Tires - Revision history

Doggyowner: /* Sources and References - External Links */

2010-02-23T11:14:00Z

Sources and References - External Links

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 23 February 2010
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	*[http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/tires/ Management of Scrap Tires]		*[http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/tires/ Management of Scrap Tires]
	*[http://www.tacomaworld.com/forum/tirecalc.php Tire Size Calculator]		*[http://www.tacomaworld.com/forum/tirecalc.php Tire Size Calculator]
			*[http://www.mudtyres.co.uk Mud Tyres]

	[[Category:Auto parts]]		[[Category:Auto parts]]
	[[Category:Automobiles]]		[[Category:Automobiles]]

71.107.146.200: fixed typos, cleaned 404s from links, corrected epa.gov link (site moved), added tire calc link, improved description on some links

2009-09-30T15:02:29Z

fixed typos, cleaned 404s from links, corrected epa.gov link (site moved), added tire calc link, improved description on some links

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:02, 30 September 2009
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	=== Maintenance of [[automobile]] tires ===		=== Maintenance of [[automobile]] tires ===
	Friction from moving contact with the road causes the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire to eventually wear away. When the tire tread becomes too shallow, the tire is worn out and should be replaced. The same tire rims can usually be used throughout the lifetime of the car. Uneven or accelerated tire wear can be caused by bad wheel alignment. More wear on a tire facing the outside or the inside of a car is often a sign of bad wheel alignment. When the tread is worn away completely and especially when the wear on the outer rubber exposes the reinforcing threads inside them, the tire is said to be ''bald''. A bald tire should be replaced as soon as possible. Sometimes tires with worn tread are ''recapped'', i. e. a new layer of rubber with grooves is bonded onto the outer perimeter of a worn tire. Because this bonding may occasionally come loose on the tire, new tires are superior to recapped tires.		Friction from moving contact with the road causes the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire to eventually wear away. When the tire tread becomes too shallow, the tire is considered worn out and should be replaced. The same tire rims can usually be used throughout the lifetime of the car. Uneven or accelerated tire wear can be caused by bad wheel alignment. More wear on a tire facing the outside or the inside of a car is often a sign of bad wheel alignment. When the tread is worn away completely and especially when the wear on the outer rubber exposes the reinforcing threads inside them, the tire is said to be ''bald''. A bald tire should be replaced as soon as possible. Sometimes tires with worn tread are ''recapped'', i. e. a new layer of rubber with grooves is bonded onto the outer perimeter of a worn tire. Because this bonding may occasionally come loose on the tire, new tires are superior to recapped tires.

