW (114,800 bhp). Each cylinder has a capacity of 1,820 litres (64 cu ft), making a total capacity of 25,480 litres (900 cu ft) for the largest versions.

==Other modern non internal combustion types==
Reciprocating engines that are powered by compressed air, steam or other hot gases are still used in some applications such as to drive many modern torpedoes or as pollution free motive power.

The Spanish designed Aircar uses compressed air stored in a cylinder to drive a reciprocating engine in a pollution free urban vehicle. <ref>[http://www.theaircar.com/howitworks.html The Aircar] manufactured by MDI SA . Accessed April 2007</ref>

In torpedoes the gas, like that produced by high test peroxide or Otto fuel II, is pressurised without the need of combustion and therefore oxygen. This allows propulsion under water for considerable periods of time and over significant distances.

In most applications of steam power today, the piston engine has been replaced by the more efficient [[steam turbine]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[http://home.swipnet.se/~w-65189/reciprocating_engines/reciprocating_engine_types.htm Reciprocating engine types]
*[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm HowStuffWorks: How Car Engines Work]
*[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0858857.html Reciprocating Engines] at infoplease
*[http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/piston_engines/Tech23.htm Piston Engines] US Centennial of Flight Commission

[[Category:Engine technology]]
[[Category:Piston engines]]

Reciprocating engine - Revision history

Red marquis at 16:11, 25 December 2010

Red marquis: /* Notes */

Red marquis at 09:32, 24 December 2008