Turbocharged Direct Injection - Revision history

Silver Knight at 14:46, 9 December 2010

2010-12-09T14:46:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 9 December 2010
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	{{Volkswagen}}		{{Volkswagen}}
	{{Audi}}		{{Audi}}
			==References==
			<references/>
	==External links==		==External links==

Coolow at 14:44, 9 December 2010

2010-12-09T14:44:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:44, 9 December 2010
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	'''Turbocharged Direct Injection''' or '''TDI'''<ref name=VW-UK-TDI>{{cite web\|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/technology/tdi\|title=Technology - TDI - Super-efficient diesel engines for power with economy\|work=Volkswagen.co.uk\|publisher=[[Volkswagen]] UK\|year=2010\|accessdate=4 March 2010}}</ref> is a design of [[turbodiesel]] engines, which feature [[turbocharger\|turbocharging]] and [[fuel injection#Direct injection\|cylinder-direct fuel injection]],<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/> developed and produced by [[Volkswagen Group]].<ref name=VWAG>{{cite web\|title=Volkswagen AG - TDI Technical Glossary\|url=http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/experience/innovation/technical_glossary/tdi.index.html\|work=Volkswagen.com\|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group\|Volkswagen AG]]\|accessdate=5 November 2009}}</ref> These TDI engines are widely used in all mainstream Volkswagen Group marques of [[automobile\|passenger cars]] and [[light commercial vehicle]]s produced by the company<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.gates.com/europe/file_save_common.cfm?thispath=Europe%2Fdocuments_module&file=TB_020_addendum.pdf\|title=TB 20 addendum - Technical Bulletin for Volkswagen Group timing belt renewal intervals\|work=Gates.com\|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref> (particularly those sold in Europe). They are also used in marine engine - Volkswagen Marine,<ref name=VW_Marine>{{cite web\|url=http://www.vw-m.de/index.php?id=6&L=1\|title=Volkswagen Marine > Engines <\|work=www.vw-m.de\|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group]]\|year=2009\|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref name=VW-Marine-SSP>{{cite web\|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Self-study_programme_061214999999.pdf\|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine - Self-study programme M001 - Design and function\|format=PDF\|work=www.vw-m.de\|publisher=Volkswagen Marine\|month=April\|year=2001\|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Selbststudienprogramm_V6_engl_1_070115122148.pdf\|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine - Self-study programme M002 - Design and Operation\|format=PDF\|work=www.vw-m.de\|publisher=Volkswagen Marine\|month=August\|year=2006\|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref> and Volkswagen Industrial Motor<ref name=VW-Industrial>{{citation\|url=http://www.mi-uk.com/products/engines/downloads/sdi19industrial.pdf\|title=The SDI 1.9 Industrial Engine\|format=PDF\|work=www.mi-uk.com\|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group\|Volkswagen AG]]\|date=March 2005\|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref> applications.		[[Image:VW-TDI-Badge.jpg\|right]]'''Turbocharged Direct Injection''' or '''TDI'''<ref name=VW-UK-TDI>{{cite web\|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/technology/tdi\|title=Technology - TDI - Super-efficient diesel engines for power with economy\|work=Volkswagen.co.uk\|publisher=[[Volkswagen]] UK\|year=2010\|accessdate=4 March 2010}}</ref> is a design of [[turbodiesel]] engines, which feature [[turbocharger\|turbocharging]] and [[fuel injection#Direct injection\|cylinder-direct fuel injection]],<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/> developed and produced by [[Volkswagen Group]].<ref name=VWAG>{{cite web\|title=Volkswagen AG - TDI Technical Glossary\|url=http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/experience/innovation/technical_glossary/tdi.index.html\|work=Volkswagen.com\|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group\|Volkswagen AG]]\|accessdate=5 November 2009}}</ref> These TDI engines are widely used in all mainstream Volkswagen Group marques of [[automobile\|passenger cars]] and [[light commercial vehicle]]s produced by the company<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.gates.com/europe/file_save_common.cfm?thispath=Europe%2Fdocuments_module&file=TB_020_addendum.pdf\|title=TB 20 addendum - Technical Bulletin for Volkswagen Group timing belt renewal intervals\|work=Gates.com\|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref> (particularly those sold in Europe). They are also used in marine engine - Volkswagen Marine,<ref name=VW_Marine>{{cite web\|url=http://www.vw-m.de/index.php?id=6&L=1\|title=Volkswagen Marine > Engines <\|work=www.vw-m.de\|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group]]\|year=2009\|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref name=VW-Marine-SSP>{{cite web\|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Self-study_programme_061214999999.pdf\|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine - Self-study programme M001 - Design and function\|format=PDF\|work=www.vw-m.de\|publisher=Volkswagen Marine\|month=April\|year=2001\|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Selbststudienprogramm_V6_engl_1_070115122148.pdf\|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine - Self-study programme M002 - Design and Operation\|format=PDF\|work=www.vw-m.de\|publisher=Volkswagen Marine\|month=August\|year=2006\|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref> and Volkswagen Industrial Motor<ref name=VW-Industrial>{{citation\|url=http://www.mi-uk.com/products/engines/downloads/sdi19industrial.pdf\|title=The SDI 1.9 Industrial Engine\|format=PDF\|work=www.mi-uk.com\|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group\|Volkswagen AG]]\|date=March 2005\|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref> applications.