	Sometimes a pneumatic tire gets a hole or a leak through which the air inside leaks out resulting in a '''flat tire''', a condition which must be fixed before the car can be driven further safely. A leak may be slow in a few cases, such as is sometimes observed when the seal between the rim and tire edge is not perfect. Many leaks in flat tires, though, are caused by nails, screws, caltrops, broken glass or other sharp objects puncturing the rubber tire wall. If the hole is small and not elongated, the tire can often be repaired by using plugs from a tire repair kit. A leak in a tire can often be found by submerging the tire, pressurized with air, under water to see where air bubbles come out. If submerging a tire underwater is not possible, the leak can be searched for by covering the pressurized tire surface with a soapy solution to see where leaking air forms soap bubbles. A puncturing object, such as a nail or a screw, can be pulled out using pliers. Then a plug coated with a semi-liquid form of rubber can be inserted into the hole with a special tool. The rubber covering the plug solidifies rather quickly, after which the protruding ends of the plug can be cut off, the tire can be refilled with air to the appropriate pressure, and the repaired wheel replaced on the vehicle. Patches covering a hole have been glued or rubber-cemented to the interior surface of a tire also, particularly if a hole is too elongated for a simple plug. Tire repair with such patches requires the tire to be taken off the rim and then remounted after the patch is applied. Sometimes a more serious rupture of the tire material occurs resulting in a ''blowout''. The damaged tire typically must be replaced after that. A leaking valve stem may occasionally be the cause of a leak, necessitating valve stem replacement. This replacement means the tire will have to be taken off the rim and remounted after the valve replacement. Occasionally, other types of damage require replacement of a tire.		Sometimes a pneumatic tire gets a hole or a leak through which the air inside leaks out resulting in a '''flat tire''', a condition which must be fixed before the car can be driven further safely. A leak may be slow in a few cases, such as is sometimes observed when the seal between the rim and tire edge is not perfect. Many leaks in flat tires, though, are caused by nails, screws, caltrops, broken glass or other sharp objects puncturing the rubber tire wall. If the hole is small and not elongated, the tire can often be repaired by using plugs from a tire repair kit. A leak in a tire can often be found by submerging the tire, pressurized with air, under water to see where air bubbles come out. If submerging a tire underwater is not possible, the leak can be searched for by covering the pressurized tire surface with a soapy solution to see where leaking air forms soap bubbles. A puncturing object, such as a nail or a screw, can be pulled out using pliers. Then a plug coated with a semi-liquid form of rubber can be inserted into the hole with a special tool. The rubber covering the plug solidifies rather quickly, after which the protruding ends of the plug can be cut off, the tire can be refilled with air to the appropriate pressure, and the repaired wheel replaced on the vehicle. Patches covering a hole have been glued or rubber-cemented to the interior surface of a tire also, particularly if a hole is too elongated for a simple plug. Tire repair with such patches requires the tire to be taken off the rim and then remounted after the patch is applied. Sometimes a more serious rupture of the tire material occurs resulting in a ''blowout''. The damaged tire typically must be replaced after that. A leaking valve stem may occasionally be the cause of a leak, necessitating valve stem replacement. This replacement means the tire will have to be taken off the rim and remounted after the valve replacement. Occasionally, other types of damage require replacement of a tire.
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	Furthermore tire strips are used as a severe instrument for punitive flagellation, which leaves dark bruises.		Furthermore tire strips are used as a severe instrument for punitive flagellation, which leaves dark bruises.

	Mulches made from old tires have become available on the market for individual or industrial agricultural or horticultural use, either as loose pieces ~~mimicing~~ shredded wood, or in sheets of such pieces loosely adhered, for use as walkways, edging, tree rings, stepping stones. Both types of product are also marketed as excellent ground material for playgrounds, being longer lasting and more forgiving that the usual materials used, ''e.g.'' sand, gravel, or shredded wood or bark. Although the materials are extremely resistant to environmental breakdown and essentially last forever, the possibility of whether toxic agents, especially heavy metals, do leach out and possibly contaminate soil, particularly where food crops are grown, is currently under investigation.		Mulches made from old tires have become available on the market for individual or industrial agricultural or horticultural use, either as loose pieces mimicking shredded wood, or in sheets of such pieces loosely adhered, for use as walkways, edging, tree rings, stepping stones. Both types of product are also marketed as excellent ground material for playgrounds, being longer lasting and more forgiving that the usual materials used, ''e.g.'' sand, gravel, or shredded wood or bark. Although the materials are extremely resistant to environmental breakdown and essentially last forever, the possibility of whether toxic agents, especially heavy metals, do leach out and possibly contaminate soil, particularly where food crops are grown, is currently under investigation.