	'''TDI''' is a registered trademark of [[Volkswagen Group\|Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft]].<ref name=VWAG/>		'''TDI''' is a registered trademark of [[Volkswagen Group\|Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft]].<ref name=VWAG/>

Red marquis: /* See also */

2010-05-20T15:14:23Z

Red marquis: /* See also */

2010-05-20T15:12:21Z

Red marquis at 15:10, 20 May 2010

2010-05-20T15:10:14Z

New page

'''Turbocharged Direct Injection''' or '''TDI'''<ref name=VW-UK-TDI>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/technology/tdi|title=Technology - TDI - Super-efficient diesel engines for power with economy|work=Volkswagen.co.uk|publisher=[[Volkswagen]] UK|year=2010|accessdate=4 March 2010}}</ref> is a design of [[turbodiesel]] engines, which feature [[turbocharger|turbocharging]] and [[fuel injection#Direct injection|cylinder-direct fuel injection]],<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/> developed and produced by [[Volkswagen Group]].<ref name=VWAG>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen AG - TDI Technical Glossary|url=http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/experience/innovation/technical_glossary/tdi.index.html|work=Volkswagen.com|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen AG]]|accessdate=5 November 2009}}</ref> These TDI engines are widely used in all mainstream Volkswagen Group marques of [[automobile|passenger cars]] and [[light commercial vehicle]]s produced by the company<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gates.com/europe/file_save_common.cfm?thispath=Europe%2Fdocuments_module&file=TB_020_addendum.pdf|title=TB 20 addendum - Technical Bulletin for Volkswagen Group timing belt renewal intervals|work=Gates.com|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref> (particularly those sold in Europe). They are also used in marine engine - Volkswagen Marine,<ref name=VW_Marine>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw-m.de/index.php?id=6&L=1|title=Volkswagen Marine > Engines <|work=www.vw-m.de|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group]]|year=2009|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref name=VW-Marine-SSP>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Self-study_programme_061214999999.pdf|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine - Self-study programme M001 - Design and function|format=PDF|work=www.vw-m.de|publisher=Volkswagen Marine|month=April|year=2001|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Selbststudienprogramm_V6_engl_1_070115122148.pdf|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine - Self-study programme M002 - Design and Operation|format=PDF|work=www.vw-m.de|publisher=Volkswagen Marine|month=August|year=2006|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref> and Volkswagen Industrial Motor<ref name=VW-Industrial>{{citation|url=http://www.mi-uk.com/products/engines/downloads/sdi19industrial.pdf|title=The SDI 1.9 Industrial Engine|format=PDF|work=www.mi-uk.com|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen AG]]|date=March 2005|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref> applications.

'''TDI''' is a registered trademark of [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft]].<ref name=VWAG/>

==Overview==
The TDI engine uses [[fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]],<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref name=VWAG/> where a [[fuel injector]] sprays atomised fuel directly into the main [[combustion chamber]] of each [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]],<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref name=VWAG/> rather than the pre-combustion chamber prevalent in older diesels which used [[indirect injection]]. The engine also uses [[forced induction]] by way of a [[turbocharger]]<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref name=VWAG/> to increase the amount of air which is able to enter the engine cylinders,<ref name=VWAG/> and most TDI engines also feature an [[intercooler]] to lower the temperature (and therefore increase the density) of the 'charged', or compressed air from the turbo, thereby increasing the amount of fuel that can be injected and combusted.<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/> These, in combination, allow for greater engine efficiency, and therefore greater power outputs<ref name=VWAG/> (from a more complete combustion process compared to indirect injection), while also decreasing emissions and providing more [[torque]]<ref name=VWAG/> than its non-turbo and non-direct injection [[petrol engine]]d counterpart.

Similar technology has been used by other automotive companies, but "TDI" specifically refers to these [[Volkswagen Group]] engines. Naturally-aspirated direct injection diesel engines (those without a turbocharger) made by Volkswagen Group use the [[Suction Diesel Injection]] (SDI) label.

The reduced material volume of the direct injection diesel engine reduces heat losses, and thereby increases engine [[fuel efficiency|efficiency]], at the expense of slightly increased combustion noise. A direct injection engine is also easier to start when cold, due to more efficient placing and usage of [[glowplug]]s.

Direct injection turbodiesel engines are frequent winners of various prizes in the [[International Engine of the Year]] Awards. In 1999 in particular, six out of twelve categories were won by direct injection engines: three were [[Volkswagen]], two were [[BMW]], and one [[Audi]]. Notably that year, the Volkswagen Group [[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#3L|1.2 TDI 3L]] beat the [[Toyota Prius]] to win "Best Fuel Economy" in its class.

==History==
The first Volkswagen Group TDI engine was the [[Audi]]-developed [[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.5R5TDI|2.5 litre R5 TDI]] – an [[straight-five engine|inline five-cylinder engine]] (R5), introduced in the [[Audi 100]] in 1989 – and this exact variant is still in use today, in Volkswagen Marine applications. The TDI arrangement has been enhanced through various stages of evolution – by improving the efficiency of the turbocharger, increasing the pressure at which fuel can be injected, and more precisely timing when the injection of fuel takes place. There have been a few major 'generations', starting with what are known as "VE", and "VP" (German: ''VerteilerPumpe'') engines, which use a distributor-type [[injection pump]]. In 2000, the [[Unit Injector|Pumpe Düse]] (PD, variously translated "pump nozzle", "unit injector", "pump injector") TDI engine<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/> began to appear in Europe, eventually coming to North America a few years later.

The Pumpe Düse design was a reaction to the development of high-pressure [[common rail]] fuel injection systems by competitors - an attempt by Volkswagen Group to create an in-house technology of comparable performance that would not require any royalties to be paid. While Pumpe Düse engines had a significantly higher injection pressure than older engines, they are slightly less refined when compared to the very latest common rail, and with the original solenoid-operated unit injectors, weren't able to control injection timing as precisely (a major factor in improving emissions). Some current PD TDI engines now utilise piezoelectric unit injectors, allowing far greater control of injection timing and fuel delivery. Furthermore, appearing in 2009 [[model year]], Audi and Volkswagen TDI engines are starting to use the common rail (CR) technique, again with piezoelectric injectors, and CR TDI engines are starting to appear in models from other marques of the Group.<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/>

==Motor racing==

A [[auto racing|motor racing]] version of the common rail TDI engine made an impact in 2006 when it was used in the [[Le Mans Prototype]] (LMP) [[Audi R10 TDI]], which won the [[12 Hours of Sebring]] and [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], becoming the first [[diesel fuel|diesel]]-powered car to win either of those endurance races. Fuel economy was a significant factor, as the car did not have to refuel as often as [[petrol engine]]d race cars in the race. The car was fueled with a special synthetic [[Shell V-Power#V-Power Diesel|V-Power diesel]] from [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]].