	==Photos==		==Photos==
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	==Sources and References - External Links==		==Sources and References - External Links==
	*[http://www.tiresociety.org/ The Tire Society]		*[http://www.tiresociety.org/ The Tire Society]
	*[http://dmoz.org/Shopping/Vehicles/Parts_and_Accessories/Wheels_and_Tires/ DMOZ ~~open directory~~]		*[http://dmoz.org/Shopping/Vehicles/Parts_and_Accessories/Wheels_and_Tires/ DMOZ Wheels and Tires]
	*[http://www.rma.org/scrap_tires/scrap_tire_markets/scrap_tire_characteristics/ Rubber Manufacturers Association tire composition]		*[http://www.rma.org/scrap_tires/scrap_tire_markets/scrap_tire_characteristics/ Rubber Manufacturers Association tire composition]
	*[http://www.epa.gov/garbage/tires/basic.htm US Environmental Protection Agency]
	*[http://www.charityguide.org/volunteer/fewhours/used-tires.htm Used Tires: Reuse, Recycle, Retread]		*[http://www.charityguide.org/volunteer/fewhours/used-tires.htm Used Tires: Reuse, Recycle, Retread]
	*[http://www.carbibles.com/tyre_bible.html The Wheel and Tyre Bible]		*[http://www.carbibles.com/tyre_bible.html The Wheel and Tyre Bible]
	*[http://www.yamahaclub.com/cms/content/category/3/7/25/ Motorcycle Tyre Safety & Advice]		*[http://www.mearns.org.uk/stonehaven/thomson.htm Robert William Thomson - Pneumatic Tire Inventor]
	*[http://www.groclin.com/tires/ Tires Catalog and Reference]
	*[http://www.mearns.org.uk/stonehaven/thomson.htm Robert William Thomson]
	*[http://www.stausaonline.com/tire-manufacturing/process.html Bias Ply Tire Manufacturing Process]		*[http://www.stausaonline.com/tire-manufacturing/process.html Bias Ply Tire Manufacturing Process]
	*[http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/chcontrl.htm Caltrans]		*[http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/chcontrl.htm Caltrans' Tire Chain Policies]
	*[http://www.epa.gov/~~epaoswer~~/~~non-hw~~/~~muncpl~~/tires/~~basic.htm~~ Management of Scrap Tires]		*[http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/tires/ Management of Scrap Tires]
			*[http://www.tacomaworld.com/forum/tirecalc.php Tire Size Calculator]

	[[Category:Auto parts]]		[[Category:Auto parts]]
	[[Category:Automobiles]]		[[Category:Automobiles]]

Red marquis at 11:47, 22 August 2007

2007-08-22T11:47:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:47, 22 August 2007
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	Mulches made from old tires have become available on the market for individual or industrial agricultural or horticultural use, either as loose pieces mimicing shredded wood, or in sheets of such pieces loosely adhered, for use as walkways, edging, tree rings, stepping stones. Both types of product are also marketed as excellent ground material for playgrounds, being longer lasting and more forgiving that the usual materials used, ''e.g.'' sand, gravel, or shredded wood or bark. Although the materials are extremely resistant to environmental breakdown and essentially last forever, the possibility of whether toxic agents, especially heavy metals, do leach out and possibly contaminate soil, particularly where food crops are grown, is currently under investigation.		Mulches made from old tires have become available on the market for individual or industrial agricultural or horticultural use, either as loose pieces mimicing shredded wood, or in sheets of such pieces loosely adhered, for use as walkways, edging, tree rings, stepping stones. Both types of product are also marketed as excellent ground material for playgrounds, being longer lasting and more forgiving that the usual materials used, ''e.g.'' sand, gravel, or shredded wood or bark. Although the materials are extremely resistant to environmental breakdown and essentially last forever, the possibility of whether toxic agents, especially heavy metals, do leach out and possibly contaminate soil, particularly where food crops are grown, is currently under investigation.

			==Photos==
			<gallery>
			Image:107975706c3761 02 runflat.jpg\|Run-Flat Tire
			</gallery>

	==See also==		==See also==

PNiddy: /* See also */

2006-07-19T14:06:18Z

PNiddy: /* Other use and recycling */

2006-07-19T14:04:52Z

Other use and recycling

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 19 July 2006
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	==Other use and recycling==		==Other use and recycling==
	Used tires, with too much wear to be safe on vehicles or unrepairable punctures, are among the largest and most problematic sources of [[waste]], due to the large volume produced and their durability. Municipal trash haulers will usually not accept them. Most heavily populated areas contain specific dumps where huge piles of literally millions of discarded tires are kept, often in a constant state of legal antagonism with the municipal authorities. Although tires themselves are not considered hazardous waste, these dumps sometimes catch fire and may burn for months before they can finally be extinguished, creating enormous volumes of toxic air pollution, oil, and [[heavy ~~metal]]s~~. Some such fires have become [[Superfund]] cleanup sites.		Used tires, with too much wear to be safe on vehicles or unrepairable punctures, are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste, due to the large volume produced and their durability. Municipal trash haulers will usually not accept them. Most heavily populated areas contain specific dumps where huge piles of literally millions of discarded tires are kept, often in a constant state of legal antagonism with the municipal authorities. Although tires themselves are not considered hazardous waste, these dumps sometimes catch fire and may burn for months before they can finally be extinguished, creating enormous volumes of toxic air pollution, oil, and heavy metals. Some such fires have become Superfund cleanup sites.

	Ironically, those same characteristics which make waste tires such a problem also make them one of the most re-used waste materials, as the rubber is very resilient and can be resued in other products; it also yields much energy when burned under controlled conditions.		Ironically, those same characteristics which make waste tires such a problem also make them one of the most re-used waste materials, as the rubber is very resilient and can be resued in other products; it also yields much energy when burned under controlled conditions.

	~~[[Retread]]ded~~ or recapped tires used to be very common, particularly in the trucking industry; the rubber tread of a tire would wear off long before the carcass, consisting of the fabric plies, sidewalls, and beads, was no longer usable, and therefore good carcasses were simply overlaid with another tread and returned to service. Since the tread is attached in the same way as with a new carcass, such a tire is as reliable as a new one; in fact usually more so, since each individual used carcass is inspected, which is not the case when constructing new tires. With the advances in tire technology leading to longer tread life and the changes in the relative economics of raw materials and labor, this is no longer economically advantageous for automobile tires.		Retreadded or recapped tires used to be very common, particularly in the trucking industry; the rubber tread of a tire would wear off long before the carcass, consisting of the fabric plies, sidewalls, and beads, was no longer usable, and therefore good carcasses were simply overlaid with another tread and returned to service. Since the tread is attached in the same way as with a new carcass, such a tire is as reliable as a new one; in fact usually more so, since each individual used carcass is inspected, which is not the case when constructing new tires. With the advances in tire technology leading to longer tread life and the changes in the relative economics of raw materials and labor, this is no longer economically advantageous for automobile tires.

	While salvaged tires make cheap toys which can be used variously for pets, animals in captivity or human children, ''e.g.'' the ubiquitous "tire swing", they can also be deliberately torn apart to re-use the rubber.		While salvaged tires make cheap toys which can be used variously for pets, animals in captivity or human children, ''e.g.'' the ubiquitous "tire swing", they can also be deliberately torn apart to re-use the rubber.
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	Because of safety issues, new tires must be manufactured primarily from virgin rubber, however, with recycled rubber making up only 5 to 15 percent of the finished product.		Because of safety issues, new tires must be manufactured primarily from virgin rubber, however, with recycled rubber making up only 5 to 15 percent of the finished product.

	Furthermore tire strips are used as a severe instrument for punitive [[flagellation]], which leaves dark bruises.		Furthermore tire strips are used as a severe instrument for punitive flagellation, which leaves dark bruises.

	~~[[Mulch]]es~~ made from old tires have become available on the market for individual or industrial agricultural or horticultural use, either as loose pieces mimicing shredded wood, or in sheets of such pieces loosely adhered, for use as walkways, [[edging]], [[tree ~~ring]]s~~, [[stepping ~~stone]]s~~. Both types of product are also marketed as excellent ground material for ~~[[playground]]s~~, being longer lasting and more forgiving that the usual materials used, ''e.g.'' sand, gravel, or shredded wood or bark. Although the materials are extremely resistant to environmental breakdown and essentially last forever, the possibility of whether toxic agents, especially heavy metals, do leach out and possibly contaminate soil, particularly where food crops are grown, is currently under investigation.		Mulches made from old tires have become available on the market for individual or industrial agricultural or horticultural use, either as loose pieces mimicing shredded wood, or in sheets of such pieces loosely adhered, for use as walkways, edging, tree rings, stepping stones. Both types of product are also marketed as excellent ground material for playgrounds, being longer lasting and more forgiving that the usual materials used, ''e.g.'' sand, gravel, or shredded wood or bark. Although the materials are extremely resistant to environmental breakdown and essentially last forever, the possibility of whether toxic agents, especially heavy metals, do leach out and possibly contaminate soil, particularly where food crops are grown, is currently under investigation.