In 2007, [[SEAT]] – with the [[SEAT León#1P|León Mk2 TDI]] at the [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben]] in Germany – became the first manufacturer to win a round of the [[World Touring Car Championship]] (WTCC) series in a diesel car, only a month after announcing it will enter the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] World Touring Car Championship with the León TDI. SEAT's success with the León TDI was continued, and resulted in winning consecutively [[2008 World Touring Car Championship season|2008 World Touring Car Championship]] and [[2009 World Touring Car Championship season|2009 World Touring Car Championship]] both titles (for drivers' as well as for manufacturers').

==Fuel==
TDI engines operate on [[diesel fuel]] (also known as petrodiesel), or B5, B20, or B99 [[biodiesel]] subject to manufacturers' prior approval.

In fuel efficiency, and clean emissions when run on biodiesel, or when converted [[vegetable oil used as fuel|vegetable oil]] (which should NOT be used on the later PD engines without prior conversion, since irreparable damage will result), TDI engines are among the best on the market. A 2007 [[Volkswagen Jetta#A5|Volkswagen Jetta Mk5]] with a [[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9TDI-PD|1.9 TDI engine]] and a five-speed [[manual transmission]], for example, achieves 5.2 litres per 100 kilometres (54 mpg-imp; 45 mpg-US) on the European combined-cycle test, while a six-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox]] (DSG) automatic version reaches 5.9 litres per 100 kilometres (48 mpg-imp; 40 mpg-US).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/new_cars/jetta/engines|title=Jetta engines|publisher=[[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]]|accessdate=2007-06-04}} {{Dead link|date=November 2009}}</ref>

Newer TDI engines, with higher injection pressures, are less forgiving about poor-quality fuel than their 1980s ancestors. Volkswagen Group's warranty does not cover damage due to bad fuel (diesel or bio), and has in the past recommended that only mixtures up to 5% biodiesel (B5) be used. Volkswagen Group has recently permitted mixes up to B20, and has recommended B5 be used in place of 100% petroleum-based diesel because of biodiesel's improved lubricating properties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.tdiclub.com/showthread.php?t=82466|title=Biodiesel FAQ|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref>

In North America, [[fuel oil|No. 2]] diesel fuel is recommended, since it has a higher [[cetane number]] than No. 1 fuel, and has lower viscosity (better ability to flow) than heavier fuel oils. Some owners in North America, where cetane levels are generally poor (as low as 40), use additives, or premium diesel, to get cetane numbers closer to the standard levels found in the European market (at least 51) where the engine is designed. Improved cetane reduces emissions while improving performance, and may increase fuel economy.

New [[ultra-low sulfur diesel|ultra low-sulfur petroleum-only diesel]] recipes cause seals to shrink<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chevron.com/products/ourfuels/prodserv/fuels/documents/elastomer_chevron_tb_2005Aug.pdf|publisher=Chevron|title=Technical bulletin: Fuel leaks from seals of vehicles using ultra low sulfur diesel|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> and can cause fuel pump failures in TDI engines; biodiesel blends are reported to prevent that failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrccc.org/images/Fuel_Quality_BMP_FINAL.pdf|publisher=Virginia Clean Cities|month=June|year=2007|title=Biodiesel Best Management Practices|accessdate=2008-01-28|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Lubricants==
For all [[Volkswagen Group]] Diesel engines, Volkswagen AG requires that [[motor oil]] lubricants must only meet VW505.00, 505.01, 506.00, 506.01, or 507.00 officially approved standards.<ref name=VWAG-oils>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen oil specifications|url=http://www.oilspecifications.org/volkswagen.php|work=OilSpecifications.org|accessdate=19 February 2010}}</ref> 'Generic' oil standards such as the American Petroleum Institute 'API',<ref>{{cite web|title=American Petroleum Institute|url=http://www.oilspecifications.org/api.php|work=OilSpecifications.org|accessdate=19 February 2010}}</ref> or [[European Automobile Manufacturers Association]] 'ACEA'<ref>{{cite web|title=ACEA engine oil sequences|url=http://www.oilspecifications.org/acea.php|work=OilSpecifications.org|accessdate=19 February 2010}}</ref> are not recognised, nor approved by VW - so oils bearing these generic approvals must not be used, except when the oil has also been granted one of the specific VW approvals.