	==See also==		==See also==

PNiddy: /* Maintenance of automobile tires */

2006-07-19T14:03:29Z

Maintenance of automobile tires

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:03, 19 July 2006
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	*[[Yokohama Rubber Company\|Yokohama]]		*[[Yokohama Rubber Company\|Yokohama]]

	=== Maintenance of automobile tires ===		=== Maintenance of [[automobile]] tires ===
	Friction from moving contact with the road causes the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire to eventually wear away. When the tire tread becomes too shallow, the tire is worn out and should be replaced. The same tire rims can usually be used throughout the lifetime of the car. Uneven or accelerated tire wear can be caused by bad wheel alignment. More wear on a tire facing the outside or the inside of a car is often a sign of bad wheel alignment. When the tread is worn away completely and especially when the wear on the outer rubber exposes the reinforcing threads inside them, the tire is said to be ''bald''. A bald tire should be replaced as soon as possible. Sometimes tires with worn tread are ''recapped'', i. e. a new layer of rubber with grooves is bonded onto the outer perimeter of a worn tire. Because this bonding may occasionally come loose on the tire, new tires are superior to recapped tires.		Friction from moving contact with the road causes the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire to eventually wear away. When the tire tread becomes too shallow, the tire is worn out and should be replaced. The same tire rims can usually be used throughout the lifetime of the car. Uneven or accelerated tire wear can be caused by bad wheel alignment. More wear on a tire facing the outside or the inside of a car is often a sign of bad wheel alignment. When the tread is worn away completely and especially when the wear on the outer rubber exposes the reinforcing threads inside them, the tire is said to be ''bald''. A bald tire should be replaced as soon as possible. Sometimes tires with worn tread are ''recapped'', i. e. a new layer of rubber with grooves is bonded onto the outer perimeter of a worn tire. Because this bonding may occasionally come loose on the tire, new tires are superior to recapped tires.

PNiddy: /* Maintenance of automobile tires */

2006-07-19T14:03:05Z

Maintenance of automobile tires

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:03, 19 July 2006
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	=== Maintenance of automobile tires ===		=== Maintenance of automobile tires ===
	[[Friction]] from moving contact with the road causes the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire to eventually wear away. When the tire tread becomes too shallow, the tire is worn out and should be replaced. The same tire rims can usually be used throughout the lifetime of the car. Uneven or accelerated tire wear can be caused by bad wheel [[alignment]]. More wear on a tire facing the outside or the inside of a car is often a sign of bad wheel alignment. When the tread is worn away completely and especially when the wear on the outer rubber exposes the reinforcing threads inside them, the tire is said to be ''bald''. A bald tire should be replaced as soon as possible. Sometimes tires with worn tread are ''recapped'', i. e. a new layer of rubber with grooves is bonded onto the outer perimeter of a worn tire. Because this bonding may occasionally come loose on the tire, new tires are superior to recapped tires.		Friction from moving contact with the road causes the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire to eventually wear away. When the tire tread becomes too shallow, the tire is worn out and should be replaced. The same tire rims can usually be used throughout the lifetime of the car. Uneven or accelerated tire wear can be caused by bad wheel alignment. More wear on a tire facing the outside or the inside of a car is often a sign of bad wheel alignment. When the tread is worn away completely and especially when the wear on the outer rubber exposes the reinforcing threads inside them, the tire is said to be ''bald''. A bald tire should be replaced as soon as possible. Sometimes tires with worn tread are ''recapped'', i. e. a new layer of rubber with grooves is bonded onto the outer perimeter of a worn tire. Because this bonding may occasionally come loose on the tire, new tires are superior to recapped tires.

	Sometimes a pneumatic tire gets a hole or a ~~[[leakage\|~~leak]] through which the air inside leaks out resulting in a '''flat tire''', a condition which must be fixed before the car can be driven further safely. A leak may be slow in a few cases, such as is sometimes observed when the seal between the rim and tire edge is not perfect. Many leaks in flat tires, though, are caused by nails, screws, [[caltrops]], broken glass or other sharp objects puncturing the rubber tire wall. If the hole is small and not elongated, the tire can often be repaired by using plugs from a tire repair kit. A leak in a tire can often be found by submerging the tire, pressurized with air, under water to see where air bubbles come out. If submerging a tire underwater is not possible, the leak can be searched for by covering the pressurized tire surface with a soapy solution to see where leaking air forms soap bubbles. A puncturing object, such as a nail or a screw, can be pulled out using [[pliers]]. Then a plug coated with a semi-liquid form of rubber can be inserted into the hole with a special tool. The rubber covering the plug solidifies rather quickly, after which the protruding ends of the plug can be cut off, the tire can be refilled with air to the appropriate pressure, and the repaired wheel replaced on the vehicle. Patches covering a hole have been glued or rubber-cemented to the interior surface of a tire also, particularly if a hole is too elongated for a simple plug. Tire repair with such patches requires the tire to be taken off the rim and then remounted after the patch is applied. Sometimes a more serious rupture of the tire material occurs resulting in a ''blowout''. The damaged tire typically must be replaced after that. A leaking valve stem may occasionally be the cause of a leak, necessitating valve stem replacement. This replacement means the tire will have to be taken off the rim and remounted after the valve replacement. Occasionally, other types of damage require replacement of a tire.		Sometimes a pneumatic tire gets a hole or a leak through which the air inside leaks out resulting in a '''flat tire''', a condition which must be fixed before the car can be driven further safely. A leak may be slow in a few cases, such as is sometimes observed when the seal between the rim and tire edge is not perfect. Many leaks in flat tires, though, are caused by nails, screws, caltrops, broken glass or other sharp objects puncturing the rubber tire wall. If the hole is small and not elongated, the tire can often be repaired by using plugs from a tire repair kit. A leak in a tire can often be found by submerging the tire, pressurized with air, under water to see where air bubbles come out. If submerging a tire underwater is not possible, the leak can be searched for by covering the pressurized tire surface with a soapy solution to see where leaking air forms soap bubbles. A puncturing object, such as a nail or a screw, can be pulled out using pliers. Then a plug coated with a semi-liquid form of rubber can be inserted into the hole with a special tool. The rubber covering the plug solidifies rather quickly, after which the protruding ends of the plug can be cut off, the tire can be refilled with air to the appropriate pressure, and the repaired wheel replaced on the vehicle. Patches covering a hole have been glued or rubber-cemented to the interior surface of a tire also, particularly if a hole is too elongated for a simple plug. Tire repair with such patches requires the tire to be taken off the rim and then remounted after the patch is applied. Sometimes a more serious rupture of the tire material occurs resulting in a ''blowout''. The damaged tire typically must be replaced after that. A leaking valve stem may occasionally be the cause of a leak, necessitating valve stem replacement. This replacement means the tire will have to be taken off the rim and remounted after the valve replacement. Occasionally, other types of damage require replacement of a tire.