Many formulations of motor oils from most brands are now "VW Approved" to the above standards. However, there does exist a few unapproved "off brands" that print the VW number on the label, effectively 'claiming' to meet the said standard, but hide in small type the word "recommended". Volkswagen AG only carries out in-house testing on motor oils to grant the necessary approvals; if Volkswagen AG, therefore, has not carried out such tests (or if a submitted oil has failed their tests), Volkswagen AG will not grant approval. Volkswagen Germany and Volkswagen of America freely publish up-to-date lists of currently approved oils on their respective websites, along with the technical resource, erWin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Approved oils - from erWin online|url=https://erwin.volkswagen.de/erwin/showApprovedOils.do|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft]]|work=erWin.Volkswagen.de|accessdate=19 February 2010}} {{registration required}}</ref> Volkswagen AG does not permit any independent testing facility to grant their own VW standards.

==See also==
{{div col|cols=3}}
*[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines]] (current)
*[[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]] (current)
*[[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
*[[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
*[[List of North American Volkswagen engines]]
*[[Suction Diesel Injection]] (SDI)
*[[BlueMotion]]
*[[Diesel engine]]
*[[Turbodiesel]]
*[[Common rail]]
*[[Diesel automobile racing]]
{{div col end}}

==External links==

*[http://www.VolkswagenAG.com VolkswagenAG.com] - Volkswagen Group corporate website
*[http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/mobility_and_sustainability0/regionen/Europa/Polkowice.html Polkowice (Poland) Plant Sustainability site - engine plant]
*[http://www.audi-tdi-chronicle.com Audi-TDI-chronicle.com] - official Audi history and timeline of the TDI engine
*[http://www.tdicurious.ca TDI Curious] - a Volkswagen Canada official blog exclusively dedicated to the TDI technology
*[http://www.myturbodiesel.com myTurboDiesel.com] - a turbodiesel technical forum and "how to" page for Volkswagens
*[http://tdiclub.com TDI Club] - A comprehensive source for all TDI information
*[http://www.transmitmedia.com/golfTDI/ VW Golf TDI] - review of Volkswagen Golf TDI automobile

{{Volkswagen Group brands}}
{{CarEngine nav}}
{{piston engine configurations}}

[[Category:Volkswagen engines]]
[[Category:Diesel engines]]
[[Category:Turbochargers]]
[[Category:Engine technology]]
[[Category:Engine fuel system technology]]
[[Category:Fuel injection systems]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:14, 20 May 2010
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	*[[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]		*[[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
	*[[List of North American Volkswagen engines]]		*[[List of North American Volkswagen engines]]
			*[[Fuel Stratified Injection]] (FSI)
	*[[Suction Diesel Injection]] (SDI)		*[[Suction Diesel Injection]] (SDI)
	*[[BlueMotion]]		*[[BlueMotion]]
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	*[[Common rail]]		*[[Common rail]]
	*[[Diesel automobile racing]]		*[[Diesel automobile racing]]

			{{Volkswagen}}
			{{Audi}}

	==External links==		==External links==

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 20 May 2010
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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{div col\|cols=3}}~~
	*[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines]] (current)		*[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines]] (current)
	*[[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]] (current)		*[[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]] (current)
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	*[[Common rail]]		*[[Common rail]]
	*[[Diesel automobile racing]]		*[[Diesel automobile racing]]
	~~{{div col end}}~~

	==External links==		==External links==