	Vehicles typically carry a '''spare tire''', already mounted on a rim, to be used in case a flat tire or blowout occurs. These days, most spare tires (sometimes called "doughnuts") for cars are smaller than normal tires (to save on trunk space, gas mileage, and cost) and should not be driven very far before replacement with a full-size tire. Years ago, full-size or conventional spare tires were used. A few modern vehicle models may use conventional spare tires also. ~~[[Jack (mechanical)\|Jack]]s~~ and [[tire ~~iron]]s~~ for emergency replacement of a flat tire with a spare tire are included when buying a new car. Not included, but sometimes available separately, are hand or foot pumps for filling a tire with air by the vehicle owner. Cans of pressurized "gas" can sometimes be bought separately for convenient emergency refill of a tire.		Vehicles typically carry a '''spare tire''', already mounted on a rim, to be used in case a flat tire or blowout occurs. These days, most spare tires (sometimes called "doughnuts") for cars are smaller than normal tires (to save on trunk space, gas mileage, and cost) and should not be driven very far before replacement with a full-size tire. Years ago, full-size or conventional spare tires were used. A few modern vehicle models may use conventional spare tires also. Jacks and tire irons for emergency replacement of a flat tire with a spare tire are included when buying a new car. Not included, but sometimes available separately, are hand or foot pumps for filling a tire with air by the vehicle owner. Cans of pressurized "gas" can sometimes be bought separately for convenient emergency refill of a tire.

	Alternatively, many modern cars and trucks are equipped with [[run flat tires]] that may be driven with a puncture - or perhaps are even self-repairing for moderate sized holes.		Alternatively, many modern cars and trucks are equipped with [[run flat tires]] that may be driven with a puncture - or perhaps are even self-repairing for moderate sized holes.

PNiddy: /* Railway tires */

2006-07-19T14:01:45Z

Railway tires

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:01, 19 July 2006
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	===Railway tires===		===Railway tires===
	[[Image:Train_tire.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Steel tire on a [[steam locomotive]]'s driving wheel is heated with gas flames to expand and loosen it so it may be removed and replaced.]]		[[Image:Train_tire.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Steel tire on a steam locomotive's driving wheel is heated with gas flames to expand and loosen it so it may be removed and replaced.]]

	The steel wheels of railway cars are fitted with tires which are themselves usually made of steel.		The steel wheels of railway cars are fitted with tires which are themselves usually made of steel.

PNiddy: /* Tire types */

2006-07-19T13:59:24Z

Tire types

Show changes

PNiddy: /* Nomenclature */

2006-07-18T21:29:16Z

Nomenclature

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:29, 18 July 2006
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	== Nomenclature ==		== Nomenclature ==
	The outer [[perimeter]] of the tire, often called the crown, has various designs of jagged shaped grooves in it, known as the '''tread'''. These grooves are especially useful during weather with [[rain]] (or [[snow]]). The water from the rain is compressed into the grooves by the vehicle's weight, providing better traction in the tire-to-road contact. Without such grooves, a layer or film of water would form between the wet road and the tire's surface, which would cause [[~~Hydroplaning (road vehicle)\|~~hydroplaning]], substantially reducing traction. However, if the road is dry, treads actually reduce grip since they reduce the contact area, hence why 'slicks' are used in [[motor racing]]. Traction is especially important to achieve good [[~~brakes~~\|braking]] or high-speed cornering. The depth of these grooves essentially constitutes the [[tread]] depth. Varying due to wear during the lifetime of the car. When the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire wears away, reducing the tread depth, the tire should be replaced. The ''sidewalls'' are the sections of the tire which are between the crown and the inner circular edges of the tire contacting the rim. To avoid tearing at these inner edges, particularly when the tire is being mounted, there are a number of concentric steel wires buried inside the rubber at both inner edges of the tire. This inner rim is called the ''bead''.		The outer perimeter of the tire, often called the crown, has various designs of jagged shaped grooves in it, known as the '''tread'''. These grooves are especially useful during weather with rain (or snow). The water from the rain is compressed into the grooves by the vehicle's weight, providing better traction in the tire-to-road contact. Without such grooves, a layer or film of water would form between the wet road and the tire's surface, which would cause [[hydroplaning]], substantially reducing traction. However, if the road is dry, treads actually reduce grip since they reduce the contact area, hence why 'slicks' are used in [[motor racing]]. Traction is especially important to achieve good [[brake\|braking]] or high-speed cornering. The depth of these grooves essentially constitutes the [[tread]] depth. Varying due to wear during the lifetime of the car. When the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire wears away, reducing the tread depth, the tire should be replaced. The ''sidewalls'' are the sections of the tire which are between the crown and the inner circular edges of the tire contacting the rim. To avoid tearing at these inner edges, particularly when the tire is being mounted, there are a number of concentric steel wires buried inside the rubber at both inner edges of the tire. This inner rim is called the ''bead''.

	Some air-filled tires, especially those used with [[spoked wheels]] such as on [[bicycles]], or on vehicles travelling on rough roads, have an '''inner tube'''; this was also formerly the case of automobile tires. This is a fully sealed rubber tube with a valve to control flow of air in and out. Others, including modern radial tires, use a seal between the metal wheel and the tire to maintain the internal air pressure (''tubeless tire''). This method, however, tends to fail desperately if the vehicle is used on rough roads as a small bend on the rim (metal wheel) will result in deflation. The inner tubes are usually made of ~~[[butyl rubber\|~~halobutyl rubber]], because of its suitable mechanical properties and excellent impermeability for air.		Some air-filled tires, especially those used with [[spoked wheels]] such as on bicycles, or on vehicles travelling on rough roads, have an '''inner tube'''; this was also formerly the case of [[automobile]] tires. This is a fully sealed rubber tube with a valve to control flow of air in and out. Others, including modern radial tires, use a seal between the metal wheel and the tire to maintain the internal air pressure (''tubeless tire''). This method, however, tends to fail desperately if the vehicle is used on rough roads as a small bend on the rim (metal wheel) will result in deflation. The inner tubes are usually made of halobutyl rubber, because of its suitable mechanical properties and excellent impermeability for air.

	Pneumatic tires generally have reinforcing threads in them; based on the orientation of the threads, they are classified as [[bias-ply]]/[[cross ply]] or [[radial tire\|radial]]. Tires with radial yarns (known as '''radial tires''') are standard for almost all modern [[automobile\|automobiles]].		Pneumatic tires generally have reinforcing threads in them; based on the orientation of the threads, they are classified as [[bias-ply]]/[[cross ply]] or [[radial tire\|radial]]. Tires with radial yarns (known as '''radial tires''') are standard for almost all modern [[automobile\|automobiles]].

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	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[Tire code]]
	* [[Philip Strauss]], treasurer of the Hardman Tyre & Rubber Company, applied an invention of his father's (Alexander Strauss) to produce a combination fabric reinforced hardened rubber tire and rubber inner tube. Patented in [[1911]].
	* [[Rolling friction]]
	* [[Retread]]
	* [[Slick tire]]		* [[Slick tire]]
	* [[All-terrain tyre\|All-terrain tire]]		* [[All-terrain tyre\|All-terrain tire]]
	* [[Mud-terrain tyre\|Mud-terrain tire]]		* [[Mud-terrain tyre\|Mud-terrain tire]]
	* [[Noise mitigation]]		* [[Run-flat tire]]
	* [[Roadway noise]]
	* [[~~Run flat tires\|~~Run-flat tire]]
	* [[Cold inflation pressure]]
	* [[Whitewall tire]]		* [[Whitewall tire]]
	* [[Akron, Ohio]]
	* [[Tweel]], a similar technology to the Run-flat tire but created by the [[Michelin]] corporation and a different design.		* [[Tweel]], a similar technology to the Run-flat tire but created by the [[Michelin]] corporation and a different design.
	* [[DUKW]] "The DUKW was the first vehicle which allowed the driver to inflate and deflate the tires from inside the cab, fully inflated for hard surfaces like roads and less inflated for softer surfaces - especially beach sand."		* [[DUKW]] "The DUKW was the first vehicle which allowed the driver to inflate and deflate the tires from inside the cab, fully inflated for hard surfaces like roads and less inflated for softer surfaces - especially beach sand."
	* [[Beadlock]]
	* [[Tire load sensitivity]]		* [[Tire load sensitivity]]
			* [[Wheel]]
			** [[Custom wheels]]
			** [[Magnetic levitation]]

	==Sources and References - External Links==		==Sources and References - External Links==